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Okapi

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This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Okapi (disambiguation).
Okapi
Okapi2.jpg
An okapi at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida.
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Giraffidae
Genus: Okapia
Lankester, 1901
Species: O. johnstoni
Binomial name
Okapia johnstoni
(P.L. Sclater, 1901)

The okapi (/oʊˈkɑːpiː/; Okapia johnstoni) is a giraffid artiodactyl mammal native to the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa. Although the okapi bears striped markings reminiscent of zebras, it is most closely related to the giraffe. The okapi and the giraffe are the only living members of the family Giraffidae. The okapi stands about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall at the shoulder and has an average body length of about 2.5 m (8.2 ft). Its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb). It has a long neck, and large, flexible ears. Its coat is a chocolate to reddish brown, much in contrast with the white horizontal stripes and rings on the legs and white ankles. Male okapis have short, hair-covered horns called ossicones, less than 15 cm (5.9 in) in length. Females possess hair whorls, and ossicones are absent.

Okapis are primarily diurnal but may be active for a few hours in darkness. They are essentially solitary, coming together only to breed. Okapis are herbivores, feeding on tree leaves and buds, grasses, ferns, fruits, and fungi. Rut in males and estrus in females does not depend on the season. In captivity, estrous cycles recur every 15 days. The gestational period is around 440 to 450 days long, following which usually a single calf is born. The juveniles are kept in hiding, and nursing takes place infrequently. Juveniles start taking solid food from three months, and weaning takes place at six months.

Okapis inhabit canopy forests at altitudes of 500–1,500 m (1,600–4,900 ft). They are endemic to the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where they occur across the central, northern and eastern regions. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the okapi as Endangered. Major threats include habitat loss due to logging and human settlement. Extensive hunting for bushmeat and skin and illegal mining have also led to a decline in populations. The Okapi Conservation Project was established in 1987 to protect okapi populations.

Etymology and taxonomy[edit]

An illustration of an okapi by Sir Harry Johnston, 1901

The scientific name of the okapi is Okapia johnstoni. It was first described as Equus johnstoni by English zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater in 1901.[2] The generic name Okapia derives from the Lese Karo name o'api, while the specific name (johnstoni) is in recognition of the British Governor of Uganda, Sir Harry Johnston, who first acquired an okapi specimen for science from the Ituri Forest while repatriating a group of Pygmies to the Belgian Congo.[3][4] The animal was brought to prominent European attention by speculation on its existence found in press reports covering Henry Morton Stanley's journeys in 1887. Remains of a carcass were later sent to London by the English adventurer and colonial administrator Harry Johnston and became a media event in 1901.[5]

In 1901, zoologist Philip Sclater presented a painting of the okapi before the Zoological Society of London that depicted its physical features with some clarity. There was much confusion regarding the taxonomical status of this newly discovered animal. Sir Harry Johnston himself called it a Helladotherium, or a relative of other extinct giraffids.[6] Based on the description of the okapi by Pygmies, who referred to it as a "horse", Sclater named the species Equus johnstoni.[7] Subsequently, Lankester declared that the okapi represented an unknown genus of Giraffidae, which he placed in its own genus Okapia, and assigned the name Okapia johnstoni to the species.[8]

In 1902, Swiss zoologist Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major suggested the inclusion of O. johnstoni in the extinct giraffid subfamily Palaeotraginae. However, the species was placed in its own subfamily Okapiinae, by Swedish palaeontologist Birger Bohlin in 1926,[9] mainly due to the lack of a cingulum, a major feature of the palaeotragids.[10] In 1986, Okapia was finally established as a sister genus of Giraffa on the basis of cladistic analysis. The two genera together with Palaeotragus constitute the tribe Giraffini.[11]

Evolution[edit]

Despite the vast difference in neck length the okapi (left) and the giraffe (right) both have seven cervical vertebrae.

The earliest members of Giraffidae first appeared in the Early Miocene in Africa, having diverged from the superficially deer-like climacoceratids. Giraffids spread into Europe and Asia by the middle Miocene in a first radiation. Another radiation began in the Pliocene but was terminated by a decline in diversity in the Pleistocene.[12] Several important primitive giraffids existed more or less contemporaneously in the Miocene (23-10 million years ago), including Canthumeryx, Giraffokeryx, Palaeotragus and Samotherium. According to palaeontologist and author Kathleen Hunt, Samotherium split into Okapia (18 million years ago) and Giraffa (12 million years ago).[13] However, another author J. D. Skinner argued that Canthumeryx gave rise to the okapi and giraffe through the latter three genera and that the okapi is the extant form of Palaeotragus.[14] The okapi is sometimes referred to as an example of a living fossil, as it has existed as a species over a long geological time period, and morphologically resembles more primitive forms (e.g. Samotherium).[8][15]

A study published in 2016 found that the common ancestor of giraffe and okapi lived about 11.5 million years ago.[16]

Characteristics[edit]

Okapi displaying its striking white stripes and short hair-covered horns.

The okapi is a medium-sized giraffid, standing 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall at the shoulder. Its average body length is about 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb).[17] It has a long neck, and large and flexible ears. The coat is a chocolate to reddish brown, much in contrast with the white horizontal stripes and rings on the legs and white ankles. The striking stripes make it resemble a zebra.[18] These features serve as an effective camouflage amidst dense vegetation. The face, throat and chest are greyish white. Interdigital glands are present on all four feet, and are slightly larger on the front feet.[19] Male okapis have short, hair-covered horns called ossicones, less than 15 cm (5.9 in) in length. The okapi exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females 4.2 cm (1.7 in) taller on average, slightly redder and lacking prominent horns, instead possessing hair whorls.[20][21]

The okapi shows several adaptations to its tropical habitat. The large number of rod cells in the retina facilitate night vision, and there is an efficient olfactory system. The large auditory bullae lead to a strong sense of hearing. The dental formula of the okapi is 0.0.3.33.1.3.3.[19] Teeth are low-crowned, fine-cusped and efficiently cut tender foliage. The large caecum and colon help in microbial digestion, and a quick rate of food passage allows for lower cell wall digestion than in other ruminants.[22]

The okapi can be easily distinguished from its nearest extant relative, the giraffe. It is much smaller and shares more external similarities with the deer and bovids than with the giraffe. While both sexes possess horns in the giraffe, only males bear horns in the okapi. The okapi has large palatine sinuses, unique among the giraffids. Morphological similarities shared between the giraffe and the okapi include a similar gait - both use a pacing gait, stepping simultaneously with the front and the hind leg on the same side of the body, unlike other ungulates that walk by moving alternate legs on either side of the body[23] - and a long black tongue (longer in the okapi) useful in plucking buds and leaves as well as for grooming.[22]

Ecology and behaviour[edit]

The long tongue of the okapi
An okapi stands next to her calf at White Oak Conservation.

Okapis are primarily diurnal but may be active for a few hours in darkness.[24] They are essentially solitary, coming together only to breed. They have overlapping home ranges and typically occur at densities of about 0.6 animals per square kilometre.[18] Male home ranges average 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) while female home ranges average 3–5 km2 (1.2–1.9 sq mi). Males migrate continuously, while females are sedentary.[25] Males often mark territories and bushes with their urine, while females use common defecation sites. Grooming is a common practice, focused at the earlobes and the neck. Okapis often rub their neck against trees, leaving a brown exudate.[19]

The male is protective of his territory but allows females to pass through the domain to forage. Males visit female home ranges at breeding time.[22] Although generally tranquil, the okapi can kick and butt with its head to show aggression. As the vocal cords are poorly developed, vocal communication is mainly restricted to three sounds — "chuff" (contact calls used by both sexes), "moan" (by females during courtship) and "bleat" (by infants under stress). Individuals may engage in Flehmen response, a visual expression in which the animal curls back its upper lips, displays the teeth and inhales through the mouth for a few seconds. The leopard is the main predator of the okapi.[19]

Diet[edit]

Okapis are herbivores, feeding on tree leaves and buds, grasses, ferns, fruits, and fungi. They prefer to feed in treefall gaps. Staple foods comprise shrubs and lianas. The main constituents of the diet are woody, dicotyledonous species; monocotyledonous plants are not eaten regularly. In the Ituri forest, the okapi feeds mainly upon the plant families Acanthaceae, Ebenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae and Violaceae.[19][25]

Reproduction[edit]

Female okapis become sexually mature at about one-and-a-half years old, while males reach maturity after two years. Rut in males and estrus in females does not depend on the season. In captivity, estrus cycles recur every 15 days.[22][26] The male and the female begin courtship by circling, smelling and licking each other. The male shows his dominance by extending his neck, tossing his head and protruding one leg forward. This is followed by mounting and copulation.[20]

The gestational period is around 440 to 450 days long, following which usually a single calf is born, weighing 14–30 kg (31–66 lb). The udder of the pregnant female starts swelling two months before parturition, and vulval discharges may occur. Parturition takes 3–4 hours, and the female stands throughout this period, though she may rest during brief intervals. The mother consumes the afterbirth and extensively grooms the infant. Her milk is very rich in proteins and low in fat.[22]

As in other ruminants, the infant can stand within 30 minutes of birth. Although generally similar to adults, newborn calves have false eyelashes, a long dorsal mane and long white hairs in the stripes. These features gradually disappear and give way to the general appearance within a year. The juveniles are kept in hiding, and nursing takes place infrequently. The growth rate of calves is appreciably high in the first few months of birth, after which it gradually declines. Juveniles start taking solid food from three months, and weaning takes place at six months. Horn development in males takes one year after birth. The okapi's average lifespan is 20 to 30 years.[19]

Habitat and distribution[edit]

Range of the okapi

Okapis inhabit canopy forests at altitudes of 500–1,500 m (1,600–4,900 ft). They are endemic to the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They do not occur in gallery forests, habitats disturbed by human settlement and swamp forests, but may occasionally use seasonally inundated areas. In the wet season, they visit rocky inselbergs that offer forage uncommon elsewhere. A study found that the population density of the okapi averaged 0.53 animals per square kilometre in mixed Cynometera forests.[25]

The okapi occurs across central, northern and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and north and east of the Congo river. The species ranges from the Maiko forest northward to the Ituri forest, then through the river basins of the Rubi, Lake Tele and Ebola to the west and the Ubangi river further north. Smaller populations exist west and south of the Congo river. They are also common in the Wamba and Epulu areas. The okapi is extinct in Uganda.[1]

Threats and conservation[edit]

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the okapi as Endangered.[27] It is fully protected under Congolese law. The Okapi Wildlife Reserve and Maiko National Park support significant populations of the okapi, though there has been a steady decline in numbers due to several threats. Other areas of occurrence are the Rubi Tele Hunting Reserve and the Abumombanzi Reserve. Major threats include habitat loss due to logging and human settlement. Extensive hunting for bushmeat and skin and illegal mining have also led to population declines. A threat that has emerged quite recently is the presence of illegal armed groups around protected areas, inhibiting conservation and monitoring actions. A small population occurs north of the Virunga National Park, but is bereft of protection due to the presence of armed groups in the vicinity.[1] In June 2012, a gang of poachers attacked the headquarters of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, killing six guards and other staff as well as 13 of the captive okapi.[28]

The Okapi Conservation Project, established in 1987, works towards the conservation of the okapi as well as the growth of the indigenous Mbuti people.[1] In November 2011, the White Oak Conservation center and Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens hosted an international meeting of the Okapi Species Survival Plan (SSP) and the Okapi European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) at Jacksonville, which was attended by representatives from zoos from the USA, Europe and Japan. The aim was to discuss the management of captive okapis and arrange support for okapi conservation. Many zoos in North America and Europe currently have okapis in captivity.[29]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Okapia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered.
  2. ^ Sclater, Philip Lutley (1901). "On an Apparently New Species of Zebra from the Semliki Forest.". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. v.1: 50–52 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. 
  3. ^ Nowak, Ronald M (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th ed. p. 1085.
  4. ^ Lindsey, Susan Lyndaker; Green, Mary Neel; Bennett, Cynthia L. (1999), The Okapi: Mysterious Animal of Congo-Zaire, University of Texas Press, pp. 4–8, ISBN 0292747071 
  5. ^ Shaw, Albert (1918). "The African okapi, a beast unknown to the zoos". The American review of reviews. 57: 544. 
  6. ^ "Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2 (May to December) (1): 1–5. 1901. 
  7. ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1979). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 339. ISBN 9780226437224. 
  8. ^ a b Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (2002). Horns, tusks, and flippers : the evolution of hoofed mammals. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 9780801871351. 
  9. ^ Bohlin, B. (1926). "Die Familie Giraffidae: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der fossilen Formen aus China". Palaeontologica Sinica, series C. 4: 1–179. 
  10. ^ Colbert, E. H. (February 1938). "The relationships of the okapi". Journal of Mammalogy. 19 (1): 47. doi:10.2307/1374281. JSTOR 1374281. 
  11. ^ Geraads, Denis (January 1986). "Remarques sur la systématique et la phylogénie des Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)". Geobios. 19 (4): 465–477. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(86)80004-3. 
  12. ^ Finlayson, Clive (2009). Neanderthals and Modern Humans : An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective (Digitally printed ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0521121000. 
  13. ^ Hunt, Kathleen. "Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ Part 2C". TalkOrigins. Retrieved April 28, 2015. 
  14. ^ Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2003). "On the origin, evolution and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 58 (1): 51–73. doi:10.1080/00359190309519935. 
  15. ^ "Why Is the Okapi Called a Living Fossil". The Milwaukee Journal. 24 June 1954. 
  16. ^ Agaba, M.; Ishengoma, E.; Miller, W.C.; McGrath, B.C.; Hudson, C.N.; Bedoya Reina, O.C.; Ratan, A.; Burhans, R.; Chikhi, R.; Medvedev, P.; Praul, C.A.; Wu-Cavener, L.; Wood, B.; Robertson, H.; Penfold, L.; Cavener, D.R. (May 2016). "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology". Nature. 7: 11519. doi:10.1038/ncomms11519. PMC 4873664Freely accessible. PMID 27187213.  open access publication - free to read
  17. ^ Burnie & Don E. Wilson (2001). Animal (1st American ed.). New York: DK. ISBN 0789477645. 
  18. ^ a b Palkovacs, E. "Okapi Okapia johnstoni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 17 April 2015. 
  19. ^ a b c d e f Bodmer, R.E.; Rabb, G.B. (10 December 1992). "Okapia johnstoni" (PDF). Mammalian Species (422): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504153. 
  20. ^ a b Grzimek, B. (1990). Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals (Volume 5). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 
  21. ^ Solounias, N. (November 1988). "Prevalence of ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 69 (4): 845–8. doi:10.2307/1381645. JSTOR 1381645
  22. ^ a b c d e Kingdon, Jonathan (2013). Mammals of Africa. (1st ed.). London: A. & C. Black. pp. 95–115. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8. 
  23. ^ Dagg, A. I. (May 1960). "Gaits of the Giraffe and Okapi". Journal of Mammalogy. 41 (2): 282. doi:10.2307/1376381. JSTOR 1376381. 
  24. ^ Lusenge, T.; Nixon, S. (2008). "Conservation status of okapi in Virunga National Park". DRC, Zoological Society of London. 
  25. ^ a b c Hart, JA; Hart, TB (1989). "Ranging and feeding behaviour of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Ituri Forest of Zaire: food limitation in a rain-forest herbivore". Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 61: 31–50. 
  26. ^ Schwarzenberger, F; Rietschel, W; Matern, B; Schaftenaar, W; Bircher, P; Van Puijenbroeck, B; Leus, K (December 1999). "Noninvasive reproductive monitoring in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni)". Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 30 (4): 497–503. PMID 10749434. 
  27. ^ Hebert, Amanda (26 November 2013). "Okapi Added to IUCN'S Endangered Species List". Jacksonville, Florida: Okapi Conservation Project. Retrieved 3 June 2014. 
  28. ^ Flocken, J. (29 June 2012). "Tragic Losses in the Heart of Darkness". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 April 2015. 
  29. ^ "Okapi SSP and EEP International Meeting". Okapi Conservation Project. Wildlife Conservation Global. Retrieved 18 April 2015. 

Further reading[edit]

  • Wolfram Bell (Nov. 2009): "Okapis – geheimnisvolle Urwaldgiraffen. Entdeckungsgeschichte, Biologie, Haltung und Medizin einer seltenen Tierart." Schüling Verlag Münster, Germany. ISBN 978-3-86523-144-4.

External links[edit]

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