Last meal

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A condemned prisoner's last meal is a customary ritual preceding execution. Various countries have various traditions in this regard. The "little glass of rum" is granted to the condemned in historical France in the minutes before execution, but no formal last meal as the condemned learns of their impending execution only on the fatal morning, generally just minutes in advance.[1]

In many countries, the prisoner may, within reason, select what the last meal will be.

Contemporary restrictions[edit]

In the United States, most states give the meal a day or two before execution and use the euphemism "special meal". Alcohol or tobacco are usually denied. Unorthodox or unavailable requests are replaced with substitutes. Some states place tight restrictions. In Florida, the food for the last meal must be purchased locally and the cost is limited to $40.[2] In Oklahoma, cost is limited to $15. In Louisiana, the prison warden traditionally joins the condemned prisoner for the last meal. On one occasion, the warden paid for an inmate's lobster dinner.[3]

Sometimes, a prisoner shares the last meal with another inmate (as Francis Crowley did with John Resko) or has the meal distributed among other inmates (as requested by Raymond Fernandez).[4]

In September 2011, the state of Texas abolished all special last-meal requests after condemned prisoner Lawrence Russell Brewer requested a huge last meal and did not eat any of it, saying he was not hungry. His last-meal request was for a plate of two chicken-fried steaks with gravy and sliced onions, a triple-patty bacon cheeseburger, a cheese omelet with ground beef, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers, jalapeños, a bowl of fried okra with ketchup, a pound of barbecued meat with half of a loaf of white bread, a portion of three fajitas, a meat-lover's pizza (topped with pepperoni, ham, beef, bacon, and sausage), a pint of Blue Bell, a serving of ice cream, a slab of peanut-butter fudge with crushed peanuts, and a serving equivalent to three root beers. The abolition followed a complaint by a Texas Senator, John Whitmire (Democrat, of Houston), who called the meal "inappropriate".[5][6][3][7] The tradition of customized last meals is thought to have been established around 1924 in Texas.[8]

Documented last meal requests[edit]

This represents the items reported requested but does not, in all cases, represent what the prisoner actually received.

Europe[edit]

  • Roger Casement: Irish rebel, UK 1916 – hanging: Communion wafer. Casement entered the Catholic Church before his death and, as he said, "went to my death with the body of my God as my last meal."[9]
  • Charles Peace: serial killer; UK 1879 – hanging: A breakfast consisting of eggs and a large amount of salty bacon.[10]
  • Peter Kürten: The Vampire of Düsseldorf, serial killer/rapist; Germany 1931 – Decapitation by guillotine: Wiener schnitzel, fried potatoes and a bottle of white wine. He requested seconds and received it.[11]

Asia[edit]

Canada[edit]

United States[edit]

  • Aileen Wuornos: serial killer; executed in Florida in 2002 – lethal injection: Declined a special meal, but had a hamburger and other snack food from the prison's canteen. Later, she drank a cup of coffee.[22]
  • Bruno Richard Hauptmann: Lindbergh kidnapping and murder; executed in New Jersey in 1936 – electrocution: Celery, olives, chicken, french fries, buttered peas, cherries, and a slice of cake.[14]
  • Clarence Ray Allen: murderer; executed in California in 2006 – lethal injection: Buffalo steak, Kentucky Fried Chicken, sugar-free pecan pie and sugar-free black walnut ice cream.[23]
  • Danny Rolling: The Gainesville Ripper, serial murderer; executed in Florida in 2006 – lethal injection: Lobster tail, butterfly shrimp, baked potato, strawberry cheesecake, and sweet tea.[24]
  • Gary Carl Simmons, Jr.: 1996 murderer; executed in Mississippi in 2012 – Lethal injection: one Pizza Hut medium Super Supreme Deep Dish pizza with double portions of mushrooms, onions, jalapeño peppers, and pepperoni, a second pizza with three cheeses, olives, bell pepper, tomato, garlic, and Italian sausage, 10 8-oz. packs of Parmesan cheese, 10 8-oz. packs of ranch dressing, one family size bag of Doritos nacho cheese flavor, 8 oz. jalapeño nacho cheese, 4 oz. sliced jalapeños, 2 large strawberry shakes, two 20-oz. cherry Cokes, one super-size order of McDonald's fries with extra ketchup and mayonnaise, and two pints of strawberry ice cream. He consumed about half of the meal.[25]
  • Gary Gilmore: murderer; executed in Utah in 1977 – firing squad: A hamburger, hard-boiled eggs, a baked potato, a few cups of coffee, and three shots of contraband Jack Daniel's whiskey.[14][26][27]
  • John Allen Muhammad: The Beltway Sniper, murder; executed in Virginia in 2009 – lethal injection: Chicken with red sauce and several cakes.[28]
  • John Wayne Gacy: Serial murderer; executed in Illinois in 1994 – lethal injection: A dozen deep-fried shrimp, a bucket of original recipe chicken from KFC, French fries, and a pound of strawberries.[26]
  • Michael Bruce Ross: serial murder; executed in Connecticut in 2005 – lethal injection: Declined a special meal, but dined on the regular prison meal of the day: turkey à la king with rice, mixed vegetables, white bread, fruit, and a beverage.[29]
  • Rainey Bethea: Murder/Rape, last person executed in public in the US; executed in Kentucky in 1936 – hanged: Fried chicken, pork chops, mashed potatoes, pickled cucumbers, cornbread, lemon pie, and ice cream.[30]
  • Ruth Snyder: American murderer photographed in the electric chair; executed in New York in 1928 – electrocution: Chicken Parmesan with alfredo pasta, ice cream, 2 milkshakes, and a 12-pack of grape soda.[10]
  • Ted Bundy: Serial killer; executed in Florida in 1989 – electrocution: declined a special meal, so he was given (but did not eat) the traditional steak (medium-rare), eggs (over easy), hash browns, toast, milk, coffee, juice, butter, and jelly.[14][31]
  • Timothy McVeigh: domestic terrorist/mass murder; Oklahoma, executed in Indiana in 2001 – lethal injection: Two pints of mint chocolate chip ice cream.[32][33]
  • Velma Barfield: murderer, executed in North Carolina in 1984 – lethal injection: Declined a special meal, having a bag of Cheez Doodles and a 12-ounce can of Coca-Cola instead.[34]
  • William Bonin: serial murderer and rapist, executed in California in 1996 – lethal injection: Two pepperoni and sausage pizzas, three servings of chocolate ice cream, and three six-packs of Coca-Cola and Pepsi.[35]

Other prisoner requests[edit]

  • Allen Lee Davis, murderer, executed in Florida in 1999: 350-pound "Tiny" Davis had one lobster tail, fried potatoes, a half-pound of fried shrimp, six ounces of fried clams, half a loaf of garlic bread, and 32 ounces of A&W root beer.[36]
  • Alton Coleman, executed in Ohio in 2002: Well done filet mignon smothered with mushrooms, fried chicken breasts, a salad with French dressing, sweet potato pie with whipped cream, French fries, collard greens, onion rings, cornbread, broccoli with melted cheese, biscuits and gravy, and a cherry Coke.
  • Andrew Lackey, executed in Alabama in 2013: Turkey bologna, French fries, and grilled cheese.
  • Ángel Nieves Díaz, murderer, executed in Florida in 2006: Declined a special meal. He was served the regular prison meal for that day, but declined that as well.[37]
  • Barton Kay Kirkham, executed in Utah in 1958: Pizzas and ice cream, "because you get cheese, meat and everything in one meal. Not so much fuss."[38]
  • Brian Steckel, executed in Delaware in 2005: Cheesesteak, coleslaw, and a Pepsi.
  • Cal Coburn Brown, executed in Washington State in 2010: Combination meat pizza, apple pie, coffee, and milk.
  • Charles Starkweather, murderer, executed in Nebraska in 1959: Declined the usual steak dinner, asking for cold cuts instead.
  • Daniel Anthony Lucas, executed in Georgia in 2016: Meat pizza, steak and cheese calzone, stuffed Portobello mushroom, chef salad with ranch and honey mustard dressings, and orange juice.
  • David Thomas Dawson, executed in Montana in 2006: Two double cheeseburgers, two large servings of French fries, a half gallon of vanilla fudge ripple ice cream, and two Dr. Peppers.
  • Dennis Wayne Bagwell, executed in Texas in 2005: Medium rare steak with A1 Steak Sauce, fried chicken breasts and thighs, BBQ ribs, French fries, onion rings, bacon, scrambled eggs with onions, fried potatoes with onions, sliced tomatoes, salad with ranch dressing, two hamburgers, peach pie, milk, coffee, and iced tea with real sugar.[39]
  • Dennis McGuire, executed in Ohio in 2014: Roast beef, fried chicken, fried potatoes, a bagel with cream cheese, a Coke and butter pecan ice cream.
  • Desmond Keith Carter, executed in North Carolina in 2002, Declined a special meal, but had two cheeseburgers, a steak sub, and two Cokes from the prison canteen, for which he paid $4.20 from his prison account.[22]
  • Dobie Gillis Williams, executed in Louisiana in 1999: Twelve chocolate bars and some ice cream.
  • Douglas Wright, executed in Oregon in 1996: One honeybun.
  • Edward Hartman, executed in North Carolina in 2003: A Greek salad, linguini with white clam sauce, cheesecake with cherry topping, garlic bread, and a Coke.[40]
  • Edward Schad, executed in Arizona in 2013: A footlong meatball sub, a large order of french fries with ketchup, two ears of corn on the cob, two ounces of cranberry sauce, a slice of apple pie, and a vanilla milkshake.
  • Elijah Page, executed in South Dakota in 2007: Steak, jalapeño poppers with cream sauce, onion rings, a salad with cherry tomatoes, ham chunks, shredded cheese, bacon bits, and blue cheese and ranch dressing, coffee, lemon iced tea, and ice cream.
  • Eric Nance, executed in Arkansas in 2005: Two bacon cheeseburgers, french fries, two pints of chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream, and two Coca Colas.
  • Eric Wrinkles, executed in Indiana in 2009: Prime rib, a "loaded" baked potato, pork chops with steak fries, rolls and two salads with ranch dressing, served three days before execution because Indiana State Prison system found that condemned inmates tend to lose their appetite near the end.[41]
  • Francis Crowley, executed in New York in 1932: Steak and onions, French fries, apple pie, ice cream and melted ice cream.[11]
  • Frederick Treesh, executed in Ohio in 2013: Steak with mushrooms, eggs, hash browns, cottage cheese, onion rings, deep-fried mushrooms, a hot fudge sundae and sodas.[42]
  • Gary Lee Davis, executed in Colorado in 1997: Chocolate and vanilla ice cream cups, shared with the prison superintendent and a manager.[43]
  • Gary Michael Heidnik, executed in Pennsylvania in 1999: Two slices of a cheese pizza and two cups of black coffee.[44]
  • Gerald Lee Mitchell, executed in Texas in 2001: Assorted bag of Jolly Rancher candies.
  • Herbert Smulls, executed in Missouri in 2014: Fried chicken, steak, collard greens, macaroni and cheese, candied yams, cornbread, a cola, and chocolate cake.
  • Ignacio Cuevas, perpetrator of the 1974 Huntsville Prison Siege, executed in Texas in 1991: Chicken and dumplings, steamed rice, sliced bread, black-eyed peas, and iced tea.[45]
  • James Edward Smith, executed in Texas in 1990: A lump of dirt, which was denied. He settled for a cup of yogurt.
  • James Neil Tucker, executed in South Carolina in 2004: Pizza, two BLT sandwiches, and Mountain Dew.
  • John Albert Taylor, executed in Utah in 1996: Pizzas "with everything."[46]
  • John David Duty, executed in Oklahoma in 2010: A double cheeseburger with mayonnaise, a foot-long hot dog with cheese, mustard and extra onions, a cherry limeade, and a large banana shake.[47]
  • Joseph Paul Franklin, executed in Missouri in 2013: Declined the traditional last meal, but had a lunch of roast beef and potatoes.
  • Joseph Mitchell Parsons, executed in Utah in 1999: Three Burger King Whoppers, two large orders of fries, a chocolate shake, chocolate chip ice cream, and a package of grape Hubba Bubba bubblegum, to be shared with his brother and a cousin.[48]
  • Joseph Taborsky, executed in Connecticut in 1960: Banana split, cherry soda, coffee with cream and sugar, and a pack of cigarettes.
  • Karla Faye Tucker, executed in Texas in 1998: Banana, peach, and garden salad with ranch dressing.[49]
  • Keith Zettlemoyer, executed in Pennsylvania in 1995: Two cheeseburgers, fries, chocolate pudding and chocolate milk.[50]
  • Lawrence Russell Brewer, executed in Texas in 2011: Two chicken fried steaks smothered in gravy with sliced onions; a triple meat bacon cheeseburger with fixings on the side; a cheese omelet with ground beef, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers and jalapeños; a large bowl of fried okra with ketchup; one pound of barbecue with half a loaf of white bread; three fajitas with fixings; a Meat Lovers pizza; three root beers; one pint of Blue Bell vanilla ice cream; and a slab of peanut butter fudge with crushed peanuts.[51] Brewer's request was granted, but he refused the meal when it arrived, prompting Texas to stop granting last meal requests to condemned inmates.[52]
  • Lowell Lee Andrews, executed in Kansas in 1962: Two fried chickens with sides of mashed potatoes, green beans and Pie a la Mode.[53]
  • Marion Albert Pruett, executed in Arkansas in 1999: A stuffed crust pizza from Pizza Hut, four Burger King Whoppers, a large order of French fries, three two-liter bottles of Pepsi, a bucket of ice, a bottle of ketchup, salt, fried eggplant, fried squash, fried okra, and a pecan pie. In an interview prior to his execution date, he said he was going to share his last meal with another inmate who was going to be executed the same day. He went on to say he originally wanted to have a roast duck for his last meal, but declined because he felt the prison wouldn't cook it.
  • Mark Dean Schwab, executed in Florida in 2008: Fried eggs (over easy), bacon, sausage links, hash browns, buttered toast, and a quart of chocolate milk.
  • Mark Hopkinson, executed in Wyoming in 1992: Pizza, shared with his mother and other family members.
  • Odell Barnes, executed in Texas in 2000: "Justice, Equality, World Peace."[49]
  • Paul Ezra Rhoades, executed in Idaho in 2011: Hot dogs, sauerkraut, baked beans, veggie sticks, fruit with gelatin and strawberry ice cream cups.
  • Perry Smith and Richard Hickock, executed in Kansas in 1965: Shrimp, French fries, garlic bread, ice cream, and strawberries with whipped cream.[14]
  • Philip Workman, executed in Tennessee in 2007: Declined a special meal for himself, but he asked for a large vegetarian pizza to be given to a homeless person in Nashville, Tennessee. This request was denied by the prison, but carried out by others across the country.[54][55]
  • Ralph Hudson, executed in New Jersey in 1963: Prime rib steak, ice cream and a cigar.
  • Martha Beck, executed in New York in 1951: Fried chicken, fried potatoes and salad.[11]
  • Raymond Fernandez, executed in New York in 1951: Onion omelet, french fries, chocolate candy, and a Cuban cigar.
  • Ricky Ray Rector, executed in Arkansas in 1992: Steak, fried chicken, cherry Kool-Aid, and a pecan pie. Rector, rendered mentally incapacitated by his suicide attempt after murdering a police officer, said that he did not eat the pie because he was saving it for later.[56]
  • Richard Kiefer, murder, executed in Indiana in 1961: fried chicken, french fries, banana cream pie and vanilla ice cream.
  • Robert Alton Harris, executed in California in 1992: A 21-piece bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken, two large Domino's Pizzas (no anchovies), ice cream, a bag of jelly beans, a six-pack of Pepsi, and a pack of Camel cigarettes.[57][58] The pizza was actually a Tombstone Pizza, per Vernell Crittendon's orders.[59] Crittendon worked at the prison and was responsible for dealing with the condemned person before his execution.
  • Ronald Clark O'Bryan, executed in Texas in 1984: T-bone steak (medium to well done), French fries with ketchup, whole kernel corn, sweet peas, a lettuce and tomato salad with egg and French dressing, iced tea, sweetener, saltines, Boston cream pie, and rolls.[49]
  • Ronnie Lee Gardner, executed in Utah in 2010: Lobster tail, steak, apple pie, vanilla ice cream, 7 Up, and watching The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.[60]
  • Stephen Wayne Anderson, executed in California in 2002: Two grilled cheese sandwiches, one pint of cottage cheese, a hominy/corn mixture, one piece of peach pie, one pint of chocolate chip ice cream, and radishes.[61]
  • Teresa Lewis, executed in Virginia in 2010: Two fried chicken breasts, sweet peas with butter, a Dr Pepper and German chocolate cake for dessert.[62][63]
  • Terry Douglas Clark, executed in New Mexico in 2001: Jumbo shrimps, French fries, fried okra, peach cobbler, ice cream, and a Coke.
  • Terry Jess Dennis, executed in Nevada in 2004: Two cheeseburgers and a Coke with ice.
  • Thomas J. Grasso, executed in Oklahoma in 1995: two dozen steamed mussels, two dozen steamed clams, a double cheeseburger from Burger King, half-dozen barbecued spare ribs, two strawberry milkshakes, half a pumpkin pie with whipped cream and diced strawberries, and a 16-ounce can of spaghetti with meatballs, served at room temperature.[64] However, he issued a public statement complaining that he had requested SpaghettiOs, not spaghetti.[65]
  • Troy Davis, executed in Georgia in 2011, declined a special meal, explaining that "this meal will not be my last".[66]
  • Victor Feguer, executed in Iowa in 1963, requested a single olive with the pit still in it.[67]
  • Wesley Baker, executed in Maryland in 2005: Breaded fish, pasta marinara, green beans, orange fruit punch, bread, and milk (this was what was on the prison menu that day).[68]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lynn-George, Michael. "The Writing Lesson: From the Dragon's Teeth to Tristes Tropiques". The International Journal of the Humanities. 4 (8): 61–72. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 
  2. ^ "Death Row Fact Sheet". Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved 11 November 2007. 
  3. ^ a b "Last-meal requests come to an end on Texas death row". 
  4. ^ The Book of Lists #3. Bantam. 1983. pp. 85–87. ISBN 0-553-27868-1. 
  5. ^ Ward, Mike. "Last Meals for Condemned Cons Off Menu". Austin American Statesman. 
  6. ^ "Texas jails abolish last meals after uneaten banquet". BBC Online. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011. 
  7. ^ Fernandez, Manny (23 September 2011). "Texas Death Row Kitchen Cooks Its Last 'Last Meal'". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2011. 
  8. ^ "Last-meal requests off death row menu". 
  9. ^ "Roger Casement". 
  10. ^ a b The Book of Lists #3. Bantam. 1983. p. 85. ISBN 0-553-27868-1. 
  11. ^ a b c The Book of Lists #3. Bantam. 1983. p. 86. ISBN 0-553-27868-1. 
  12. ^ "Bali Nine executions: Families of Andrew Chan, Myuran Sukumaran say last goodbyes". News.com.au. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015. 
  13. ^ "Asia-Pacific - Philippines stay of execution welcomed". BBC News -. 
  14. ^ a b c d e "No Seconds". TIME Magazine. 23 May 1994. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  15. ^ "Mona Fandey - A modern witchcraft murder.". CapitalpunishmentUK.org. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 
  16. ^ "Mona Fandey, hubby and assistant hanged". The Star (Malaysia). 3 November 2001. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 
  17. ^ Ned Parker and Ali Hamdani (1 January 2007). "How one mobile phone made Saddam's hanging a very public execution". The Times (UK). London. Retrieved 7 May 2010. 
  18. ^ Google. "Saddam Hussein Last Meal". Google. 
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  20. ^ "John Martin Scripps". Capitalpunishmentuk.org. Retrieved 2013-06-29. 
  21. ^ The Last to Die: Ronald Turpin, Arthur Lucas, and the End of Capital Punishment in Canada. Dundurn. 2007. p. 176. ISBN 978-1550026726. 
  22. ^ a b "Last Meals on Death Row (2002)". Dead Man Eating. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  23. ^ "Clarence Ray Allen". Clark County Prosecutor. Retrieved 29 September 2010. 
  24. ^ "'Gainesville Ripper' Danny Rolling Executed". WESH. 25 October 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2010. 
  25. ^ "The 29,000 calorie last meal: Murderer who dismembered his victim requests last meal with two pizzas, five lbs of cheese, super sized french fries, nachos, cherry Cokes, milkshakes, strawberry ice cream and more". Daily Mail. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012. 
  26. ^ a b John Peck (5 January 2006). "Last Meals". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  27. ^ Katherine Ramsland. "Gary Gilmore: Death Wish". Crime Library. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  28. ^ Meserve, Jeanne; Mike M. Ahlers (11 November 2009). "Sniper John Allen Muhammad executed". Jarratt, Virginia: CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2010. The lawyer said Muhammad's last meal was "chicken and red sauce, and he had some cakes. 
  29. ^ "Michael Bruce Ross". Clark County Prosecutor. Retrieved 7 January 2010. 
  30. ^ Ryan, Perry T. (1992). "24. Final Preparations for the Hanging". The Last Public Execution in America. Ryan, Perry T. ISBN 0-9625504-5-0. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 
  31. ^ Paula Tully Bryant. "Timeline: 1989 – A History of Corrections in Florida". Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  32. ^ Catherine Quayle (11 June 2001). "Execution of an American Terrorist". Court TV. 
  33. ^ Rita Cosby (12 June 2001). "Timothy McVeigh Put to Death for Oklahoma City Bombings". FOX News. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  34. ^ William E. Schmidt (3 November 1984). "First Woman Is Executed in U.S. Since 1962". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  35. ^ Mark Gribben. "William Bonin: The Freeway Killer". Crime Library. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
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  41. ^ "Wrinkles Awaits Death For Triple Murder". WRTV. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2010. 
  42. ^ "'If you want me murdered, just say it': Last words of Ohio death row inmate put to death for 1994 murder of security guard during week-long crime rampage". Daily Mail. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  43. ^ Ryckman, Lisa (14 October 1997). "Davis pays final price". Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved 18 October 2010. 
  44. ^ Wolcott, Martin Gilman (1 January 2004). The Evil 100. Citadel Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8065-2555-6. Retrieved 5 June 2010. 
  45. ^ "Final Meal Requests." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. 1 October 2003. Retrieved on 4 December 2010.
  46. ^ Hal Schindler (28 January 1996). "Taylor's Death Was Quick . . . But Some Weren't So Lucky". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 26 June 2010. 
  47. ^ Murphy, Sean (17 December 2010). "Oklahoma executes man with new drug combination". The Oklahoman. Associated Press. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 
  48. ^ Bryson, Amy Joi (14 October 1999). "Death wish Execution comes 12 years after murder at rest stop". Deseret News. p. 3. Retrieved 27 September 2010. 
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  50. ^ "Man Put to Death in Pennsylvania". San Francisco Chronicle. 3 May 1995. Retrieved 18 October 2010. 
  51. ^ Scott Lawrence (21 September 2011). "Lawrence Russell Brewer refuses to eat final meal". KFDM News. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2013-02-10. 
  52. ^ "Texas kills fancy last meal requests on death row". Reuters. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011. 
  53. ^ The Book of Lists #3. Bantam. 1983. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-553-27868-1. 
  54. ^ Ashley Fantz (9 May 2007). "Killer orders pizza for homeless as last meal". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  55. ^ "Last Meals on Death Row (2007)". Dead Man Eating. Retrieved 12 August 2007. 
  56. ^ Beam, Christopher. "Can a prisoner request anything for his last meal?". Slate. Retrieved 5 June 2010. 
  57. ^ "Capital Punishment – Harris, Robert Alton". California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  58. ^ Lance Morrow (4 May 1992). "Television Dances With the Reaper". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
  59. ^ Jonathan Kellerman, ed. (2008). "Dean of Death Row (by Tad Friend)". The best American crime reporting, 2008. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 143. ISBN 0-06-149083-0. 
  60. ^ Sanchez, Ray (18 June 2010). "Ronnie Lee Gardner Executed by Firing Squad in Utah". Good Morning America. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 18 June 2010. 
  61. ^ "Stephen Wayne Anderson". Clark County Prosecutor. Retrieved 29 September 2010. 
  62. ^ Glod, Maria (23 September 2010). "Teresa Lewis pronounced dead by Va. authorities". The Washington Post. p. 2. Retrieved 23 September 2010. 
  63. ^ "Virginia executes its first woman since 1912 as Teresa Lewis dies by lethal injection amid international outcry". Daily Mail. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  64. ^ Collins, Nick (7 December 2010). "Last meals: weird requests on death row". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 December 2011. 
  65. ^ Schwartzman, Paul; Finnegan, Michael (20 March 1995). "Grasso Is Put To Death; Poem, Complaint His Final Words". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 December 2009. 
  66. ^ Savali, Kirsten West (21 September 2011). "Troy Davis To Refuse His Last Meal: "This Meal Will Not Be My Last"". Your Black World. Retrieved 5 December 2011. 
  67. ^ "Federal govt.'s last execution was in Iowa in 1963". USA Today. 20 June 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2007. 
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Further reading[edit]

  • Treadwell, Ty and Vernon, Michelle (2011) Last Suppers: Famous Final Meals from Death Row
  • Van Dülmen, Richard (1990). Theatre of Horror : Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge. ISBN 0-7456-0616-4. 
  • Foucault, Michel (1977). Discipline & Punish : The Birth of the Prison. ISBN 0-679-75255-2. 
  • Von Hentig, Hans (1973). Punishment – Its Origin, Purpose, and Psychology. ISBN 0-87585-147-9. 
  • Osler, Mark (February 2009). "Ch. 7: Last Meal / Last Supper". Jesus on Death Row: The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. pp. 63–67. ISBN 978-0-687-64756-9. 

External links[edit]

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