Clarification and stabilization of wine

In winemaking, clarification and stabilization are the processes by which insoluble matter suspended in the wine is removed before bottling. This matter may include dead yeast cells (lees), bacteria, tartrates, proteins, pectins, various tannins and other phenolic compounds, as well as pieces of grape skin, pulp, stems and gums. Clarification and stabilization may involve fining, filtration, centrifugation, flotation, refrigeration, pasteurization, and/or barrel maturation and racking.

Clarifying wine

In wine tasting, a wine is considered "clear" when there are no visible particles suspended in the liquid and, especially in the case of white wines, when there is some degree of transparency. A wine with too much suspended matter will appear cloudy and dull, even if its aroma and flavor are unaffected; wines therefore generally undergo some kind of clarification.

Before fermentation, pectin-splitting enzymes and, for white wine, fining agents such as bentonite may be added to the must in order to promote the agglomeration and settling of colloids later. Pectins are structural molecules in the cell walls of fruits which have the important function of 'gumming' plant cells together. The pectin content of grapes increases steadily throughout ripening, reaching levels of about 1 g/l, although it varies by varietal and pre-fermentation handling processes. Large pectin molecules can affect the amount of juice yielded at pressing, ease of filtration and clarification, and extraction of tannins. Grapes contain natural pectolytic enzymes responsible for softening the grape berries during ripening, but these are not active under wine-making conditions (due to pH level, SO₂, and alcohol.) Therefore, fungal pectolytic enzymes are often added to white must to break up pectins, decrease the viscosity of the juice, and speed up settling. In red musts, this increases color and tannin extraction.

Odell Beckham Jr.

Odell Beckham Jr. (born November 5, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Louisiana State University (LSU), and was drafted by the Giants in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft with the 12th pick.

Early years

Beckham was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended Isidore Newman School in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was a letterman in football, basketball and track. In football, he played wide receiver, quarterback, running back, and cornerback. As a junior, he caught 45 passes for 743 yards and 10 touchdowns, while also adding three more scores on the ground. As a senior, he hauled in 50 catches for 1,010 yards and 19 touchdowns, joining Cooper Manning as the only two players in school history to record 1,000 receiving yards in a season. In addition, he rushed for 331 yards and six touchdowns, passed for 90 yards and a score and also averaged 30.0 yards per punt return. He was named to the Times Picayune 2011 Blue-Chip list and to the Louisiana 2A All-State first team as a wide receiver, while he also earned District 9-2A Offensive MVP honors and a spot on The Advocate’s Super Dozen.

Marshawn Lynch

Marshawn Terrell Lynch (born April 22, 1986) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He retired at the end of the 2015-2016 season. He was drafted by the Bills in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at California, where he became the school's second all-time career rusher.

Lynch was nicknamed "Beast Mode" for his aggressive running style, propensity for breaking tackles, and consistent ability to run over defenders.

Early life

Lynch grew up in Oakland, California, with his three siblings. He was raised by his mother Delisa, who once held a 200-meter track record at Oakland Technical High School, the school that Marshawn Lynch later attended.

High school

At Oakland Technical, Lynch was a four-sport star in football, basketball, track and wrestling. In his 2003 season, Lynch amassed 1,722 rushing yards and 23 touchdowns in only eight regular season games, and an additional 375 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns in two postseason games. He was voted a PrepStar and SuperPrep All-American and was also voted the San Francisco East Bay Player of the Year. In basketball, he played on the Oakland Tech's team alongside future Cal star Leon Powe. Lynch took his team to the state semi-finals.

The Fumble

In American football, The Fumble refers to a play in the AFC Championship Game between the Browns and Broncos on January 17, 1988 at Mile High Stadium. With 1:12 left in the game, Browns running back Earnest Byner fumbled on the Broncos 1 yard line while trying to score a game-tying touchdown. The Broncos went on to win 38–33 after taking an intentional safety.

Background

The same two teams had met in the previous AFC Championship Game. That game also ended in victory for the Broncos and featured a famous five-minute, 98-yard touchdown drive led by quarterback John Elway, known simply as The Drive, to take the game into overtime.

During the game, the Broncos jumped to a 21–3 halftime lead, but Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar led them back with four second-half touchdowns. By the middle of the fourth quarter, the game was tied at 31. The Broncos then took the lead on a long drive that ended with a 20-yard touchdown pass from Elway to running back Sammy Winder, making it 38–31 with 6 minutes left. Cleveland responded by advancing the ball to Denver's 8-yard line with 1:12 left, setting the stage for the play that made this game one of the most famous in NFL lore.

Stephen Curry

Wardell Stephen "Steph" Curry II (born March 14, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is considered by some to be the greatest shooter in NBA history. Curry won the 2015 NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) award and is a three-time NBA All-Star.

Curry is the son of former NBA player Dell and older brother of current NBA player Seth. He played college basketball for Davidson. There, he was twice named Southern Conference Player of the Year and set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference. During his sophomore year, he also set the single-season NCAA record for three-pointers made.

Curry was selected with the seventh overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors. During the 2012–13 season, he set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. The following year, Curry and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the "Splash Brothers" en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484. In 2014–15, Curry broke his own record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 286. That year, he led the Warriors to their first NBA championship since 1975.