Earth trojan

The orbit of 2010 TK7, the only Earth trojan to be discovered so far (left). Lagrangian points L₄ and L₅. Lines around the blue triangles represent tadpole orbits (right)

An Earth trojan is an asteroid that orbits the Sun in the vicinity of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points L₄ (leading 60°) and L₅ (trailing 60°), thus having an orbit similar to Earth's. Only one Earth trojan has so far been discovered. The name trojan was first used in 1906 for the Jupiter trojans, the asteroids that were observed near the Lagrangian points of Jupiter's orbit.

Members

2010 TK7, the only known Earth trojan, is located in the annotated green circle in the lower right.

Current

L₄ (leading)

• 2010 TK7: A 300-meter-diameter asteroid, discovered using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite. It is the only confirmed Earth trojan as of 2011–2012.

L₅ (trailing)

No known objects are currently thought to be L₅ trojans of Earth.

Significance

‹See Tfd›

The orbits of any Earth trojans could make them less energetically costly to reach than the Moon, even though they will be hundreds of times more distant. Such asteroids could one day be useful as sources of elements that are rare near Earth's surface. On Earth, siderophiles such as iridium are difficult to find, having largely sunk to the core of the planet shortly after its formation. A small asteroid could be a rich source of such elements even if its overall composition is similar to Earth's; because of their small size, such bodies would lose heat much more rapidly than a planet once they had formed, and so would not have melted, a prerequisite for differentiation (even if they differentiated, the core would still be within reach). Their weak gravitational fields also would have inhibited significant separation of denser and lighter material; a mass the size of 2010 TK₇ would exert a surface gravitational force of less than 0.00005 times that of Earth (although the asteroid's rotation could cause separation).

A hypothetical planet-sized Earth trojan the size of Mars, named Theia, is thought by proponents of the giant-impact hypothesis to be the origin of the Moon. The hypothesis states that the Moon formed after Earth and Theia collided head-on, showering material from the two planets into space. This material eventually accreted around Earth and into a single orbiting body, the Moon.

At the same time, material from Theia mixed and combined with Earth's mantle and core. Supporters of the giant-impact hypothesis theorise that Earth's large core in relation to its overall volume is as a result of this combination.

Other companions of Earth

Several other small objects have been found on an orbital path associated with Earth. Although these objects are in 1:1 orbital resonance, they are not Earth trojans because they do not librate around a definite Sun–Earth Lagrangian point, either L₄ or L₅.

Earth has another noted companion, asteroid 3753 Cruithne. About 5 km across, it has a peculiar type of orbital resonance called an overlapping horseshoe, and is probably only a temporary liaison.

2016 HO3, an asteroid discovered on 27 April 2016, is possibly the most stable quasi-satellite of Earth.

See also

• 2003 YN107
• 2006 RH120
• 3753 Cruithne
• 6Q0B44E
• Earth's second moon
• Kordylewski cloud
• Natural satellite
• Quasi-satellite
• Theia