GB 18030

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GB 18030
MIME GB18030
Alias(es) Code page 54936
Standard GB 18030-2005, GB 18030-2000
Language(s) zh

GB 18030 is a Chinese government standard, described as Information technology — Chinese coded character set and defines the required language and character support necessary for software in China. GB18030 is the registered Internet name for the official character set of the People's Republic of China (PRC) superseding GB2312.[1] As a Unicode Transformation Format[a] (i.e. an encoding of all Unicode code points) compatible with legacy encodings including GB2312, CP936[b], and GBK 1.0, GB18030 supports both simplified and traditional Chinese characters.

In addition to the "GB18030 character encoding", this standard contains requirements about which scripts must be supported, font support, etc.

History[edit]

See also: GB 2312, GBK, and Code page 1386

The GB18030 character set is formally called "Chinese National Standard GB 18030-2005: Information technology — Chinese coded character set". GB abbreviates Guójiā Biāozhǔn (国家标准), which means national standard in Chinese. The standard was published by the China Standard Press, Beijing, November 8, 2005. Only a portion of the standard is mandatory. Since May 1, 2006, support for the mandatory subset is officially required for all software products sold in the PRC.

Differences in GB-to-Unicode mapping between GB 18030 versions
GB byte
sequence		 Unicode code point
GB 18030-2000 GB 18030-2005
A8 BC (ḿ) U+E7C7 (private use) U+1E3F (ḿ)
81 35 F4 37 U+1E3F (ḿ) U+E7C7 (private use)

An older version of the standard, known as "Chinese National Standard GB 18030-2000: Information Technology — Chinese ideograms coded character set for information interchange — Extension for the basic set", was published on March 17, 2000. The encoding scheme stays the same in the new version, and the only difference in GB-to-Unicode mapping is that GB 18030-2000 mapped the character A8 BC (ḿ) to a private use code point U+E7C7, and character 81 35 F4 37 (without specifying any glyph) to U+1E3F (ḿ), whereas GB 18030-2005 swaps these two mapping assignments.[2]:534 More code points are now associated with characters due to update of Unicode, especially the appearance of CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B. Some characters used by ethnic minorities in China, such as Mongolian characters and Tibetan characters (GB 16959-1997 and GB/T 20542-2006), have been added as well, which accounts for the renaming of the standard.

Compared with its ancestors, GB 18030's mapping to Unicode has been modified for the 81 characters that were provisionally assigned a Unicode Private Use Area code point (U+E000–F8FF) in GBK 1.0 and that have later been encoded in Unicode.[3] This is specified in Appendix E of GB 18030.[4]:499[2]:534 There are 24 characters in GB 18030-2005 that are still mapped to Unicode PUA.[5]

Private use characters in GB-to-Unicode mappings
GB byte
sequence		 Unicode code point (blue = private use)
GBK 1.0[6] GB 18030
-2005[5]		 Unicode 4.1
A6 D9[7]:108 U+E78D U+FE10 ︐
A6 DA U+E78E U+FE12 ︒
A6 DB U+E78F U+FE11 ︑
A6 DC U+E790 U+FE13 ︓
A6 DD U+E791 U+FE14 ︔
A6 DE U+E792 U+FE15 ︕
A6 DF U+E793 U+FE16 ︖
A6 EC U+E794 U+FE17 ︗
A6 ED U+E795 U+FE18 ︘
A6 F3 U+E796 U+FE19 ︙
A8 BC U+E7C7 U+1E3F ḿ
A8 BF U+E7C8 U+01F9 ǹ
A9 89 U+E7E7 U+303E 〾
A9 8A U+E7E8 U+2FF0 ⿰
A9 8B U+E7E9 U+2FF1 ⿱
A9 8C U+E7EA U+2FF2 ⿲
A9 8D U+E7EB U+2FF3 ⿳
A9 8E U+E7EC U+2FF4 ⿴
A9 8F U+E7ED U+2FF5 ⿵
A9 90 U+E7EE U+2FF6 ⿶
A9 91 U+E7EF U+2FF7 ⿷
A9 92 U+E7F0 U+2FF8 ⿸
A9 93 U+E7F1 U+2FF9 ⿹
A9 94[7]:173 U+E7F2 U+2FFA ⿺
A9 95 U+E7F3 U+2FFB ⿻
FE 50 U+E815 U+2E81 ⺁
FE 51 U+E816 U+20087 𠂇
FE 52 U+E817 U+20089 𠂉
FE 53 U+E818 U+200CC 𠃌
FE 54 U+E819 U+2E84 ⺄
FE 55 U+E81A U+3473 㑳
FE 56 U+E81B U+3447 㑇
FE 57 U+E81C U+2E88 ⺈
FE 58 U+E81D U+2E8B ⺋
FE 59 U+E81E U+9FB4 龴
FE 5A U+E81F U+359E 㖞
FE 5B U+E820 U+361A 㘚
FE 5C U+E821 U+360E 㘎
FE 5D U+E822 U+2E8C ⺌
FE 5E U+E823 U+2E97 ⺗
FE 5F U+E824 U+396E 㥮
FE 60 U+E825 U+3918 㤘
FE 61 U+E826 U+9FB5 龵
FE 62 U+E827 U+39CF 㧏
FE 63 U+E828 U+39DF 㧟
FE 64 U+E829 U+3A73 㩳
FE 65 U+E82A U+39D0 㧐
FE 66 U+E82B U+9FB6 龶
FE 67 U+E82C U+9FB7 龷
FE 68 U+E82D U+3B4E 㭎
FE 69 U+E82E U+3C6E 㱮
FE 6A U+E82F U+3CE0 㳠
FE 6B U+E830 U+2EA7 ⺧
FE 6C U+E831 U+215D7 𡗗
FE 6D U+E832 U+9FB8 龸
FE 6E U+E833 U+2EAA ⺪
FE 6F U+E834 U+4056 䁖
FE 70 U+E835 U+415F 䅟
FE 71 U+E836 U+2EAE ⺮
FE 72 U+E837 U+4337 䌷
FE 73 U+E838 U+2EB3 ⺳
FE 74 U+E839 U+2EB6 ⺶
FE 75 U+E83A U+2EB7 ⺷
FE 76 U+E83B U+2298F 𢦏
FE 77 U+E83C U+43B1 䎱
FE 78 U+E83D U+43AC 䎬
FE 79 U+E83E U+2EBB ⺻
FE 7A U+E83F U+43DD 䏝
FE 7B U+E840 U+44D6 䓖
FE 7C U+E841 U+4661 䙡
FE 7D U+E842 U+464C 䙌
FE 7E U+E843 U+9FB9 龹
FE 80 U+E844 U+4723 䜣
FE 81 U+E845 U+4729 䜩
FE 82 U+E846 U+477C 䝼
FE 83 U+E847 U+478D 䞍
FE 84 U+E848 U+2ECA ⻊
FE 85 U+E849 U+4947 䥇
FE 86 U+E84A U+497A 䥺
FE 87 U+E84B U+497D 䥽
FE 88 U+E84C U+4982 䦂
FE 89 U+E84D U+4983 䦃
FE 8A U+E84E U+4985 䦅
FE 8B U+E84F U+4986 䦆
FE 8C U+E850 U+499F 䦟
FE 8D U+E851 U+499B 䦛
FE 8E U+E852 U+49B7 䦷
FE 8F U+E853 U+49B6 䦶
FE 90 U+E854 U+9FBA 龺
FE 91 U+E855 U+241FE 𤇾
FE 92 U+E856 U+4CA3 䲣
FE 93 U+E857 U+4C9F 䲟
FE 94 U+E858 U+4CA0 䲠
FE 95 U+E859 U+4CA1 䲡
FE 96 U+E85A U+4C77 䱷
FE 97 U+E85B U+4CA2 䲢
FE 98 U+E85C U+4D13 䴓
FE 99 U+E85D U+4D14 䴔
FE 9A U+E85E U+4D15 䴕
FE 9B U+E85F U+4D16 䴖
FE 9C U+E860 U+4D17 䴗
FE 9D U+E861 U+4D18 䴘
FE 9E U+E862 U+4D19 䴙
FE 9F U+E863 U+4DAE 䶮
FE A0 U+E864 U+9FBB 龻

As a national standard[edit]

The mandatory part of GB 18030-2005 consists of 1 byte and 2 byte encoding, together with 4 byte encoding for CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A. The corresponding Unicode code points of this subset lie entirely in the BMP.

Most major computer companies had already standardised on some version of Unicode as the primary format for use in their binary formats and OS calls. However, they mostly had only supported code points in the BMP originally defined in Unicode 1.0, which supported only 65,536 codepoints and was often encoded in 16 bits as UCS-2.

In a move of historic significance for software supporting Unicode, the PRC decided to mandate support of certain code points outside the BMP. This means that software can no longer get away with treating characters as 16 bit fixed width entities (UCS-2). Therefore, they must either process the data in a variable width format (such as UTF-8 or UTF-16), which are the most common choices, or move to a larger fixed width format (such as UCS-4 or UTF-32). Microsoft made the change from UCS-2 to UTF-16 with Windows 2000.

Mapping [edit]

Part of the mapping data is from a lookup table (similarly to GBK). The rest is calculated algorithmically. Unfortunately it also inherits the bad aspects of the legacy standards on which it is based (most notably needing special code to safely find ASCII characters in a GB18030 sequence).

GB 18030 encoding[8][4]:252[2]:3
GB 18030 code points[c] Unicode
byte 1 (MSB) byte 2 byte 3 byte 4
00 – 7F 128 0000 – 007F
80 — unassigned
81 – FE 40 – FE except 7F[d] 23940 0080 – FFFF except D800 – DFFF[e]
81 – 84 30 – 39 81 – FE 30 – 39 39420
unassigned — D800 – DFFF[f]
90 – E3 30 – 39 81 – FE 30 – 39 1048576 10000 – 10FFFF
FF — invalid
Total 1112064

The one- and two-byte code points are essentially GBK. The four byte scheme can be thought of as consisting of two units, each of two bytes. Each unit has a similar format to a GBK two byte character but with a range of values for the second byte of 0x30–0x39 (the ASCII codes for decimal digits). The first byte has the range 0x81 to 0xFE, as before. This means that a string search routine that is safe for GBK should also be reasonably safe for GB18030 (in much the same way that a basic byte-oriented search routine is reasonably safe for EUC).

This gives a total of 1,587,600 (126×10×126×10) possible 4 byte sequences, which is easily sufficient to cover Unicode's 1,112,064 (17×65536 − 2048 surrogates) assigned, reserved, and noncharacter code points.

Unfortunately, to further complicate matters there are no simple rules to translate between a 4 byte sequence and its corresponding code point. Instead, codes are allocated sequentially (with the first byte containing the most significant part and the last the least significant part) only to Unicode code points that are not mapped in any other manner. For example:

U+00DE (Þ) → 81 30 89 37
U+00DF (ß) → 81 30 89 38
U+00E0 (à) → A8 A4
U+00E1 (á) → A8 A2
U+00E2 (â) → 81 30 89 39
U+00E3 (ã) → 81 30 8A 30

An offset table is used in the WHATWG and W3C version of GB 18030 to efficiently translate code points.[9]

Support[edit]

Encoding[edit]

Windows 2000 can support the GB18030 encoding if GB18030 Support Package[10] is installed. Windows XP can support it natively. The open source PostgreSQL database supports GB18030 through its full support for UTF-8, i.e. by converting it to and from UTF-8. Similarly Microsoft SQL Server supports GB18030 by conversion to and from UTF-16.

More specifically, supporting the GB18030 encoding on Windows means that Code Page 54936 is supported by MultiByteToWideChar and WideCharToMultiByte. Due to the backward compatibility of the mapping, many files in GB18030 can be actually opened successfully as the legacy Code Page 936, that is GBK, even if the Code Page 54936 is not supported. However, that is only true if the file in question contains only GBK characters. Loading will fail or cause corrupted result if the file contains characters that do not exist in GBK (see § Technical details for examples).

GNU libiconv/glibc, the character codec library used on most Linux distributions, supports GB 18030 since version 1.4.[11]

Glyphs[edit]

The GB18030 Support Package for Windows contains SimSun18030.ttc, a TrueType font collection file which combines two Chinese fonts, SimSun-18030 and NSimSun-18030. The SimSun 18030 font includes all the characters in Unicode 2.1 plus new characters found in the Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A block, but despite its name, it does not contain glyphs for all GB 18030 characters, as all (about a million) Unicode code points up to U+10FFFF can be encoded as GB 18030. GB 18030 compliance certification only requires correct handling and recognition of glyphs in the mandatory (two-byte) Chinese part.[12]

Other CJK font families like HAN NOM[13] and Hanazono Mincho[14] provide wider coverage for Unicode CJK Extension blocks than SimSun-18030 or even Simsun (Founder Extended), but they don't support all code points defined in Unicode 5.0.0 either.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Note that GB18030 omits surrogates; see #Mapping.
  2. ^ with the exception of the euro sign which is given a single byte code of 0x80 in Microsoft's later versions of CP936/GBK and a two byte code of A2 E3 in GB18030
  3. ^ Including the 66 Unicode noncharacters
  4. ^ For a finer division of this range see GBK#Encoding.
  5. ^ Some code points are encoded with two bytes (upper row), the others with four bytes (lower row).
  6. ^ These are surrogate code points; they have no meaning outside of UTF-16 encoding.

References[edit]

  1. ^ https://www.iana.org/assignments/charset-reg/GB18030
  2. ^ a b c Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set. 
  3. ^ "Unicode FAQ on GB 18030". ICU Project. Retrieved 10 September 2016. 
  4. ^ a b Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2000-03-17). GB 18030-2000: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set for information interchange — Extension for the basic set. 
  5. ^ a b Lunde, Ken (2006). "L2/06-394 Update on GB 18030:2005". Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry. Retrieved 28 September 2016. 
  6. ^ "Group:GBK外字". GlyphWiki. Retrieved 11 September 2016. 
  7. ^ a b Lunde, Ken (December 2008). CJKV Information Processing. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. Retrieved 11 September 2016. 
  8. ^ Authoritative mapping table between GB18030-2000 and Unicode. ICU – International Components for Unicode. 2001-02-21. Accessed 2016-09-04.
  9. ^ "Encoding Standard # gb18030-index". W3C. Retrieved 2016-09-24. 
  10. ^ Microsoft. "GB18030 Support Package". Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. 
  11. ^ "NEWS - libiconv.git - libiconv". git.savannah.gnu.org. Retrieved 2016-10-13. 
  12. ^ CESI (2009-07-08). "GB18030 符合性问与答" [GB18030 compliance FAQ]. CESI Certification Center. Archived from the original on 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2016-10-12. 同时达到以下两个要求的产品，为符合GB 18030-2005强制部分的产品… 
  13. ^ VietUnicode. "/hannom". sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2016-10-13. 
  14. ^ "Hanazono fonts". fonts.jp. Retrieved 2016-10-13. 

External links[edit]

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