Control key
In computing, a Control key is a modifier key which, when pressed in conjunction with another key, performs a special operation (for example, Ctrl+C); similar to the Shift key, the Control key rarely performs any function when pressed by itself. The Control key is located on or near the bottom left side of most keyboards (in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2), with many featuring an additional one at the bottom right.
It is usually labeled Ctrl (rarely, Control or Ctl is seen) on keyboards which use English abbreviations for key labeling. Abbreviations in the language of the keyboard layout also are in use. e.g. the German layout uses Strg as required by the German standard DIN 2137:2012-06. Also, there is a standardized keyboard symbol (to be used when Latin lettering is not preferred), given in ISO/IEC 9995-7 as symbol 26, and in ISO 7000 “Graphical symbols for use on equipment” as symbol ISO-7000-2028. This symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+2388 helm symbol (⎈).
Contents
History[edit]
On teletypewriters and early keyboards, holding down the Control key while pressing another key zeroed the leftmost two bits of the seven bits in the generated ASCII character. This allowed the operator to produce the first 32 characters in the ASCII table. These are non-printing characters that signal the computer to control where the next character will be placed on the display device, eject a printed page or erase the screen, ring the terminal bell, or some other operation. Aptly, these characters are also called control characters.
Using the Ctrl key with either lowercase letters (e.g. C) or uppercase letters (⇧ Shift+C) will generate the same ASCII code on a teletypewriter because holding down the control key grounds (zeros the voltage on) the two wires used to carry the leftmost two bits from the keyboard, ignoring their modification by the ⇧ Shift key. In modern computers, the interpretation of keypresses is generally left to the software. Modern keyboards distinguish each physical key from every other and report all keypresses and releases to the controlling software. This additional flexibility is not often taken advantage of and it usually does not matter, for example, whether the control key is pressed in conjunction with an upper or a lower case character.
When the original purpose of the ASCII control characters became either obsolete or seldom used, later software appropriated the Control key combinations for other purposes.
Location of the key[edit]
The keyboards of many early computer terminals, including the Teletype Model 33 ASR and Lear-Siegler ADM-3A, and early models of the IBM PC, positioned the Control key on the left of the keyboard, whereas caps lock resides in the same position on most modern keyboards. The traditional layout was preserved for later workstation systems and is often associated with Unix workstations. Keyboards from Sun Microsystems came in two layouts; "Unix" and "PC-style", with the Unix layout having the traditional placing of the Control key and other keys.[1] The keyboards produced for One Laptop Per Child computers also have the Control key in this location.[2] Other vendors produce keyboards for different computer systems with this placement of the Control key, such as the Happy Hacking Keyboard.
Some users of keyboards with caps lock on the left remap the keys to exchange Control and caps lock, finding the traditional location more ergonomic for using programs benefiting from use of the Control key. Keyboard layout preferences specifically to address this need are available in some operating systems.
Others leave the control key in the lower-left corner of the keyboard, and press it using the side of their palm. The choice of location for the control key often comes down to the typist's hand shape and posture.
Notation[edit]
There are several common notations for pressing the Control key in conjunction with another key. Each notation below means press and hold Ctrl while pressing the X key:
| ^X | Traditional notation |
| C-x | Emacs and Vim notation |
| CTRL-X | Old Microsoft notation |
| Ctrl+X | New Microsoft notation |
| Ctrl/X | OpenVMS notation |
| ⌃X | Classic Mac OS and macOS notation, used in menus and Sticky Keys (like the traditional notation, but with U+2303 ⌃ UP ARROWHEAD instead of a caret)[3] |
| Control-X | Classic Mac OS and macOS notation, used in prose[4] |
Examples[edit]
Different application programs, user interfaces, and operating systems use the various control key combinations for different purposes.
| Key combination | Microsoft Windows/KDE/GNOME | Unix (command line and programs using readline) | Emacs (if different from Unix command line)
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Ctrl+A | Select all | Beginning of line
|
|
| Ctrl+B | Bold | Backward one character
|
|
| Ctrl+C | Copy | Generate SIGINT (terminate program) | Compound command
|
| Ctrl+D | Font window (word processing); Add to bookmarks (Browsers) | Forward delete, or if line is empty, end of input (traditional Unix) | Forward delete
|
| Ctrl+E | Center alignment (word processing) | End of line
|
|
| Ctrl+F | Find (usually a small piece of text in a larger document) | Forward one character
|
|
| Ctrl+G | Go to (line number) | Bell | Quit - aborts current operation
|
| Ctrl+H | Replace; History | Delete previous character | Help key
|
| Ctrl+I | Italic; Incremental search | Command line completion | Same as Tab key
|
| Ctrl+J | Justify | Line feed (LFD) | LFD (to evaluate Lisp expressions)
|
| Ctrl+K | Insert hyperlink (word processing) | Cut ("Kill") text between cursor and end of line
|
|
| Ctrl+L | Create list; Left align (word processing) | Clear screen | Redraw window/terminal, and recenter view around current line
|
| Ctrl+M | Increase margin by 1/2 inch (word processing) | Same as Enter key
|
|
| Ctrl+N | New (window, document, etc.) | Next line (in history) | Next line
|
| Ctrl+O | Open | Flush output | Insert ("open") new line
|
| Ctrl+P | Previous line (in history) | Previous line
|
|
| Ctrl+Q | Quit application | Resume transmission | Literal insert
|
| Ctrl+R | Refresh page; Right align (word processing) | Search backwards in history | Search backwards
|
| Ctrl+S | Save | Pause transmission | Search forward
|
| Ctrl+T | Open new tab | Transpose characters
|
|
| Ctrl+U | Underline | Cut text between beginning of line and cursor | Prefix numerical argument to next command
|
| Ctrl+V | Paste | Literal insert | Page down
|
| Ctrl+W | Close window or tab | Cut previous word | Cut
|
| Ctrl+X | Cut | Compound command
|
|
| Ctrl+Y | Redo | Paste
|
|
| Ctrl+Z | Undo | Suspend program | Iconify window |
| Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z | Redo | Same as Ctrl+Z | |
| Ctrl+[ | Decrease font size | Same as Esc | Same as Alt |
| Ctrl+] | Increase font size | Same as Esc | Same as Alt |
| Ctrl+= | Toggle font subscript | Same as Esc | Same as Alt |
| Ctrl+⇧ Shift+= | Toggle font superscript | Same as Esc | Same as Alt |
| Ctrl+End | Bottom (end of document or window) | undefined or rarely used | Bottom (end of text buffer) |
| Ctrl+Home | Top (start of document or window) | undefined or rarely used | Top (start of text buffer) |
| Ctrl+Insert | Copy | undefined or rarely used | Copy |
| Ctrl+PgDn | Next tab | undefined or rarely used | Scroll window to the right |
| Ctrl+PgUp | Previous tab | undefined or rarely used | Scroll window to the left |
| Ctrl+Tab ↹ | Next window or tab | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Previous window or tab | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+← | Previous word | undefined or rarely used | Previous word |
| Ctrl+→ | Next word | undefined or rarely used | Next word |
| Ctrl+Delete | Delete next word | undefined or rarely used | Delete next word |
| Ctrl+← Backspace | Delete previous word | undefined or rarely used | Delete previous word |
| Ctrl+Alt+← Backspace | Restart X11 | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+Alt+↑ | Rotate screen right-side up | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+Alt+↓ | Rotate screen upside down | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+Alt+← | Rotate screen left | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+Alt+→ | Rotate screen right | undefined or rarely used | |
| Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc | Open task manager | unknown | unknown |
| Ctrl+Alt+Del | Reboot; Open task manager or session options | undefined or rarely used | |
Similar concepts[edit]
Generally, the Command key, labeled with the ⌘ symbol on Apple Macintosh computers, performs the equivalent functions in classic Mac OS and macOS applications (for example, ⌘C copies, while ⌘P prints; the same holds for saving, cutting, and pasting).
Macintoshes also have a Control key, but it has different functionality. The original Apple mouse design reduced complexity by only offering one button. As the interface developed, Contextual Menus were offered to access extra options. Another button was needed to access these. On Unix and Windows, the user had other mouse buttons to use. On Classic Mac OS and macOS, the Control key is used to invoke a "right-click". Apple calls this a "secondary click" as left-handers can choose which side this button is on.
- It is mostly used as a modifier key for key-combinations.
- When pressing Control and clicking the mouse-button, you will get a contextual menu. This is a compatibility feature for users with one-button mice; users with two-button mice just use the right mouse-button, with no modifiers.
- It is used in the command line interface with programs made for that interface.
- In Quickbooks, the Control Key is used to validate login credentials during OLSU 1016 and OLSU 1013 errors. Keeping it depressed while sending information to the Quickbooks servers fixes the errors.
- Under macOS, the Control key allows the use of Emacs-style key combinations in most text entry fields. For example, Ctrl-A moves the caret to the start of the paragraph, Ctrl-L vertically centers the current line in the editing field, Ctrl-K cuts text to the end of the line to a kill ring separate from the normal clipboard, etc.
References[edit]
- ^ Complex Text Layout Language Support in the Solaris Operating Environment docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-5583/806-5583.pdf
- ^ Don Marti (2006-10-27). "Doing it for the kids, man: Children's laptop inspires open source projects". Linux World. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ "OS X Yosemite: What are those symbols shown in menus?". Apple Support. Apple Inc. Sep 23, 2015.
- ^ "Mac keyboard shortcuts". Apple Support. Apple Inc. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
See also[edit]
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IBM PC keyboard (Windows, US layout)
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