List of lemur species
![Ring-tailed lemur resting with hands on wooden branch](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Katta_Lemur_catta.jpg/220px-Katta_Lemur_catta.jpg)
Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primate in the world, Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 grams (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the indri, which can weigh as much as 9.5 kilograms (21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2010, five families, 15 genera, and 101 species and subspecies of lemur were formally recognized.[1] Of the 101 species and subspecies, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified eight as Critically Endangered, 18 as Endangered, 15 as Vulnerable, four as Near Threatened, eight as Least Concern and 41 as Data Deficient; seven were yet to be evaluated.[2] From 2000 through 2008, 39 new species were described and nine other taxa resurrected.[3] By 2014, the number of species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105; of these, the IUCN classified 24 as Critically Endangered, 49 as Endangered, 20 as Vulnerable, three as Near Threatened, three as Least Concern and four as Data Deficient; two were yet to be evaluated.
The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues.[3] There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, with some experts preferring an estimated 50 lemur species.[4] The debates are likely to continue, as some scholars label the explosive growth of species numbers as taxonomic inflation. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used.[5] In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 25% of all species are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, most have yet to be extensively studied, and nearly all populations are in decline. For these reasons, taxonomists and conservationists favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity.[3] Implicitly, this means that full species status will help grant genetically distinct populations added environmental protection.
At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar.[6][7] All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to 200 kg (22 to 441 lb). The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction.[6] Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans.[6] Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.[6]
There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs.[6] As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment, extinctions are likely to continue.
Contents
Taxonomic classification[edit]
Lemurs are classified under eight families, three of which are extinct:
![Three images of silky sifakas: First (left) of mother clinging vertically to small tree with two infants holding on to her chest; second (upper right) of adult turning head to look at camera; and third (bottom right) of adult beginning leap from one tree to another, with one hand extended in the direction it is moving](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Propithecus_candidus_002.jpg/220px-Propithecus_candidus_002.jpg)
![Mouse lemur perched on branch](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Microcebus_myoxinus.jpg/220px-Microcebus_myoxinus.jpg)
![Bamboo lemur perched on a horizontal piece of bamboo](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hapalemur_aureus_001.jpg/220px-Hapalemur_aureus_001.jpg)
- Family: †Archaeolemuridae : monkey lemurs
- Genus: †Archaeolemur (2 extinct species)
- Genus: †Hadropithecus (1 extinct species)
- Family: Cheirogaleidae
- Genus: Allocebus: hairy-eared dwarf lemur (1 extant species)
- Genus: Cheirogaleus: dwarf lemurs (6 extant species)
- Genus: Microcebus: mouse lemurs (21 extant species)
- Genus: Mirza: giant mouse lemurs (2 extant species)
- Genus: Phaner: fork-marked lemurs (4 extant species)
- Family: Daubentoniidae: aye-aye
- Genus: Daubentonia (1 extant species, 1 extinct species)
- Family: Indriidae
- Genus: Avahi: woolly lemurs (9 extant species)
- Genus: Indri: indri (1 extant species)
- Genus: Propithecus: sifakas (9 extant species)
- Family: Lemuridae
- Genus: Eulemur: true lemurs (12 extant species)
- Genus: Hapalemur: bamboo lemurs (5 extant species, 3 extant subspecies)
- Genus: Lemur: ring-tailed lemur (1 extant species)
- Genus: †Pachylemur (2 extinct species)
- Genus: Prolemur: greater bamboo lemur (1 extant species)
- Genus: Varecia: ruffed lemurs (2 extant species, 3 extant subspecies)
- Family: Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs
- Genus: Lepilemur (26 extant species)
- Family: †Megaladapidae: koala lemurs
- Genus: †Megaladapis (3 extinct species)
- Family: †Palaeopropithecidae: sloth lemurs
- Genus: †Archaeoindris (1 extinct species)
- Genus: †Babakotia (1 extinct species)
- Genus: †Mesopropithecus (3 extinct species)
- Genus: †Palaeopropithecus (3 extinct species)
The placement of lemurs within the order Strepsirrhini is currently under debate, although both sides agree upon the same phylogenetic tree.[8]
- Order Primates
- Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, galagos, and lorisids
- Infraorder Lemuriformes
- Superfamily Lemuroidea
- Family †Archaeolemuridae
- Family Cheirogaleidae
- Family Daubentoniidae
- Family Indriidae
- Family Lemuridae
- Family Lepilemuridae
- Family †Megaladapidae
- Family †Palaeopropithecidae
- Superfamily Lorisoidea
- Superfamily Lemuroidea
- Infraorder Lemuriformes
- Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
- Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, galagos, and lorisids
Key[edit]
Scientific name | Latin binomial name, or Latin name, of the species |
Common name | Common name of the species, per Wilson, et al. Mammal Species of the World (2005) or Mittermeier, et al. "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (2008) |
Family | Family within the Suborder Strepsirrhini to which the species belongs |
Classified | Date in which the species was formally described and classified, as well as the binomial authority on the species |
Average size | Average size of adult members of the species, in metric and English weight units |
Estimated size | Estimated Average size of adult members of the extinct species |
Conservation status | Conservation status of the species, per IUCN as of 2008 |
Extinction date | Year of extinction or estimated date range for subfossil species, in BCE/CE |
Extant species[edit]
All lemurs belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini within the order Primates. The 101 extant species and subspecies are divided among 5 families and 15 genera. They range in weight from 30 g (1.1 oz) (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur) to as much as 9.5 kg (21 lb) (indri). Most are highly arboreal and activity patterns range widely from nocturnal to diurnal to cathemeral. Having diversified over millions of years to fill every ecological niche, diets also vary widely, though fruit, leaves, and insects make up the majority of the diet for most species.
Family: Cheirogaleidae[edit]
Family Cheirogaleidae consists of the mouse lemurs (smallest of all primates), the dwarf lemurs, and the fork-marked lemurs and their allies. There are 34 extant species.
Scientific name | Common name | Classified | Average size | Conservation status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allocebus trichotis | Hairy-eared dwarf lemur | 1875, Günther | 65–90 g (2.3–3.2 oz) | ![]() |
[3][9][10][11] |
Cheirogaleus crossleyi | Furry-eared dwarf lemur | 1870, A. Grandidier | 250–500 g (8.8–17.6 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][12][13][14][15] |
Cheirogaleus lavasoensis | Lavasoa dwarf lemur | 2013, Thiele et al. | 300 g (11 oz) | Not Evaluated | [16] |
Cheirogaleus major | Greater dwarf lemur | 1812, É. Geoffroy | 350–400 g (12–14 oz) | ![]() |
[3][17][18][19] |
Cheirogaleus medius | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur | 1812, É. Geoffroy | 120–270 g (4.2–9.5 oz) | ![]() |
[3][20][21][22] |
Cheirogaleus minusculus | Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur | 2000, Groves | unknown | ![]() |
[3][23][24][25] |
Cheirogaleus sibreei | Sibree's dwarf lemur | 1896, Forsyth Major | unknown | ![]() |
[3][26][27][28] |
Microcebus arnholdi | Arnhold's mouse lemur | 2008, E. Lewis, Jr. et al. | 49.7 g (1.75 oz) | ![]() |
[29] |
Microcebus berthae | Madame Berthe's mouse lemur | 2000, Rasoloarison et al. | 30 g (1.1 oz) | ![]() |
[3][30][31][32] |
Microcebus bongolavensis | Bongolava mouse lemur | 2007, Olivieri et al. | 54 g (1.9 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][33][34] |
Microcebus boraha | Boraha mouse lemur | 2016, Hotaling et al. | [35] | ||
Microcebus danfossi | Danfoss' mouse lemur | 2007, Olivieri et al. | 63 g (2.2 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][36][37] |
Microcebus ganzhorni | Ganzhorn's mouse lemur | 2016, Hotaling et al. | [38] | ||
Microcebus gerpi | Gerp's mouse lemur | 2012, Radespiel et al. | 68 g (2.4 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[39] |
Microcebus griseorufus | Reddish-gray mouse lemur | 1910, Kollman | 46–79 g (1.6–2.8 oz) | ![]() |
[3][40][41][42] |
Microcebus jollyae | Jolly's mouse lemur | 2006, Louis et al. | 60 g (2.1 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][43] |
Microcebus lehilahytsara | Goodman's mouse lemur | 2005, Roos and Kappeler | 45–48 g (1.6–1.7 oz) | ![]() |
[3][44][45] |
Microcebus macarthurii | MacArthur's mouse lemur | 2008, Radespiel et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3] |
Microcebus manitatra | Manitatra mouse lemur | 2016, Hotaling et al. | [46] | ||
Microcebus marohita | Marohita mouse lemur | 2013, Rasoloarison et al. | 89 g (3.1 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[47] |
Microcebus mamiratra | Claire's mouse lemur | 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. | 61 g (2.2 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][48][49] |
Microcebus margotmarshae | Margot Marsh's mouse lemur | 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. | 41 g (1.4 oz) | ![]() |
[29] |
Microcebus mittermeieri | Mittermeier's mouse lemur | 2006, Louis et al. | 40 g (1.4 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][50] |
Microcebus murinus | Gray mouse lemur | 1777, Miller | 60 g (2.1 oz) | ![]() |
[3][51][52][53] |
Microcebus myoxinus | Pygmy mouse lemur | 1852, Peters | 43–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz) | ![]() |
[3][54][55][56] |
Microcebus ravelobensis | Golden-brown mouse lemur | 1998, Zimmerman et al. | 56–87 g (2.0–3.1 oz) | ![]() |
[3][57][58][59] |
Microcebus rufus | Brown mouse lemur | 1834, É. Geoffroy | 40–50 g (1.4–1.8 oz) | ![]() |
[3][60][61][62] |
Microcebus sambiranensis | Sambirano mouse lemur | 2000, Rasoloarison et al. | 38–50 g (1.3–1.8 oz) | ![]() |
[3][63][64][65] |
Microcebus simmonsi | Simmons' mouse lemur | 2006, Louis et al. | 78 g (2.8 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][66] |
Microcebus tanosi | Anosy mouse lemur | 2013, Rasoloarison et al. | unknown | Not Evaluated | [47] |
Microcebus tavaratra | Northern rufous mouse lemur | 2000, Rasoloarison et al. | 45–77 g (1.6–2.7 oz) | ![]() |
[3][67][68][69] |
Mirza coquereli | Coquerel's giant mouse lemur | 1867, A. Grandidier | 300–320 g (11–11 oz) | ![]() |
[3][70][71][72] |
Mirza zaza | Northern giant mouse lemur | 2005, Kappeler & Roos | 287–299 g (10.1–10.5 oz) | ![]() |
[3][73][74] |
Phaner electromontis | Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur | 1991, Groves and Tattersall | 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][75][76][77][78] |
Phaner furcifer | Masoala fork-marked lemur | 1839, Blainville | 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][75][79][80][81] |
Phaner pallescens | Pale fork-marked lemur | 1991, Groves and Tattersall | 330 g (12 oz) | ![]() |
[3][82][83][84] |
Phaner parienti | Pariente's fork-marked lemur | 1991, Groves and Tattersall | 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d] | ![]() |
[3][75][76][85][86] |
Family: Lemuridae[edit]
Family Lemuridae consists of the ring-tailed lemur, the brown lemurs, the bamboo lemurs and the ruffed lemurs. There are 21 extant species and six subspecies.
![Two red-fronted lemurs wrapped around each other on a tree limb](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eulemur_rufifrons_Kirindy_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Eulemur_rufifrons_Kirindy_Madagascar.jpg)
![Close-up of five ring-tailed lemurs, four shown clearly; 2 grooming, 1 sunning, and 1 looking at the camera](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lemur_catta_group.jpg/220px-Lemur_catta_group.jpg)
![Black-and-white ruffed lemur hanging by its rear feet from a rope, holding some leaves in its hands while looking at the camera](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Varecia_variegata_suspensory_posture1.jpg/220px-Varecia_variegata_suspensory_posture1.jpg)
Scientific name | Common name | Classified | Average size | Conservation status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eulemur albifrons | White-fronted brown lemur | 1796, É. Geoffroy | 2.2–2.6 kg (4.9–5.7 lb) | ![]() |
[3][87][88][89] |
Eulemur cinereiceps[b] | Gray-headed lemur | 1890, Grandidier and Milne-Edwards | 2–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][90][91][92] |
Eulemur collaris | Collared brown lemur | 1812, É. Geoffroy | 2.25–2.5 kg (5.0–5.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][93][94][95] |
Eulemur coronatus | Crowned lemur | 1842, Gray | 1.1–1.3 kg (2.4–2.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][96][97][98] |
Eulemur flavifrons | Blue-eyed black lemur | 1867, Gray | 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][99][100] |
Eulemur fulvus | Common brown lemur | 1812, É. Geoffroy | 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb) | ![]() |
[3][101][102][103] |
Eulemur macaco | Black lemur | 1766, Linnaeus | 2–2.9 kg (4.4–6.4 lb) | ![]() |
[3][104][105][106] |
Eulemur mongoz | Mongoose lemur | 1766, Linnaeus | 1.1–1.6 kg (2.4–3.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][107][108][109] |
Eulemur rubriventer | Red-bellied lemur | 1850, I. Geoffroy | 1.6–2.4 kg (3.5–5.3 lb) | ![]() |
[3][110][111][112] |
Eulemur rufifrons[a] | Red-fronted lemur | 1833, Bennett | 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb) | ![]() |
[3][113][114] |
Eulemur rufus[a] | Red lemur | 1799, Audebert | 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb) | ![]() |
[3][115] |
Eulemur sanfordi | Sanford's brown lemur | 1932, Archbold | 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][116][117][118] |
Hapalemur alaotrensis | Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur | 1975, Rumpler | 1.1–1.4 kg (2.4–3.1 lb) | ![]() |
[3][119][120][121] |
Hapalemur aureus | Golden bamboo lemur | 1987, Meier et al. | 1.3–1.7 kg (2.9–3.7 lb) | ![]() |
[3][122][123][124] |
Hapalemur griseus gilberti | Beanamalao bamboo lemur | 2007, Rabarivola et al. | 0.967 kg (2.13 lb) | ![]() |
[125][126] |
Hapalemur griseus griseus | Eastern lesser bamboo lemur | 1795, Link | 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][109][127][128] |
Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis | Ranomafana bamboo lemur | 2007, Rabarivola et al. | 0.7–0.85 kg (1.5–1.9 lb) | ![]() |
[129] |
Hapalemur meridionalis | Southern lesser bamboo lemur | 1987, Warter, et al. | 0.75–1.05 kg (1.7–2.3 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][130][131][132][133] |
Hapalemur occidentalis | Western lesser bamboo lemur | 1975, Rumpler | 1 kg (2.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][134][135][136] |
Lemur catta | Ring-tailed lemur | 1756, Linnaeus | 2.3–3.5 kg (5.1–7.7 lb) | ![]() |
[3][137][138][139] |
Prolemur simus | Greater bamboo lemur | 1871, Gray | 2.2–2.5 kg (4.9–5.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][140][141][142] |
Varecia rubra | Red ruffed lemur | 1812, É. Geoffroy | 3.3–3.6 kg (7.3–7.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][143][144][145] |
Varecia variegata editorum | Southern black-and-white ruffed lemur | 1953, Osman Hill | 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][146][147][148] |
Varecia variegata subcincta | White-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur | 1833, A. Smith | 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][149][150][151] |
Varecia variegata variegata | Black-and-white ruffed lemur | 1792, Kerr | 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][152][153][154] |
Family: Lepilemuridae[edit]
Family Lepilemuridae consists solely of the sportive lemurs. As of 2014, there are 26 extant species.
Scientific name | Common name | Classified | Average size | Conservation status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lepilemur aeeclis | Antafia sportive lemur | 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. | 0.765–0.97 kg (1.69–2.14 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][155][156] |
Lepilemur ahmansonorum | Ahmanson's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.61 kg (1.3 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][157][158] |
Lepilemur ankaranensis | Ankarana sportive lemur | 1975, Rumpler & Albignac | 0.75 kg (1.7 lb) | ![]() |
[3][159][160][161] |
Lepilemur betsileo | Betsileo sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 1.15 kg (2.5 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][162][163] |
Lepilemur dorsalis | Gray-backed sportive lemur | 1870, Gray | 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) | ![]() |
[3][164][165][166] |
Lepilemur edwardsi | Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur | 1894, Forsyth Major | 1 kg (2.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][167][168][169] |
Lepilemur fleuretae | Fleurete's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.98 kg (2.2 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][170][171] |
Lepilemur grewcockorum | Grewcock's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][172][173] |
Lepilemur hollandorum | Holland's sportive lemur | 2009, Ramaromilanto et al. | 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[174] |
Lepilemur hubbardorum | Hubbard's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][175][176] |
Lepilemur jamesorum | James' sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][177][178] |
Lepilemur leucopus | White-footed sportive lemur | 1894, Forsyth Major | 0.6 kg (1.3 lb) | ![]() |
[3][179][180][181] |
Lepilemur microdon | Small-toothed sportive lemur | 1894, Forsyth Major | 0.8–1.0 kg (1.8–2.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][182][183][184] |
Lepilemur milanoii | Daraina sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.72 kg (1.6 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][185][186] |
Lepilemur mittermeieri | Mittermeier's sportive lemur | 2006, Rabarivola et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3][187] |
Lepilemur mustelinus | Weasel sportive lemur | 1851, I. Geoffroy | 1 kg (2.2 lb) | ![]() |
[3][188][189][190] |
Lepilemur otto | Otto's sportive lemur | 2007, Craul et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3][191] |
Lepilemur petteri | Petter's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.63 kg (1.4 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][192][193] |
Lepilemur randrianasoloi | Randrianasolo's sportive lemur | 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. | 0.66–0.88 kg (1.5–1.9 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][194][195] |
Lepilemur ruficaudatus | Red-tailed sportive lemur | 1867, A. Grandidier | 0.76–0.95 kg (1.7–2.1 lb) | ![]() |
[3][167][196][197] |
Lepilemur sahamalazensis | Sahamalaza sportive lemur | 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. | 0.687–0.892 kg (1.51–1.97 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][198][199] |
Lepilemur scottorum | Scott's sportive lemur | 2008, Lei et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3] |
Lepilemur seali | Seal's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][200][201] |
Lepilemur septentrionalis | Northern sportive lemur | 1975, Rumpler & Albignac | 0.75 kg (1.7 lb) | ![]() |
[3][202][203][204] |
Lepilemur tymerlachsoni | Hawks' sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.88 kg (1.9 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][205][206] |
Lepilemur wrightae | Wright's sportive lemur | 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. | 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][207][208] |
Family: Indriidae[edit]
Family Indriidae consists of the indri (the largest extant lemur), the woolly lemurs and the sifakas. There are 19 extant species.
![Sifaka perched in the "V" of a young tree](http://web.archive.org./web/20160423060354im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sifaka.jpg/220px-Sifaka.jpg)
Scientific name | Common name | Classified | Average size | Conservation status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avahi betsileo | Betsileo woolly lemur | 2007, Andriantompohavana et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3][209] |
Avahi cleesei | Cleese's woolly lemur | 2005, Thalmann and Geissmann | 0.83 kg (1.8 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][210][211] |
Avahi laniger | Eastern woolly lemur | 1788, Gmelin | 0.9–1.3 kg (2.0–2.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][212][213][214] |
Avahi meridionalis | Southern woolly lemur | 2006, Zaramody et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3][215] |
Avahi mooreorum | Moore's woolly lemur | 2008, Lei et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3] |
Avahi occidentalis | Western woolly lemur | 1898, von Lorenz-Liburnau | 0.7–0.9 kg (1.5–2.0 lb) | ![]() |
[3][216][217][218] |
Avahi peyrierasi | Peyrieras' woolly lemur | 2006, Zaramody et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3][219] |
Avahi ramanantsoavani | Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur | 2006, Zaramody et al. | unknown | ![]() |
[3][220] |
Avahi unicolor | Sambirano woolly lemur | 2000, Thalmann and Geissmann | 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)[d] | ![]() |
[3][221][222][223][224] |
Indri indri | Indri | 1788, Gmelin | 6–9.5 kg (13–21 lb) | ![]() |
[3][225][226][227] |
Propithecus candidus | Silky sifaka | 1871, A. Grandidier | 5–6 kg (11–13 lb) | ![]() |
[3][228][229][230] |
Propithecus coquereli | Coquerel's sifaka | 1867, A. Grandidier | 3.7–4.3 kg (8.2–9.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][231][232][233] |
Propithecus coronatus | Crowned sifaka | 1871, Milne-Edwards | 3.5–4.3 kg (7.7–9.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][234][235][236] |
Propithecus deckenii | Von der Decken's sifaka | 1870, A. Grandidier | 3–4.5 kg (6.6–9.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][237][238][239] |
Propithecus diadema | Diademed sifaka | 1832, Bennett | 6–8.5 kg (13–19 lb) | ![]() |
[3][240][241][242] |
Propithecus edwardsi | Milne-Edwards' sifaka | 1871, A. Grandidier | 5–6.5 kg (11–14 lb) | ![]() |
[3][243][244][245] |
Propithecus perrieri | Perrier's sifaka | 1931, Lavauden | 4.3–5 kg (9.5–11.0 lb) | ![]() |
[3][246][247][248] |
Propithecus tattersalli | Golden-crowned sifaka | 1988, Simons | 3.4–3.6 kg (7.5–7.9 lb) | ![]() |
[3][233][249][250] |
Propithecus verreauxi | Verreaux's sifaka | 1867, A. Grandidier | 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb) | ![]() |
[3][251][252][253] |
Family: Daubentoniidae[edit]
Family Daubentoniidae contains only one surviving species, of the aye-aye. Wide ranging genetic studies have shown that it separated from the ancestral lemurs long before any other branch of the modern Lemuriformes.[3]
Scientific name | Common name | Classified | Average size | Conservation status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daubentonia madagascariensis | Aye-aye | 1788, Gmelin | 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) | ![]() |
[3][254][255][256] |
Unconfirmed species[edit]
Reports of new species continue to trickle in from the field. However, these reports require further scientific evaluation before their claims can be verified.
Extinct species[edit]
All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains.[257] Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.
See also[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- a In 2008, the red lemur, Eulemur rufus, was split into two species, Eulemur rufus (red lemur) and Eulemur rufifrons (red-fronted lemur). Also, Eulemur rufus was previously known as the red-fronted lemur, but was renamed the red lemur, while Eulemur rufifrons assumed its former name.[3]
- b Formerly referred to as Eulemur albocollaris or white-collared brown lemur, but was changed in 2008.[3]
- c This extinction date for Babakotia radofilai is based on a single radiocarbon date from one specimen. For this reason, it is hard to tell when this species became extinct or how it is related to other lemur species.[258]
- d Average weights reported for this species are based on very small sample sizes or are general ranges for its genus and thus require further research.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Mittermeier et al. 2010, pp. 101–103
- ^ Mittermeier et al. 2010, pp. 86–87
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx Mittermeier, R. A.; Ganzhorn, J. U.; Konstant, W. R.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; Groves, C. P.; Rylands, A. B.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M. I.; Louis, E. E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. M. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
- ^ Yoder, A.D. (2007). "Lemurs: a quick guide" (PDF). Current Biology 17 (20): 866–868. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.050. PMID 17956741.
- ^ Tattersall, I. (2007). "Madagascar's Lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation?" (PDF). Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 16 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1002/evan.20126.
- ^ a b c d e Mittermeier, pp. 50–51
- ^ a b Gommery, D.; Ramanivosoa, B.; Tombomiadana-Raveloson, S.; Randrianantenaina, H.; Kerloc’h, P. (2009). "A new species of giant subfossil lemur from the North-West of Madagascar (Palaeopropithecus kelyus, Primates)". Comptes Rendus Palevol 8 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.02.001. Lay summary (27 May 2009).
- ^ Cartmill 2010, pp. 10–30
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 130–135
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Allocebus trichotis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Allocebus trichotis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 158–159
- ^ Garbutt, pp. 103–104
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus crossleyi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–112. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Cheirogaleus crossleyi. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Thiele, D.; Razafimahatratra, E.; Hapke, A. (2013). "Discrepant partitioning of genetic diversity in mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs – biological reality or taxonomic bias?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (3): 593–609. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.019. PMID 23899779.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 155–157
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus major". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Cheirogaleus major. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 160–163
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus medius". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Cheirogaleus medius. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, p. 166
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus minusculus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Cheirogaleus minusculus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, p. 168
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus sibreei". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Cheirogaleus sibreei. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Louis, E. E.; Engberg, S. E.; McGuire, S. M.; McCormick, M. J.; Randriamampionona, R.; Ranaivoarisoa, J. F.; Bailey, C. A.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Lei, R. (2008). "Revision of the mouse lemurs, Microcebus (Primates, Lemuriformes), of northern and northwestern Madagascar with descriptions of two new species at Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest" (PDF). Primate Conservation 23: 19–38. doi:10.1896/052.023.0103.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 98–100
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus berthae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus berthae. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Garbutt, pp. 98–99
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus bongolavensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Hotaling, Scott; Foley, Mary E.; Lawrence, Nicolette M.; Bocanegra, Jose; Blanco, Marina B.; Rasoloarison, Rodin; Kappeler, Peter M.; Barrett, Meredith A.; Yoder, Anne D.; Weisrock, David W. (2016). "Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs". Molecular Ecology. Online. doi:10.1111/mec.13604.
- ^ Garbutt, p. 99
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus danfossorum. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Hotaling, Scott; Foley, Mary E.; Lawrence, Nicolette M.; Bocanegra, Jose; Blanco, Marina B.; Rasoloarison, Rodin; Kappeler, Peter M.; Barrett, Meredith A.; Yoder, Anne D.; Weisrock, David W. (2016). "Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs". Molecular Ecology. Online. doi:10.1111/mec.13604.
- ^ Radespiel, U.; Ratsimbazafy, J. H.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Raveloson, H.; Andriaholinirina, N.; Rakotondravony, R.; Randrianarison, R. M.; Randrianambinina, B. (2011). "First indications of a highland specialist among mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) and evidence for a new mouse lemur species from eastern Madagascar". Primates 53 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0290-2. PMID 22198090.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 101–103
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus griseorufus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus griseorufus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus jollyae. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 124–125
- ^ Roos, C., Kappeler, P. & Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus lehilahytsara. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Hotaling, Scott; Foley, Mary E.; Lawrence, Nicolette M.; Bocanegra, Jose; Blanco, Marina B.; Rasoloarison, Rodin; Kappeler, Peter M.; Barrett, Meredith A.; Yoder, Anne D.; Weisrock, David W. (2016). "Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs". Molecular Ecology. Online. doi:10.1111/mec.13604.
- ^ a b Rasoloarison, R. M.; Weisrock, D. W.; Yoder, A. D.; Rakotondravony, D.; Kappeler, P. M. (2013). "Two new species of mouse lemurs (Cheirogaleidae: Microcebus) from Eastern Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9672-1. Lay summary – Tiny Lemur Twins Are 2 New Species; Live Science (26 March 2013).
- ^ Garbutt, pp. 97–98
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus mamiratra. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus mittermeieri. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 104–107
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus murinus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. murinus Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference Check
|url=
value (help) (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. Microcebus murinus. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. - ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus murinus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 108–110
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus myoxinus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus myoxinus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 111–113
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus ravelobensis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus ravelobensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 120–123
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus rufus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus rufus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 114–116
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus sambiranensis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus sambiranensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Microcebus simmonsi. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 117–119
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus tavaratra". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Microcebus tavaratra. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 140–143
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Mirza coquereli". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Roos, C., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Mirza coquereli. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 144–145
- ^ Hoffmann, M. (2008). Mirza zaza. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Garbutt, pp. 111–114
- ^ a b Mittermeier, pp. 181–182
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Phaner electromontis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Phaner electromontis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 174–175
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Phaner furcifer". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ^ Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Phaner furcifer. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 178–180
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- ^ a b Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Eulemur mongoz. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009. Cite error: Invalid
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- ^ a b Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. & Wright, P. (2008). Propithecus coquereli. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 1 January 2009. Cite error: Invalid
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- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Propithecus coronatus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 376–379
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 380–382
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 388–390
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- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Propithecus verreauxi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 410–415
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- ^ Mittermeier, p. 23
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mittermeier, pp. 44–46
- ^ a b c d e f g Nowak, pp. 89–91
- ^ William L. Jungers, Laurie R. Godfrey, Elwyn L. Simons, and Prithijit S. Chatrath (1997-10-28). "Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)". PNAS 94 (22): 11998–12001. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998. PMC: 23681. PMID 11038588.
- ^ a b c Mittermeier, p. 43
- ^ a b c Nowak, pp. 91–92
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- ^ a b Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010, p. 354, 361.
References[edit]
- Cartmill, M. (2010). "Chapter 2: Primate Classification and Diversity". In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A. Primate Neuroethology. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30. ISBN 978-0-19-532659-8.
- Garbutt, N. (2007). Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
- Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Burney, D.A. (2010). "Chapter 21: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4.
- Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5. OCLC 670545286.
- Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6251-5.
External links[edit]
- Too Many New Lemur Species? – Interview with Anne Yoder, Director of the Duke Lemur Center
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