List of Nobel laureates
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The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or "laureate", receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation, yearly.[2]
Prize
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[7]
Laureates
Between 1901 and 2015, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 573 times to 900 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 870 individuals (including 822 men, 48 women) and 23 organizations. Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.
Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[8] UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 870 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[9] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[8]
List of laureates
Year | Physics | Chemistry | Physiology or Medicine |
Literature | Peace | Economics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Röntgen, WilhelmWilhelm Röntgen | Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 'tJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | von Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von Behring | Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme | Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant; Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy |
— |
1902 | Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz; Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman |
Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer | Ross, RonaldRonald Ross | Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen | Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun; Gobat, Charles AlbertCharles Albert Gobat |
— |
1903 | Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel; Curie, PierrePierre Curie; Curie, MarieMarie Curie |
Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius | Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen | Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer | — |
1904 | Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh | Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay | Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov | Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral; Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray |
Institut de Droit International | — |
1905 | Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard | Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von Baeyer | Koch, RobertRobert Koch | Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz | Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner | — |
1906 | Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson | Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan | Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi; Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal |
Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci | Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt | — |
1907 | Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson | Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner | Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran | Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling | Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta; Renault, LouisLouis Renault |
— |
1908 | Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann | Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford | Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff; Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich |
Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken | Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson; Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer |
— |
1909 | Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun; Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi |
Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald | Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher | Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf | Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert; d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant |
— |
1910 | Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals | Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach | Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel | Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse | International Peace Bureau | — |
1911 | Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien | Curie, MarieMarie Curie | Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand | Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck | Asser, TobiasTobias Asser; Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried |
— |
1912 | Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén | Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard; Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier |
Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel | Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann | Root, ElihuElihu Root | — |
1913 | Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes | Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner | Richet, CharlesCharles Richet | Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore | La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine | — |
1914 | von Laue, MaxMax von Laue | Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards | Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány | None | None | — |
1915 | Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg; Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg |
Willstätter, RichardRichard Willstätter | None | Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland | None | — |
1916 | None | None | None | Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam | None | — |
1917 | Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla | None | None | Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup; Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan |
International Committee of the Red Cross | — |
1918 | Planck, MaxMax Planck | Haber, FritzFritz Haber | None | None | None | — |
1919 | Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark | None | Bordet, JulesJules Bordet | Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler | Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson | — |
1920 | Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume | Nernst, WaltherWalther Nernst | Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh | Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun | Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois | — |
1921 | Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein | Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy | None | France, AnatoleAnatole France | Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting; Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange |
— |
1922 | Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr | Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston | Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill; Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof |
Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente | Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen | — |
1923 | Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews Millikan | Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl | Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting; Macleod, John James RickardJohn James Rickard Macleod |
Yeats, W. B.W. B. Yeats | None | — |
1924 | Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn | None | Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven | Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont | None | — |
1925 | Franck, JamesJames Franck; Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig Hertz |
Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy | None | Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw | Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain; Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes |
— |
1926 | Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin | Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg | Fibiger, JohannesJohannes Fibiger | Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda | Briand, AristideAristide Briand; Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann |
— |
1927 | Compton, ArthurArthur Compton; Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson |
Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland | Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg | Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson | Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson; Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde |
— |
1928 | Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson | Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle | Undset, SigridSigrid Undset | None | — |
1929 | Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie | Harden, ArthurArthur Harden; von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin |
Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins |
Mann, ThomasThomas Mann | Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg | — |
1930 | Raman, C. V.C. V. Raman | Fischer, HansHans Fischer | Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner | Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis | Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom | — |
1931 | None | Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch; Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius |
Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg | Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt | Addams, JaneJane Addams; Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler |
— |
1932 | Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg | Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir | Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian |
Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy | None | — |
1933 | Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger; Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac |
None | Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan | Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin | Angell, NormanNorman Angell | — |
1934 | None | Urey, HaroldHarold Urey | Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple; Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot; Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy |
Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello | Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson | — |
1935 | Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick | Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie; Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie |
Spemann, HansHans Spemann | None | von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky | — |
1936 | Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess; Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David Anderson |
Debye, PeterPeter Debye | Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale; Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi |
O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill | Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas | — |
1937 | Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson; Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson |
Haworth, NormanNorman Haworth; Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer |
Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi | du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard | Cecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood | — |
1938 | Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi | Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A] | Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans | Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck | Nansen International Office For Refugees | — |
1939 | Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence | Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A] Ružička, LeopoldLeopold Ružička |
Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A] | Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää | None | — |
1940 | None | None | None | None | None | — |
1941 | None | None | None | None | None | — |
1942 | None | None | None | None | None | — |
1943 | Stern, OttoOtto Stern | Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy | Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam; Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy |
None | None | — |
1944 | Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi | Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn | Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser |
Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen | International Committee of the Red Cross | — |
1945 | Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli | Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen | Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming; Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain; Florey, HowardHoward Florey |
Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral | Hull, CordellCordell Hull | — |
1946 | Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams Bridgman | Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner; Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley |
Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller | Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse | Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch; Mott, JohnJohn Mott |
— |
1947 | Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor Appleton | Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson | Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, GertyGerty Cori; Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay |
Gide, AndréAndré Gide | Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee |
— |
1948 | Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett | Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius | Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller | Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot | None[B] | — |
1949 | Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa | Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque | Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess; Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz |
Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner | Boyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr | — |
1950 | Powell, C. F.C. F. Powell | Diels, OttoOtto Diels; Alder, KurtKurt Alder |
Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein |
Russell, BertrandBertrand Russell | Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche | — |
1951 | Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft; Walton, ErnestErnest Walton |
McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan; Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg |
Theiler, MaxMax Theiler | Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist | Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux | — |
1952 | Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch; Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills Purcell |
Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge |
Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman | Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac | Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer | — |
1953 | Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike | Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger | Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann |
Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill | Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall | — |
1954 | Born, MaxMax Born; Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe |
Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling | Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders; Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller |
Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | — |
1955 | Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb; Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch |
du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud | Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell | Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness | None | — |
1956 | Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain; Shockley, WilliamWilliam Shockley |
Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semyonov, NikolayNikolay Semyonov |
Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards |
Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez | None | — |
1957 | Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang; Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee |
Todd, The LordThe Lord Todd | Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet | Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus | Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson | — |
1958 | Cherenkov, PavelPavel Cherenkov; Frank, IlyaIlya Frank; Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm |
Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger | Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg |
Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C] | Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire | — |
1959 | Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè; Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain |
Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský | Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg; Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa |
Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo | Noel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker | — |
1960 | Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser | Libby, WillardWillard Libby | Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar |
Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse | Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli | — |
1961 | Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer |
Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin | von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy | Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić | Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld | — |
1962 | Landau, LevLev Landau | Perutz, MaxMax Perutz; Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew |
Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick; Watson, James D.James D. Watson; Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins |
Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck | Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling | — |
1963 | Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner; Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen |
Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler; Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta |
Eccles, JohnJohn Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley |
Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis | International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies |
— |
1964 | Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes; Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov; Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander Prokhorov |
Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin | Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch; Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen |
Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D] | King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr. | — |
1965 | Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger; Feynman, RichardRichard Feynman |
Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward | Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob; Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff; Monod, JacquesJacques Monod |
Sholokhov, MikhailMikhail Sholokhov | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | — |
1966 | Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler | Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken | Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins |
Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs |
None | — |
1967 | Bethe, HansHans Bethe | Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter |
Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit; Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald |
Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias | None | — |
1968 | Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter Alvarez | Onsager, LarsLars Onsager | Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley; Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg |
Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata | Cassin, RenéRené Cassin | — |
1969 | Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann | Barton, DerekDerek Barton; Hassel, OddOdd Hassel |
Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück; Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey; Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria |
Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett | International Labour Organization | Frisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch; Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen |
1970 | Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén; Néel, LouisLouis Néel |
Leloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico Leloir | Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod; von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler; Katz, BernardBernard Katz |
Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug | Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson |
1971 | Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor | Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg | Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. | Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda | Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt | Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets |
1972 | Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper; Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert Schrieffer |
Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, StanfordStanford Moore; Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein |
Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter |
Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll | None | Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks; Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow |
1973 | Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki; Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever; Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson |
Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson |
von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch; Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen |
White, PatrickPatrick White | Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger; Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E] |
Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief |
1974 | Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle; Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish |
Flory, PaulPaul Flory | Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude; de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve; Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade |
Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson; Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson |
MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride; Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō |
Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal; Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek |
1975 | Bohr, AageAage Bohr; Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson; Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater |
Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth; Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog |
Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore; Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco; Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin |
Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale | Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov | Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich; Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans |
1976 | Richter, BurtonBurton Richter; Ting, Samuel C. C.Samuel C. C. Ting |
Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb | Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek |
Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow | Williams, BettyBetty Williams; Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire |
Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman |
1977 | Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson; Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott; Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van Vleck |
Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine | Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin; Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow |
Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre | Amnesty International | Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin; Meade, JamesJames Meade |
1978 | Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa; Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias; Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson |
Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell | Arber, WernerWerner Arber; Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith |
Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer | Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat; Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin |
Simon, Herbert A.Herbert A. Simon |
1979 | Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow; Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam; Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg |
Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig |
Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield |
Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis | Teresa, MotherMother Teresa | Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz; Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis |
1980 | Cronin, JamesJames Cronin; Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon Fitch |
Berg, PaulPaul Berg; Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert; Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger |
Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf; Dausset, JeanJean Dausset; Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell |
Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz | Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel | Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein |
1981 | Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow; Siegbahn, KaiKai Siegbahn |
Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann |
Sperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry; Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel; Wiesel, TorstenTorsten Wiesel |
Canetti, EliasElias Canetti | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Tobin, JamesJames Tobin |
1982 | Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson | Klug, AaronAaron Klug | Bergström, SuneSune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, JohnJohn Vane |
Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez | Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal; Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles |
Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler |
1983 | Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred Fowler |
Taube, HenryHenry Taube | McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock | Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding | Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa | Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu |
1984 | Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia; van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer |
Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield | Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne; Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler; Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein |
Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert | Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu | Stone, RichardRichard Stone |
1985 | von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing | Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, JeromeJerome Karle |
Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein |
Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani |
1986 | Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska; Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig; Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer |
Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, JohnJohn Polanyi |
Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen; Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini |
Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka | Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel | Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan |
1987 | Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz; Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander Müller |
Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram; Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen |
Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa | Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky | Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias | Solow, RobertRobert Solow |
1988 | Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz; Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger |
Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer; Huber, RobertRobert Huber; Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel |
Black, James W.James W. Black; Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings |
Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz | United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces | Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais |
1989 | Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.; Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt; Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul |
Altman, SidneySidney Altman; Cech, ThomasThomas Cech |
Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop; Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus |
Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela | Gyatso (The Dalai Lama), TenzinTenzin Gyatso (The Dalai Lama) | Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo |
1990 | Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman; Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall; Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor |
Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey | Murray, JosephJoseph Murray; Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas |
Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz | Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev | Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz; Miller, MertonMerton Miller; Sharpe, William F.William F. Sharpe |
1991 | Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes | Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst | Neher, ErwinErwin Neher; Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann |
Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer | Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi | Coase, RonaldRonald Coase |
1992 | Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak | Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus | Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs |
Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott | Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú | Becker, GaryGary Becker |
1993 | Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. |
Mullis, KaryKary Mullis; Smith, MichaelMichael Smith |
Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts; Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp |
Morrison, ToniToni Morrison | Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela; de Klerk, F. W.F. W. de Klerk |
Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel; North, DouglassDouglass North |
1994 | Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse; Shull, CliffordClifford Shull |
Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah | Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman; Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell |
Ōe, KenzaburōKenzaburō Ōe | Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat; Peres, ShimonShimon Peres; Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin |
Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi; Nash, Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.; Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten |
1995 | Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl; Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines |
Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland |
Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis; Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus |
Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney | Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs |
Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr. |
1996 | Lee, DavidDavid Lee; Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff; Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson |
Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto; Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley |
Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel |
Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska | Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta |
Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees; Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey |
1997 | Chu, StevenSteven Chu; Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji; Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips |
Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer; Walker, John E.John E. Walker; Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou |
Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner | Fo, DarioDario Fo | International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Williams, JodyJody Williams |
Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton; Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes |
1998 | Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui |
Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn; Pople, JohnJohn Pople |
Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro; Murad, FeridFerid Murad |
Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago | Hume, JohnJohn Hume; Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble |
Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen |
1999 | Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft; Veltman, Martinus J. G.Martinus J. G. Veltman |
Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail | Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel | Grass, GünterGünter Grass | Médecins Sans Frontières | Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell |
2000 | Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov; Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer; Kilby, JackJack Kilby |
Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa |
Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson; Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard; Kandel, EricEric Kandel |
Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian | Dae-jung, KimKim Dae-jung | Heckman, JamesJames Heckman; McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden |
2001 | Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell; Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, CarlCarl Wieman |
Knowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles; Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless |
Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell; Hunt, TimTim Hunt; Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse |
Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul | United Nations; Annan, KofiKofi Annan |
Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof; Spence, MichaelMichael Spence; Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz |
2002 | Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi |
Fenn, JohnJohn Fenn; Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich |
Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner; Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, JohnJohn Sulston |
Kertész, ImreImre Kertész | Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter | Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman; Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith |
2003 | Abrikosov, Alexei AlexeyevichAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov; Ginzburg, VitalyVitaly Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony JamesAnthony James Leggett |
Agre, PeterPeter Agre; MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon |
Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur; Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield |
Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee | Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi | Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle; Granger, CliveClive Granger |
2004 | Gross, DavidDavid Gross; Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer; Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek |
Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover; Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko; Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose |
Axel, RichardRichard Axel; Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck |
Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek | Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai | Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland; Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott |
2005 | Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L.John L. Hall; Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch |
Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin; Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock |
Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall; Warren, RobinRobin Warren |
Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter | International Atomic Energy Agency; ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei |
Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann; Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling |
2006 | Mather, John C.John C. Mather; Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot |
Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg | Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire; Mello, CraigCraig Mello |
Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk | Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank |
Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps |
2007 | Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert; Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg |
Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl | Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi; Evans, MartinMartin Evans; Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies |
Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Gore, AlAl Gore |
Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz; Maskin, EricEric Maskin; Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson |
2008 | Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa |
Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura; Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien |
zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen; Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi; Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier |
Le Clézio, J. M. G.J. M. G. Le Clézio | Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari | Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman |
2009 | Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao; Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle; Smith, George E.George E. Smith |
Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan; Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz; Yonath, AdaAda Yonath |
Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn; Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider; Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak |
Müller, HertaHerta Müller | Obama, BarackBarack Obama | Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom; Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson |
2010 | Geim, AndreAndre Geim; Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov |
Heck, Richard F.Richard F. Heck; Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi; Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki |
Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards | Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa | Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F] | Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond; Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen; Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides |
2011 | Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter; Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess; Schmidt, BrianBrian Schmidt |
Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman | Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler; Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann; Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman |
Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer | Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf; Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee; Karman, TawakelTawakel Karman |
Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent; Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims |
2012 | Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche; J. Wineland, DavidDavid J. Wineland |
Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. Kobilka; Lefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz |
Gurdon, John B.John B. Gurdon; Yamanaka, Shinya Shinya Yamanaka |
Yan, MoMo Yan | Union, EuropeanEuropean Union | Roth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth; Shapley, Lloyd S.Lloyd S. Shapley |
2013 | Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert; Higgs, Peter W.Peter W. Higgs |
Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus; Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt; Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel |
Rothman, James E.James E. Rothman; Schekman, Randy W.Randy W. Schekman; Südhof, Thomas C.Thomas C. Südhof |
Munro, AliceAlice Munro | for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, OrganisationOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | Fama, Eugene F.Eugene F. Fama; Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen; Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller |
2014 | Akasaki, IsamuIsamu Akasaki; Amano, HiroshiHiroshi Amano; Nakamura, ShujiShuji Nakamura |
Betzig, EricEric Betzig; Hell, StefanStefan Hell; Moerner, WilliamWilliam Moerner |
O'Keefe, JohnJohn O'Keefe; Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser; Moser, EdvardEdvard Moser |
Modiano, PatrickPatrick Modiano | Satyarthi, KailashKailash Satyarthi; Yousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai |
Tirole, JeanJean Tirole |
2015 | Kajita, TakaakiTakaaki Kajita; McDonald, Arthur B.Arthur B. McDonald |
Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl; Modrich, Paul L.Paul L. Modrich; Sancar, AzizAziz Sancar |
Campbell, William C.William C. Campbell; Ōmura, SatoshiSatoshi Ōmura; Youyou, TuTu Youyou |
Alexievich, SvetlanaSvetlana Alexievich | National Dialogue Quartet, TunisianTunisian National Dialogue Quartet | Deaton, AngusAngus Deaton |
2016[10] | J. Thouless, DavidDavid J. Thouless; Haldane, DuncanDuncan Haldane; Kosterlitz, John M.John M. Kosterlitz |
Sauvage, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Sauvage; Stoddart, FraserFraser Stoddart; Feringa, BenBen Feringa |
Ohsumi, YoshinoriYoshinori Ohsumi | Dylan, BobBob Dylan | Santos, Juan ManuelJuan Manuel Santos | Hart, OliverOliver Hart; Holmström, Bengt R.Bengt R. Holmström |
Year | Physics | Chemistry | Physiology or Medicine |
Literature | Peace | Economics |
Notes
- A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.[8]
- B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, however, due to his assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.[11]
- C In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[8]
- D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[8]
- E In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.[7][8]
- F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11 years of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities.[12]
See also
- List of Nobel laureates by country
- List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
- Nobel Prize laureates by secondary school affiliation
References
- General
- "All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- "All Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- Specific
- ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
- ^ "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
- ^ a b Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
- ^ a b c d e f "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ "2016 Nobel Prizes - Prize Announcement Dates". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (December 1, 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
External links
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