The Guardian
![]() |
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
![]() The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
|
|
Type | Daily newspaper |
---|---|
Format | Berliner |
Owner(s) | Guardian Media Group |
Founder(s) | John Edward Taylor |
Publisher | Guardian News and Media |
Editor | Katharine Viner |
Opinion editor | Mark Henry |
Founded | 5 May 1821 | (as The Manchester Guardian)
Political alignment | Centre-left |
Language | English |
Headquarters | Kings Place, London |
Country | United Kingdom |
Circulation | 161,152 daily[1] (as of March 2016) |
Sister newspapers | The Observer The Guardian Weekly |
ISSN | 0261-3077 |
OCLC number | 60623878 |
Website | www |
The Guardian is a British national daily newspaper, known until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by The Scott Trust Limited. The Trust was created in 1936 "to secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of The Guardian free from commercial or political interference." The Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders.[2]
The Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015.[3][4] The newspaper has a UK online edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US. As of August 2013, The Guardian's print edition had an average daily circulation of roughly 189,000 copies in the UK, behind The Daily Telegraph and The Times, and ahead of The Independent.[5] The newspaper's online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world as of October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers.[6] In the UK, its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million readers.[7]
Notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowler's phone.[8] The investigation led to the closure of one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, the News of the World.[9] The newspaper also released news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records held by US President Barack Obama's administration in June 2013,[10] and subsequently revealed the existence of the PRISM surveillance program after it was leaked to the paper by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden.[11] In 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Cameron's links to offshore bank accounts.
The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the most recent in 2014 for reporting on government surveillance.[12] The paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors.[13]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Ownership and finances
- 3 Political stance and editorial opinion
- 4 Circulation and format
- 5 Regular content and features
- 6 Online media
- 7 GuardianFilms
- 8 References in popular culture
- 9 Awards
- 10 Editors
- 11 Notable regular contributors (past and present)
- 12 Guardian News & Media Archive
- 13 Notes and references
- 14 Further reading
- 15 External links
History[edit]
1821 to 1972[edit]
Early years[edit]
The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle, a group of non-conformist businessmen.[14] They launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, the paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters.[15] Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: "They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do".[16] When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.[17]
The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.[18]
The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would "zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty ... warmly advocate the cause of Reform ... endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and ... support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures".[19] In 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828.[20]
The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian "the foul prostitute and dirty parasite of the worst portion of the mill-owners".[21] The Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition "the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure."[22] The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators – "... if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife ..."[23]
The Manchester Guardian was highly critical of Abraham Lincoln's conduct during the American Civil War, writing on the news that Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated: "Of his rule, we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty ..."[24]
C. P. Scott[edit]
C. P. Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the Second Boer War against popular opinion.[25] Scott supported the movement for women's suffrage, but was critical of any tactics by the Suffragettes that involved direct action:[26] "The really ludicrous position is that Mr Lloyd George is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him". Scott thought the Suffragettes' "courage and devotion" was "worthy of a better cause and saner leadership".[27] It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of Edwardian society".[26]
Scott commissioned J.M. Synge and his friend Jack Yeats to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland (pre-First World War), and these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara.[28]
Scott's friendship with Chaim Weizmann played a role in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and in 1948 The Manchester Guardian was a supporter of the new State of Israel.
In June 1936 ownership of the paper passed to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.[citation needed]
Spanish Civil War[edit]
Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left Liberal Party, and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the Spanish Civil War. George Orwell writes in Homage to Catalonia: "Of our larger papers, the Manchester Guardian is the only one that leaves me with an increased respect for its honesty." With the pro-Liberal News Chronicle, the Labour-supporting Daily Herald, the Communist Party's Daily Worker and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General Francisco Franco's insurgent nationalists.
Post-war[edit]
The paper so loathed Labour's left-wing champion Aneurin Bevan "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it called for Attlee's post-war Labour government to be voted out of office.[29] The newspaper opposed the creation of the National Health Service as it feared the state provision of healthcare would "eliminate selective elimination" and lead to an increase of congenitally deformed and feckless people.[30]
The Manchester Guardian strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 Suez Crisis: "The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow."[31]
1972 to 2000[edit]
Northern Ireland[edit]
When 13 civil rights demonstrators in Northern Ireland were killed by British soldiers on 30 January 1972 (known as Bloody Sunday), The Guardian said that "Neither side can escape condemnation."[32] Of the protesters, they wrote, "The organizers of the demonstration, Miss Bernadette Devlin among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and sniping could not be prevented, and that the IRA might use the crowd as a shield."[32] Of the army, they wrote, "there seems little doubt that random shots were fired into the crowd, that aim was taken at individuals who were neither bombers nor weapons carriers and that excessive force was used."[32]
Many Irish people believed that the Widgery Tribunal's ruling on the killings was a whitewash,[33] a view that was later supported with the publication of the Saville inquiry in 2010,[34] but in 1972 The Guardian declared that "Widgery's report is not one-sided" (20 April 1972[35]). The paper at the time also supported internment without trial in Northern Ireland: "Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable... .To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative."[36] And before then, The Guardian had called for British troops to be sent to the region: British soldiers could "present a more disinterested face of law and order,"[37] but only on condition that "Britain takes charge."[38]
Sarah Tisdall[edit]
In 1983 the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of cruise missiles in Britain that were leaked to The Guardian by civil servant Sarah Tisdall. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall,[39] though she served only four. "I still blame myself," said Peter Preston, who was the editor of The Guardian at the time, but he went on to argue that the paper had no choice because it "believed in the rule of law."[40]
First Gulf War[edit]
In the lead-up to the first Gulf War, between 1990 and 1991, The Guardian expressed doubts about military action against Iraq: "Frustration in the Gulf leads temptingly to the invocation of task forces and tactical bombing, but the military option is no option at all. The emergence yesterday of a potential hostage problem of vast dimensions only emphasised that this is far too complex a crisis for gunboat diplomacy. Loose talk of 'carpet bombing' Baghdad should be put back in the bottle of theoretical but unacceptable scenarios."[41]
But on the eve of the war, the paper rallied to the war cause: "The simple cause, at the end, is just. An evil regime in Iraq instituted an evil and brutal invasion. Our soldiers and airmen are there, at UN behest, to set that evil to rights. Their duties are clear. ... Let the momentum, and the resolution, be swift."[42] After the event, journalist Maggie O'Kane conceded that she and her colleagues had been a mouthpiece for war propaganda: "... we, the media, were harnessed like 2,000 beach donkeys and led through the sand to see what the British and US military wanted us to see in this nice clean war."[43]
Alleged penetration by Russian intelligence[edit]
In 1994, KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky identified Guardian literary editor Richard Gott as "an agent of influence". While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post.[44]
Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: "The KGB loved The Guardian. It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration."[45]
Jonathan Aitken[edit]
In 1995, both the Granada Television programme World In Action and The Guardian were sued for libel by the then cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken, for their allegation that the Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the Hôtel Ritz in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated that he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play."[46] The court case proceeded, and in 1997 The Guardian produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue.[47] In 1999, Aitken was jailed for perjury and perverting the course of justice.[48]
Kosovo[edit]
The paper supported NATO's military intervention in the Kosovo War in 1999. Though the United Nations Security Council did not support the action, The Guardian stated that "the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force."[49] Mary Kaldor's piece was headlined "Bombs away! But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too."[50]
Since 2000[edit]
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170116021650im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Guardian_senior_news_writer_Esther_Addley_interviewing_Ecuadorian_Foreign_Minister_Ricardo_Pati%C3%B1o.jpg/220px-The_Guardian_senior_news_writer_Esther_Addley_interviewing_Ecuadorian_Foreign_Minister_Ricardo_Pati%C3%B1o.jpg)
In the early 2000s, The Guardian challenged the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Treason Felony Act 1848.[51][52] In October 2004, The Guardian published a humorous column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of George W. Bush.[53] This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website.[54][55] Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, The Guardian published an article on its comment pages by Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from Yorkshire.[56] Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper.[57] The Home Office has claimed the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means." The Guardian asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment.[58] In early 2009, the paper started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies,[59] including publishing a database of the tax paid by the FTSE 100 companies.[60] Internal documents relating to Barclays Bank's tax avoidance were removed from The Guardian website after Barclays obtained a gagging order.[61] The paper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the News of the World phone hacking affair. The Economist's Intelligent Life magazine opined that,
As Watergate is to the Washington Post, and thalidomide to the Sunday Times, so phone-hacking will surely be to the Guardian: a defining moment in its history.[62]
Accusations of anti-Semitism and bias in coverage of Israel[edit]
In recent decades The Guardian has been accused of biased criticism of Israeli government policy.[63] In December 2003, columnist Julie Burchill cited "striking bias against the state of Israel" as one of the reasons she left the paper for The Times.[64] A leaked report from the European Monitoring Centre on Racism cited The Economist's claim that for "many British Jews," the British media's reporting on Israel "is spiced with a tone of animosity, 'as to smell of anti-Semitism' ... This is above all the case with the Guardian and The Independent." The EU said the report, dated February 2003 was not published because it was insubstantial in its current state and lacking sufficient evidence.[65][66]
Responding to these accusations, a Guardian editorial in 2002 condemned anti-Semitism and defended the paper's right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken.[67] Harriet Sherwood, then The Guardian's foreign editor, later its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied that The Guardian has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[68]
On 6 November 2011, Chris Elliott, the Guardian's readers' editor, wrote that "Guardian reporters, writers and editors must be more vigilant about the language they use when writing about Jews or Israel," citing recent cases where The Guardian received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change.[69]
The Guardian's style guide section referred to Tel Aviv as the capital of Israel in 2012,[70][71] but this claim was later retracted by The Guardian, saying: "We accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv – the country's financial and diplomatic centre – is the capital."[72]
On 11 August 2014 the print edition of The Guardian published an advocacy advert during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict featuring Elie Wiesel, headed by the words "Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it's Hamas' turn." The Times had decided against running the ad, although it had already appeared in major American newspapers.[73] One week later, Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter.[74]
Clark County[edit]
In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily G2 supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. The editor of the G2 supplement Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against President George W. Bush. The paper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of responses—nearly all of them outraged—to the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes."[75] The public's dislike of the campaign likely contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.[76]
Guardian America[edit]
In 2007, the paper launched Guardian America, an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9 million. The company hired former American Prospect editor, New York magazine columnist and New York Review of Books writer Michael Tomasky to head the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured news from The Guardian that was relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example.[77]
Tomasky stepped down from his position as editor of Guardian America in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large.[78]
In October 2009, the company abandoned the Guardian America homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main Guardian website.[79] The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as Guardian News and Media opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a huge effort to cut costs across the company.[80] In subsequent years, however, The Guardian has hired various commentators on US affairs including Ana Marie Cox, Michael Wolff, Naomi Wolf, Glenn Greenwald and former George W. Bush's speechwriter Josh Treviño.[81] Treviño's first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy which had been revived by the appointment.[82]
Guardian US launched in September 2011, led by editor-in-chief Janine Gibson, which replaced the previous Guardian America service.[83] After a period during which Katharine Viner served as the US editor-in-chief before taking charge of Guardian News and Media as a whole, Viner's former deputy, Lee Glendinning, was appointed to succeed her as head of the American operation at the beginning of June 2015.[84]
Gagged from reporting Parliament[edit]
In October 2009, The Guardian reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter - a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week.[85] The paper noted that it was being "forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is prevented—for the first time in memory—from reporting parliament. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact the Guardian can report is that the case involves the London solicitors Carter-Ruck." The paper further claimed that this case appears "to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the 1688 Bill of Rights."[86] The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by Paul Farrelly MP, in reference to legal action by Barclays and Trafigura.[87][88] The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report[89] into the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal, which involved a class action case that the company only settled in September 2009 after The Guardian published some of the commodity trader's internal emails.[90] The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before The Guardian could challenge it in the High Court.[91] Alan Rusbridger credited the rapid back-down of Carter-Ruck to Twitter,[92] as did a BBC article.[93]
Edward Snowden leaks and intervention by the UK government[edit]
In June 2013, the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records held by Barack Obama's administration[10] and subsequently revealed the existence of the PRISM surveillance program after it was leaked to the paper by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.[11] The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood, under instruction from the Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed.[94] The Guardian's offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's GCHQ, who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden.[95] In June 2014 The Register reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives, related to the location of a "beyond top secret" internet monitoring base in Seeb, Oman and the close involvement of BT and Cable & Wireless in intercepting internet communications.[96] Julian Assange criticized the newspaper for not publishing the entirety of the content when it had the chance.[97]
Coverage of Iran[edit]
A 2015 study alleged that The Guardian was just as biased as Iranian media (Tehran Times and Fars News Agency) in their coverage of events related to the Iranian nuclear "crisis" in 2012.[98] The Guardian featured more physical actions from Iranian-based actors and verbal actions from US and European government officials, and naturalized the sanctions against Iran by removing the agency of the US and its allies.[citation needed]
Ownership and finances[edit]
The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group (GMG) of newspapers, radio stations and print media including; The Observer Sunday newspaper, The Guardian Weekly international newspaper, and new media—Guardian Abroad website, and guardian.co.uk. All the aforementioned were owned by The Scott Trust, a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to take overs by for-profit media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trust's assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up.[99] Dame Liz Forgan, chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained the same as under the previous arrangements.
The Guardian has been consistently loss-making.[citation needed] The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes The Observer, reported operating losses of £49.9m in 2006, up from £18.6m in 2005.[100] The paper is therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group.
The Guardian's ownership by the Scott Trust is probably a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental audit in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company.[101] It is also the only British national daily newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the "readers' editor") to handle complaints and corrections.
The Guardian and its parent groups participate in Project Syndicate, established by George Soros, and intervened in 1995 to save the Mail & Guardian in South Africa. However, Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares of the Mail & Guardian in 2002.[citation needed]
The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group caused the group to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor Trinity Mirror in March 2010. This included the flagship Manchester Evening News, and severed the historic link between that paper and The Guardian. The sale was in order to safeguard the future of The Guardian newspaper as is the intended purpose of the Scott Trust.[102]
In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of £33m and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that The Guardian might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online.[103][104]
For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted Intelligent Life to question whether The Guardian could survive.[105]
Between 2007 and 2014 The Guardian Media Group sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds and consolidated, into the Guardian as sole product. The sales let them acquire a capital stock of £838.3m as of July 2014, supposed to guarantee the independence of the Guardian in perpetuity. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced, that the Guardian will cut 20% of staff and costs within the next three years.[106]
"Membership" subscription scheme[edit]
In 2014, The Guardian launched a membership scheme.[107] The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by The Guardian without introducing a paywall, thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available.[108]
Political stance and editorial opinion[edit]
Founded by textile traders and merchants, The Guardian had a reputation as "an organ of the middle class",[109] or in the words of C. P. Scott's son Ted, "a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last".[110] "I write for the Guardian," said Sir Max Hastings in 2005,[111] "because it is read by the new establishment," reflecting the paper's then-growing influence.
The Scott Trust describes one of its "core purposes" to be "to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity: as a quality national newspaper without party affiliation; remaining faithful to its liberal tradition".[112][113] The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80% of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters;[114] according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48% of Guardian readers were Labour voters and 34% Liberal Democrat voters.[115] The newspaper's reputation as a platform for liberal and left-wing opinions has led to the use of the epithets "Guardian reader" and "Guardianista" for people holding such views, or as a negative stereotype of such people as middle class, earnest and politically correct.[116][117]
Although the paper is often considered to be "linked inextricably" to the Labour Party,[113] three of The Guardian's four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1981. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for Tony Blair in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party,[118] and to be elected Prime Minister.[119]
Then Guardian features editor Ian Katz, asserted in 2004 that "it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper".[120] In 2008, Guardian columnist Jackie Ashley said that editorial contributors were a mix of "right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc," and that the newspaper was "clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive". She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, The Guardian's stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper."[121] The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as Polly Toynbee, have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as Max Hastings and Michael Gove. Since an editorial in 2000, The Guardian has favoured abolition of the British monarchy.[122]
In the run-up to the 2010 general election, following a meeting of the editorial staff,[123] the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party's stance on electoral reform. The paper suggested tactical voting to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's first-past-the-post electoral system.[124] At the 2015 election, the paper switched its support to the Labour Party. The paper argued that Britain needed a new direction and Labour "speaks with more urgency than its rivals on social justice, standing up to predatory capitalism, on investment for growth, on reforming and strengthening the public realm, Britain's place in Europe and international development."[125]
Assistant Editor Michael White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, says: "I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US Republicans are more straightforward targets."[126]
In a 2013 interview for NPR, the Guardian's Latin America correspondent Rory Carroll stated that many editors at The Guardian believed and continue to believe that they should support Hugo Chávez "because he was a standard-bearer for the left."[127]
In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election, The Guardian supported Yvette Cooper and was critical of left-winger Jeremy Corbyn, the successful candidate.[128] Although the majority of political columnists in The Guardian were against Corbyn winning, Owen Jones, Seumas Milne and George Monbiot wrote supportive articles about him.[129]
Circulation and format[edit]
The Guardian had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012 — a drop of 11.25% on January 2012 — as compared to sales of 547,465 for The Daily Telegraph, 396,041 for The Times, and 78,082 for The Independent.[130] In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations.[131]
Publication history[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
The first edition was published on 5 May 1821,[132] at which time The Guardian was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7d.; the stamp duty on newspapers (4d. per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, The Guardian added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.
In 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion."
In 1959, the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply The Guardian, and in 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the more downmarket but more profitable Manchester Evening News. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with The Times. The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of The Independent in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.
On 12 February 1988, The Guardian had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an italic Garamond "The", with a bold Helvetica "Guardian", that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.
In 1992, The Guardian relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and The Guardian's move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet price war started by Rupert Murdoch's The Times. In June 1993, The Guardian bought The Observer from Lonrho, thus gaining a serious Sunday sister newspaper with similar political views.
Its international weekly edition is now titled The Guardian Weekly, though it retained the title Manchester Guardian Weekly for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including Le Monde and The Washington Post. The Guardian Weekly was also linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad, which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.
Moving to the Berliner paper format[edit]
The Guardian is printed in full colour,[133] and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the Berliner format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size (approximately A5).
In 2004, The Guardian announced plans to change to a "Berliner" or "midi" format, similar to that used by Die Tageszeitung in Germany, Le Monde in France and many other European papers. At 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional tabloid. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed moves by The Independent and The Times to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday, 1 September 2005, The Guardian announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005.[134] Sister Sunday newspaper The Observer also changed to this new format on 8 January 2006.
The advantage that The Guardian saw in the Berliner format was that, though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go across the strip down the middle of the centre page, known as the "gutter", allowing the paper to print striking double-page pictures. The new presses also made it the first UK national paper to print in full colour on every page.
The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday, 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its newly designed front page, which débuted on Monday, 12 September 2005. Designed by Mark Porter, the new look includes a new masthead for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz, was created for the new design. With just over 200 fonts, it is "one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper."[135][136] Especially notable is Guardian Egyptian, a highly legible slab serif that is used in various weights for both text and headlines and is central to the redesign.
The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was because, before The Guardian's move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications, as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by Telegraph Newspapers and Express Newspapers, contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the Guardian Media Group's north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.
Reception[edit]
The new format was generally well received by Guardian readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the Doonesbury cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. G2 supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made you—and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address—so cross."[137] Some readers were, however, dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section meant that coverage of late-finishing evening football matches became less satisfactory in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.
The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004.[138] (However, as of December 2012, circulation has since dropped to 204,222.[139]) In 2006, the US-based Society for News Design chose The Guardian and Polish daily Rzeczpospolita as the world's best-designed newspapers—from among 389 entries from 44 countries.[140]
Regular content and features[edit]
On each weekday The Guardian comes with the G2 supplement containing feature articles, columns, television and radio listings, and the quick crossword. Since the change to the Berliner format, there is a separate daily Sport section. Other regular supplements during the week are shown below.
Before the redesign in 2005, the main news section was in the large broadsheet format, but the supplements were all in the half-sized tabloid format, with the exception of the glossy Weekend section, which was a 290×245 mm magazine, and The Guide, which was in a small 225×145 mm format.
With the change of the main section to the Berliner format, the specialist sections are now printed as Berliner, as is a now-daily Sports section, but G2 has moved to a "magazine-sized" demi-Berliner format. A Thursday Technology section and daily science coverage in the news section replaced Life and Online. Weekend and The Guide are still in the same small formats as before the change.
On Monday to Thursday prior to the recession, the supplements carried substantial quantities of recruitment advertising as well as editorial on their specialised topics. However, this has diminished since the onset of recession[citation needed], to the point that the supplements have been seriously contracted or no longer appear as independent sections. The formerly sixty-page-thick Society supplement (Wednesday) is now no more and has been absorbed into the main part of the paper.
G2 and other supplements[edit]
This section needs to be updated. (March 2016) |
The following sections are in G2 every day from Monday to Friday: Arts, TV and Radio, Puzzles.
- Monday
In G2:
- Charlie Brooker's column
- Ask Hadley: fashion advice from Hadley Freeman
MediaGuardian:
- Media Monkey: gossip from the media sector
- Tuesday
EducationGuardian
- Wednesday
In G2:
- The digested read, by John Crace
SocietyGuardian (covers the British public sector and related issues)
- Thursday
In G2:
- Private Lives
- Notes & Queries (readers' answers to reader's questions on almost any topic)
Formerly TechnologyGuardian (print version ceased to appear from 17 December 2009)[141]
- The "Free Our Data" campaign
- Friday
In G2:
- Lost in showbiz by Marina Hyde
Film & Music supplement
- Saturday
The Guide (a weekly listings magazine)
- Infomania (humorous statistical data on a topical personality or institution)
Weekend (supplement)
- Tim Dowling (eponymous diary column)
- This Column Will Change Your Life by Oliver Burkeman
- Yotam Ottolenghi (chef's recipes)
- Fiona Beckett on Wine, Fiona Beckett
- Ask Alys, Alys Fowler
- Motoring: on the road, Zoe Williams
- Why I love..., Bim Adewunmi
- Recipes from Thomasina Miers
- Marina O'Loughlin on restaurants
- Sali Hughes on beauty
- Jess Cartner-Morley on fashion
- Hadley Freeman weekend column
Cook
- Kitchen in Rome, Rachel Roddy
Review (covers literature, cinema, the arts)
Travel
Family
Sport
Regular cartoon strips[edit]
- If... by Steve Bell
- Doonesbury
- Loomus, by Steven Appleby (Saturday, in the Family section)
- Clare in the Community (Wednesday, in the Society section)
- Home-Clubber (Saturday, in the Guide section)
Editorial cartoonists Martin Rowson and Steve Bell have received hate mail for their treatment of topics that some deem controversial.[142]
Online media[edit]
The Guardian and its Sunday sibling The Observer publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old.[143] As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2m unique visitors per month, just ahead of Mail Online with 7.6m unique monthly visitors.[144] In April 2011, MediaWeek reported that The Guardian was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.[145]
The Comment is Free section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers' comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts – with no right of appeal – by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. The Guardian has taken what they call a very "open" stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use Guardian content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the Guardian network.[146] The Guardian also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy, until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011.[147] They were spoofed in The Guardian's own regular humorous Chatroom column in G2. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to The Guardian's talkboards.
In August 2013, a webshow titled Thinkfluencer[148] was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with Arte.
The paper has also launched a dating website, Soulmates,[149] and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly podcast series by Ricky Gervais.[150] In January 2006, Gervais' show topped the iTunes podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide,[151] and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 Guinness Book of Records as the most downloaded podcast.[152]
GuardianFilms[edit]
In 2003, The Guardian started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television– and it has included Salam Pax's Baghdad Blogger for BBC Two's daily flagship Newsnight, some of which have been shown in compilations by CNN International, Sex On The Streets and Spiked, both made for the UK's Channel 4 television.[153]
"GuardianFilms was born in a sleeping bag in the Burmese rainforest," wrote O'Kane in 2003.[154] "I was a foreign correspondent for the paper, and it had taken me weeks of negotiations, dealing with shady contacts and a lot of walking to reach the cigar-smoking Karen twins– the boy soldiers who were leading attacks against the country's ruling junta. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's G2 section, I got a call from the BBC's documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers. Could I give them all my contacts?
"The plight of the Karen people, who were forced into slave labour in the rainforest to build pipelines for oil companies (some of them British), was a tale of human suffering that needed to be told by any branch of the media that was interested. I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through Thailand to get into Burma. Good girl. Afterwards– and not for the first time– it seemed to me that we at The Guardian should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films."
According to GuardianFilms's own webpage, its international work has focused on training talented local journalists based on the premise that "the era of a traditional London or Washington based foreign correspondent or fireman is coming to an end and the world urgently needs a more searching, challenging journalism brought to us by people who speak the language and can secure access far beyond the "Green Zone Journalist" limits of the traditional correspondent." It says it is especially focused on reporting the Muslim world in a more challenging manner, and has trained a number of journalists in Iraq, Afghanistan and Zimbabwe.[155]
GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, "The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax" won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. "Baghdad: A Doctor's Story" won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007.[156] In 2008, photojournalist Sean Smith's "Inside the Surge" won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film – the first time a newspaper has won such an award.[157][158] The same year, The Guardian's Katine website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by Robert Mugabe's Zanu PF party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.[156][159]
References in popular culture[edit]
The paper's nickname The Grauniad (sometimes abbreviated as "Graun") originated with the satirical magazine Private Eye.[160] This anagram played on The Guardian's early reputation for frequent typographical errors, including misspelling its own name as The Gaurdian.[161]
The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at atction instead of auction. Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of hot-metal typesetting.[162] One Guardian writer, Keith Devlin, suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency.[163] The fact that the newspaper was printed in Manchester till 1961 and the early, more error-prone, prints were sent to London by train may have contributed as well to this image.[164][165] When John Cole was appointed news editor by Alastair Hetherington in 1963, he sharpened the paper's comparatively "amateurish" setup.[166]
Awards[edit]
Received[edit]
The Guardian has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1999, 2005,[167] 2010[168] and 2013[12] by the British Press Awards, and "Front Page of the Year" in 2002 ("A declaration of war", 12 September 2001).[167][169] It was also co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design (2006).
Guardian journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including:[167]
- "Reporter of the Year" (Nick Davies, 1999; Paul Lewis, 2009; Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, 2013);
- "Foreign Reporter of the Year" (James Meek, 2003; Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, 2007);
- "Scoop of the Year" (Millie Dowler phone hacked, 2011)
- "Young Journalist of the Year" (Emma Brockes, 2000; Patrick Kingsley, 2013);
- "Columnist of the Year" (Polly Toynbee, 2006; Charlie Brooker, 2008);
- "Critic of the Year" (Marina O'Loughlin, 2015);
- "Feature Writer of the Year" (Emma Brockes, 2001; Tanya Gold, 2009; Amelia Gentleman, 2010);[168]
- "Cartoonist of the Year" (Steve Bell, 2002);
- "Political Journalist of the Year" (Patrick Wintour, 2006; Andrew Sparrow, 2010);[168]
- "Science & Health Journalist of the Year" (Sarah Bosely, 2015);
- "Business & Finance Journalist of the Year" (Ian Griffiths, 2004; Simon Goodley, 2014);
- "Interviewer of the Year" (Decca Aitkenhead, 2008);
- "Sports Reporter of the Year" (David Lacey, 2002);
- "Sports Photographer of the Year" (Tom Jenkins, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2015);
- "Website of the Year" (guardian.com/uk, 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2015);
- "Digital Journalist of the Year" (Dan Milmo, 2001; Sean Smith, 2007; Dave Hill, 2008)
- "Supplement of the Year" (Guardian's Guides to, 2006; Weekend Magazine, 2015)
- "Special Supplement of the Year" (World Cup 2010 Guide, 2010)
Other awards include:
- Bevins Prize for investigative journalism (Paul Lewis, 2010);
- Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism (Nick Davies, 1999; Chris McGreal, 2003; Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, 2005; Ian Cobain, 2009).
The guardian.co.uk website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 Webby Awards, beating (in 2005) The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and Variety.[170] It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper.[171] The site won an Eppy award from the US-based magazine Editor & Publisher in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service.[172] The website is known for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary.[citation needed]
In 2007 the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency that analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, which was conducted by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda of the University of Maryland.[173] It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.
The Guardian and The Washington Post shared the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting for their coverage of the NSA's and GCHQ's worldwide electronic surveillance program and the document leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden.[174]
Given[edit]
The Guardian is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The Guardian First Book Award, established in 1999 as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award, which had run since 1965, and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye.
The annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college student newspapers, magazines and websites.
In memory of Paul Foot, who died in 2004, The Guardian and Private Eye jointly set up the "Paul Foot Award", with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.[175]
Editors[edit]
- John Edward Taylor (1821–44)
- Jeremiah Garnett (1844–61) (jointly with Russell Scott Taylor in 1847–1848)
- Edward Taylor (1861–72)
- Charles Prestwich Scott (1872–1929)
- Ted Scott (1929–32)
- William Percival Crozier (1932–44)
- Alfred Powell Wadsworth (1944–56)
- Alastair Hetherington (1956–75)
- Peter Preston (1975–95)
- Alan Rusbridger (1995–2015)
- Katharine Viner (2015–present)
Notable regular contributors (past and present)[edit]
![]() |
This list of "famous" or "notable" persons has no clear inclusion or exclusion criteria. Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria. (June 2012) |
Guardian News & Media Archive[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
The Guardian and its sister newspaper The Observer opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities all transferred to Kings Place in 2008.[178] Now known as the Guardian News & Media Archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of The Guardian and The Observer newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. The archive holds official records of The Guardian and The Observer and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers.[179] This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. There is also an extensive Manchester Guardian archive at the University of Manchester's John Rylands University Library and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The British Library also has a large archive of The Manchester Guardian, available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their British Library Newspapers collection.
In November 2007 The Guardian and The Observer made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for The Guardian and 1791 to 2000 for The Observer: these archives will eventually run up to 2003.
The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. The Guardian's Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. The Guardian's exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive.
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ Jasper Jackson. "Independent, Mirror, Express and Star suffer sharp fall in traffic". The Guardian.
- ^ The Guardian News and Media Limited (26 July 2015). "The Scott Trust: values and history". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
- ^ "Guardian appoints Katharine Viner as editor-in-chief | Media". The Guardian. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Rusbridger, Alan. "'Farewell, readers': Alan Rusbridger on leaving the Guardian after two decades at the helm". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ National Newspapers Report, June 2013, published by the Audit Bureau of Circulation, http://abc.fileburst.com/publishedreports/National%20Newspapers%20Report%202013-06.pdf Accessed 12 July 2013. NB Registration required.
- ^ "The Guardian overtakes New York Times in comScore traffic figures". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ Halliday, Josh (12 September 2012). "The Guardian reaches nearly 9 million readers across print and online". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ "Can The Guardian Survive?". Intelligent Life. July–August 2012.
- ^ Woolf, Nicky (3 July 2012). "Could the newspaper that broke the hacking scandal be the next to close?". GQ.com.
- ^ a b Hosenball, Mark (2013-06-06). "Obama administration defends massive phone record collection". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ a b "Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations | US news". The Guardian. 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ a b Rawlinson, Kevin (2 April 2014). "Guardian wins newspaper and website of the year at British press awards". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Mind your language". The Guardian. 2009-08-23. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
- ^ Wainwright, Martin (13 August 2007). "Battle for the memory of Peterloo: Campaigners demand fitting tribute". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- ^ Editorial (4 May 2011). "The Manchester Guardian, born 5 May 1821: 190 years – work in progress". The Guardian.
- ^ Manchester Gazette, 7 August 1819, quoted in Ayerst, David (1971). 'Guardian' : biography of a newspaper. London: Collins. p. 20. ISBN 0-00-211329-5.
- ^ Harrison, Stanley (1974). Poor men's guardians : a record of the struggles for a democratic newspaper press, 1763–1973. London: Lawrence and Wishart. p. 53. ISBN 0-85315-308-6.
- ^
Garnett, Richard (1890). "Garnett, Jeremiah". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
citing: [Manchester Guardian, 28 September 1870; Manchester Free Lance, 1 October 1870 ; Prentice's Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections of Manchester; personal knowledge.]
- ^ "The Scott Trust: History". Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- ^ "The Manchester guardian and British volunteer - JH Libraries". Catalyst.library.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ 21 May 1836
- ^ "Editorial". The Manchester Guardian. 28 January 1832.
- ^ "Editorial". The Manchester Guardian. 26 February 1873.
- ^ "Editorial". The Manchester Guardian. 27 April 1865.
- ^ Hampton, Mark (2011). "The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, the "Manchester Guardian", and the Boer War, 1899–1902". The Historical Journal. 44 (1): 177–197.
- ^ a b Purvis, June (13 November 2007). "Unladylike behaviour". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ quoted in David Ayerst, The Guardian, 1971, p 353
- ^ Arnold, Bruce (27 November 2012). "To the waters and the wild". Irish Independent. Dublin: Independent News & Media. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
- ^ Leader (22 October 1951). "Time for change?". The Manchester Guardian.
- ^ Kynaston, David (2007). Austerity Britain 1945–1951. London: Bloomsbury. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-7475-9923-4.
- ^ Rusbridger Alan (10 July 2006). "Courage under fire". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2014.. Three years from 1956 and the Manchester Guardian soon became the Guardian, introduced by Scott C.C.P
- ^ a b c Leader (1 February 1972). "The division deepens". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "19 April 1972: 'Bloody Sunday' report excuses Army". On this day 1950–2005. BBC. 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Bowcott, Owen (16 June 2010). "Bloody Sunday inquiry: 'We always knew the dead were innocent'". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Leader (20 April 1972). "To make history repeat itself". The Guardian. London.
- ^ The Guardian, leader, 10 August 1971
- ^ The Guardian, leader, 15 August 1969
- ^ The Guardian, leader, 4 August 1969
- ^ Paul Routledge (1994-01-16). "Profile: Hunter of the truth: Lord justice Scott: With the Government rattled, Paul Routledge looks at the man John Major now has to face | Voices". The Independent. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Preston, Peter (5 September 2005). "A source of great regret". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Leader (6 August 1990). "Choosing the best option". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Leader (17 January 1991). "Suddenly the sky turns orange". The Guardian.
- ^ "Bloodless words bloody war: In a Guardian/Channel 4 investigation across three continents, Maggie O'Kane follows the trail of lies, cover-ups and carnage that were the truth behind the 'clean' war in the Gulf." Guardian [London, England] 16 December 1995: 12. General Reference Center GOLD. Web. 12 December 2011.
- ^ Williams, Rhys (9 December 1994). "'Guardian' journalist recruited by the KGB". The Independent. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ "CBSi". FindArticles.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "'The simple sword of truth'". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. 11 April 1995. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Harding, Luke; Pallister, David (21 June 1997). "He lied and lied and lied". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Aitken pleads guilty to perjury". BBC News. 19 January 1999.
- ^ The Guardian, leader, 23 March 1999
- ^ Kaldor, Mary (25 March 1999). "Bombs away! But to save civilians we must get in some soldiers too". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Dyer, Clare (6 December 2000). "A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Watt, Nicholas (7 December 2000). "Broad welcome for debate on monarchy". The Guardian. London.
- ^ CNS News, 25 October 2004. "Left-Wing UK Paper Pulls Bush Assassination Column" at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 December 2004)
- ^ "Screen Burn, The Guide". The Guardian. London. 24 October 2004.
- ^ "Full text of deleted article". Antinomian.com. 23 October 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Aslam, Dilpazier (13 July 2005). "We rock the boat". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Background: the Guardian and Dilpazier Aslam". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media. 22 July 2005.
- ^ Busfield, Steve (22 July 2005). "Dilpazier Aslam leaves Guardian". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Tax Gap". Guardian. UK. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "Big business: what they make, what they pay". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. 2 February 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Jones, Sam; Leigh, David (19 March 2009). "Guardian loses legal challenge over Barclays documents gagging order". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Can The Guardian survive?". Intelligent Life. July–August 2012.
- ^ "ANTI-ZIONIST AND ANTISEMITIC DISCOURSE ON THE GUARDIAN'S COMMENT IS FREE WEBSITE". Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Burchill, Julie (29 November 2003). "Good, bad and ugly". The Guardian. London.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen (4 December 2003). "Leaked report shows rise in anti-semitism". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Anti-Semitism in the EU: United Kingdom". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Leader: A new anti-semitism?". The Guardian. London. 26 January 2002. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ "News coverage". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Elliott, Chris (6 November 2011). "The readers' editor on ... averting accusations of antisemitism". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ^ "The Guardian seeks to revise history". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ Corrections and clarifications column editor (2012-04-22). "Corrections and clarifications | News". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Corrections & Clarifications Editor (7 August 2012). "Corrections and clarifications". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ^ Meredith Carey (7 August 2014). "The Guardian Accepts Elie Wiesel's Rejected London Times Advertisement - Observer". Observer. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Elliott, Chris (18 August 2014). "The readers' editor on... the decision to run This World's advertisement". theguardian.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "Dear Limey assholes". The Guardian. London. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
- ^ Bowers, Andy (2004-11-04). "A crazy British plot to help Kerry". Slate.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Leon Neyfakh (2007-09-05). "Guardian Reclaims America". Observer. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Kiss, Jemima (18 February 2009). "Michael Tomasky joins political journal Democracy". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "GNM Axing GuardianAmerica.com, Shuffling Execs In Restructure". Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ "Guardian News And Media Laying Off Six Employees In U.S.". Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Guardian US (2012-08-15). "adds Josh Treviño to growing US team | Guardian US press office". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "My 2011 Gaza flotilla tweet: a clarification". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ "Guardian News & Media press release: Guardian unveils US url". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ Jasper Jackson (2015-06-01). "Lee Glendinning appointed as editor of Guardian US | Media". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Table Office, House of Commons (2009-11-12). "Order Paper Part 2". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Leigh, David (12 October 2009). "Guardian gagged from reporting parliament". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Page cannot be found". UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Ponsford, Dominic (13 October 2009). "Guardian gagged from reporting Parliament". Press Gazette. London: Progressive Media International.
- ^ "Minton report: Trafigura toxic dumping along the Ivory Coast broke EU regulations, 14 Sep 2006". WikiLeaks. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Leigh, David (16 September 2009). "How UK oil company Trafigura tried to cover up African pollution disaster". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Leigh, David (13 October 2009). "Gag on Guardian reporting MP's Trafigura question lifted". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Rusbridger, Alan (14 October 2009). "The Trafigura fiasco tears up the textbook". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ Higham, Nick (13 October 2009). "When is a secret not a secret?". BBC News. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ "Edward Snowden files: No 10 contacted Guardian - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Guardian's Alan Rusbridger tells of hard drive destruction | Video". Media.theage.com.au. 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Duncan Campbell (3 June 2014). "Revealed: GCHQ's beyond top secret middle eastern internet spy base". The Register.
- ^ Julian Assange (10 January 2017). I am Julian Assange founder of WikiLeaks -- Ask Me Anything. 68 minutes in. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
- ^ Jesse Hearns-Branaman, "Official Enemies in Commercial and Soft Power Media: Agency and the Iran crisis in the United States, United Kingdom, Chinese, and Iranian news", Journalism Studies, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1074865
- ^ Conlan, Tara (8 October 2008). "Guardian owner the Scott Trust to be wound up after 72 years". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
- ^ "Guardian Media Group 2005/06 results: 28/07/2006: A LANDMARK YEAR FOR GMG". Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
- ^ "Living Our Values: Social, Ethical and Environmental Audit 2006". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ "Manchester Evening News sold by Guardian Media Group". Manchester Evening News. M.E.N. Media. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
- ^ Rayner, Gordon (18 June 2011). "Riches to rags as Guardian bleeds £33m in a year". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 June 2011). "Guardian and Observer to adopt 'digital-first' strategy". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ^ "Can The Guardian Survive?". More Intelligent Life. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Jane Martinson (2016-01-25). "Guardian News & Media to cut costs by 20% | Media". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Mance, Henry (2014-09-10). "Guardian launches paid membership scheme". FT.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Join Choose Tier - The Guardian Members". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ Frederick Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, Progress, 1973, p. 109.
- ^ Ian Hunter (2003). Malcolm Muggeridge: A Life. Regent College Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-57383-259-5.
- ^ Seddon, Mark (21 February 2005). "Smaller size, higher brow?". New Statesman. London. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010.
- ^ "The Scott Trust: values and history". The Guardian. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ a b "Political affiliation". The Guardian. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ International Socialism Spring 2003, ISBN 1-898876-97-5
- ^ "Ipsos MORI". Ipsos MORI. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (19 November 2001). "Hansard 374:54 19 November 2001". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "What the papers say". BBC News. 17 October 2005.
- ^ Leader (2 July 1994). "Labour: the choice for the future". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Leader (2 May 1997). "A political earthquake: The Tory loss is cataclysmic; Labour's win historic". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Wells, Matt (16 October 2004). "World writes to undecided voters". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- ^ Ashley, Jackie (29 April 2008). "Are the Guardianistas rats?". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- ^ "Magic or not, let in the daylight". London. 6 December 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
- ^ Seaton, Matt (23 April 2010). "The Guardian's election editorial meeting: report". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Editorial (30 April 2010). "General election 2010: The liberal moment has come". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Editorial (1 May 2015). "The Guardian view: Britain needs a new direction, Britain needs Labour". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^ White, Michael (9 March 2011). "Media self-censorship: not just a problem for Turkey". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "'Comandante' Chavez Still Revered By Some, Despite Failings". NPR. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ Editorial. "The Guardian view on Labour's choice: Corbyn has shaped the campaign, but Cooper can shape the future". The Guardian.
- ^ Sinclair, Ian (19 October 2015). "Guardian On The Wrong Side Of History Over Corbyn". The Morning Star. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
- ^ Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd– abc.org.uk
- ^ Durrani, Arif (2013-08-03). "NEWSPAPER ABCs: Guardian hits historic low in February following 20p price hike - Media news". Media Week. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Manchester Guardian". Spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Tuesday's morning conference". The Guardian. UK. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ Cozens, Claire (1 September 2005). "New-look Guardian launches on September 12". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Crossgrove, Carl. "Guardian: review". Typographica. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ Paul A Barnes; Christian E Schwartz (15 November 2006). "Does type design matter in newspapers?". FontShop Benelux. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ Guardian Reborn, The Guardian at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 February 2007). Retrieved on 22 July 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Cozens, Claire (13 January 2006). "Telegraph sales hit all-time low". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Guardian, Telegraph and FT post modest sales rises in December". London: Guardian News and Media. 11 January 2013.
- ^ Busfield, Steve (21 February 2006). "Guardian wins design award". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Arthur, Charles (18 November 2009). "The Guardian's technology coverage: what happens next". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Rowson, Martin (25 November 2005). "Drawing fire". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ Bell, Emily (8 October 2005). "Editor's week". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Guardian.co.uk most read newspaper site in UK in March". www.journalism.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
- ^ Durrani, Arif (19 April 2011). "MailOnline overtakes Huffington Post to become world's no 2". MediaWeek. Haymarket.
- ^ "The Guardian: I'm impressed". idio. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Gibson, Janine (28 February 2011). "Guardian Unlimited Talkboard closure". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "#Thinkfluencer episode 1: Selfies - video | Technology". The Guardian. 2013-08-23. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Online Dating Site UK | Guardian Soulmates". Soulmates.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ Deans, Jason (8 December 2005). "Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Comedy stars and radio DJs top the download charts". The Guardian. London. 23 January 2006.
- ^ Plunkett, John (6 February 2006). "Gervais podcast in the record books". MediaGuardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "Films". The Guardian. UK. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "Maggie O'Kane: Bringing the Guardian's Ethos to Tv". Buzzle.com. 7 November 2003. Retrieved 28 July 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "Films homepage". Guardian. UK. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ a b Salih, Omar; Summers, Ben (28 January 2008). "Excerpt from Baghdad: A Doctor's Story". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Smith, Sean; Nzerem, Keme; Ulleri, Giovanni (18 August 2009). "On the frontline with British troops in Afghanistan". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "Guardian film-maker wins Royal Television Society award | Media". The Guardian. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "GuardianFilms Awards". The Guardian. London. 16 February 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Sherrin, Ned (16 December 2000). "Surely shome mishtake?". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Bernhard, Jim (2007). Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: how newspapers get their names. University of Missouri Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-8262-1748-6. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ "unknown". Encounter. Congress for Cultural Freedom. 58: 28. 1982.This article refers to the paper by the facetious name: The Grauniad.
- ^ Devlin, Keith (1 March 1984). "Prime beef: Mathematical micro-mysteries: Keith Devlin returns to prime time computation". The Guardian. London. Reprinted in Devlin, Keith (1994). "Prime beef"". All the math that's fit to print: articles from the Manchester guardian. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-88385-515-1. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Changing Faces: A History of the Guardian 1956-1988 Geoffrey Taylor Fourth Estate, 1993
- ^ Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names Jim Bernhard University of Missouri Press, 2007
- ^ McKie, David (8 November 2013). "John Cole obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ^ a b c "British Press Awards: Awards Ceremony - 23rd March 2010: 2010 Winners Announced". Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
- ^ a b c Guardian staff (6 April 2011). "Press Awards 2011: Guardian wins Newspaper of the Year". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Wells, Matt (20 March 2002). "Guardian triumphs at Press Awards". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
- ^ "The Webby Awards". Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "The 2006 Newspaper Awards". Retrieved 29 May 2006.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 October 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2005.
- ^ "Openness & Accountability: A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets". Retrieved 19 June 2008.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "The Paul Foot award for Campaigning Journalism 2007". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ^ "Comment, opinion and discussion from the Guardian US | The Guardian". Commentisfree.guardian.co.uk. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ Villani, Lisa (20 August 2009). "MIC: GNM archive (microsite)". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "MIC: GNM archive (microsite)". The Guardian. London. 26 August 2009.
Further reading[edit]
- Ayerst, David. The Manchester Guardian: biography of a newspaper (Cornell University Press, 1971).
- Merrill, John C., and Harold A. Fisher. The World's Great Dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980), pp. 143–50.
External links[edit]
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Guardian. |
![]() |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Official website
- Today's The Guardian front page at the Newseum website
- Guardian Media companies grouped at OpenCorporates
- Founding of the Manchester Guardian
- Works by or about The Guardian at Internet Archive (historic)
- Works by The Guardian at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- The Guardian
- 1821 establishments in England
- Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Festival Fringe media
- History of Manchester
- Investigative news sources
- National newspapers published in the United Kingdom
- Newspapers published in London
- Newspapers published in Manchester
- Publications established in 1821
- Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers