Cannabigerol: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Minor cannabinoid}}

| Verifiedfields = verified

| Watchedfields = verified

| verifiedrevid = 460016346

| IUPAC_name = 2-[(2''E'')-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-pentyl-benzene-1,3-diol

| image = Cannabigerol-skeletal.svg

| width = 225px

| image2 = Cannabigerol molecule ball.png

| width2 = 225px

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| tradename =

| pregnancy_category =

| legal_US = Unscheduled

| legal_status =

| routes_of_administration =

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| bioavailability =

| protein_bound =

| metabolism =

| metabolites =

| elimination_half-life =

| excretion =

<!-- Identifiers -->

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CAS_number = 25654-31-3

| ATC_prefix = None

| ATC_suffix =

| IUPHAR_ligand = 11094

| DrugBank = DB14734

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = J1K406072N

| KEGG = C20219

| ChEBI = 69477

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| NIAID_ChemDB =

| PDB_ligand =

| synonyms = CBG

<!-- Chemical data -->

| C=21 | H=32 | O=2

| SMILES = Oc1cc(cc(O)c1C/C=C(\C)CC\C=C(/C)C)CCCCC

'''Cannabigerol''' ('''CBG''') is a non-[[psychoactive]] [[cannabinoid]] and minor constituent of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Calapai F, Cardia L, Esposito E, Ammendolia I, Mondello C, Lo Giudice R, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Mannucci C | title = Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives | journal = Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | volume = 2022 | issue = | pages = 3336516 | date = 2022 | pmid = 36397993 | pmc = 9666035 | doi = 10.1155/2022/3336516 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghovanloo MR, Dib-Hajj SD, Goodchild SJ, Ruben PC, Waxman SG | title = Non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid interactions with voltage-gated sodium channels: An update on cannabidiol and cannabigerol | journal = Front Physiol | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 1066455 | date = 2022 | pmid = 36439273 | pmc = 9691960 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2022.1066455 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="MoralesReggioJagerovic2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morales P, Reggio PH, Jagerovic N | title = An Overview on Medicinal Chemistry of Synthetic and Natural Derivatives of Cannabidiol | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 8 | pages = 422 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28701957 | pmc = 5487438 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2017.00422 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="ZagoženČerenakKreft2021" /> It is one of more than 120{{nbsp}}identified cannabinoids found in the plant genus ''[[Cannabis]]''.<ref name="ElSohlyRadwanChandra2017">{{cite book | vauthors = ElSohly MA, Radwan MM, Gul W, Chandra S, Galal A | title = Phytochemistry of ''Cannabis sativa'' L. | chapter = Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L | volume = 103 | pages = 1–36 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28120229 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1 | isbn = 978-3-319-45539-6 | series = Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products }}</ref><ref name="TurnerWilliamsIversen2017">{{cite book | vauthors = Turner SE, Williams CM, Iversen L, Whalley BJ | chapter = Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids | series = Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products | title = Phytocannabinoids | volume = 103 | pages = 61–101 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28120231 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_3 | isbn = 978-3-319-45539-6 }}</ref> The compound is the [[decarboxylation|decarboxylated]] form of [[cannabigerolic acid]] (CBGA), the parent molecule from which other cannabinoids are [[biosynthesis|biosynthesized]].<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021">{{cite journal | vauthors=Nachnani R, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE | title=The pharmacological case for cannabigerol | journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics| volume=376 | issue=2 | year=2021 | issn=0022-3565 | pmid=33168643 | doi=10.1124/jpet.120.000340 | pages=204–212| s2cid=226296897 |url=https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/376/2/204.long | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="PubChem">{{cite web |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cannabigerol |title=Cannabigerol; ID 5315659 |publisher=PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health |date=2 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

During plant growth, most of the CBG is converted into other cannabinoids, primarily [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) or [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), leaving about 1% CBG in the plant.<ref name="Aizpurua-OlaizolaSoydanerÖztürk2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Soydaner U, Öztürk E, Schibano D, Simsir Y, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A | display-authors = 6 | title = Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes | journal = Journal of Natural Products | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 324–331 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26836472 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/5028338 }}</ref> Some [[strain (biology)|strains]], however, produce larger amounts of CBG and CBGA, while having low quantities of other cannabinoids, like THC and CBD.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zagožen M, Čerenak A, Kreft S |date=2021-09-01 |title=Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in ''Cannabis sativa'' L. |url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acph-2021-0021 |journal=Acta Pharmaceutica |language=en |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=355–364 |doi=10.2478/acph-2021-0021|pmid=36654096 |s2cid=231543630 }}</ref>

The [[pharmacodynamics]] of CBG are complex.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /> It is a relatively weak [[ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] of the [[cannabinoid receptor]]s, where it acts as a weak [[partial agonist]].<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /><ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> Conversely, it is a much more [[potency (pharmacology)|potent]] [[agonist]] of the [[alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α₂-adrenergic receptor]], [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of the [[serotonin]] [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A receptor]], and antagonist of the [[transient receptor potential channel]] [[TRPM8]].<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /><ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> CBG also has a variety of other actions that may additionally contribute to its effects.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /><ref name="ZagoženČerenakKreft2021" />

Although CBG is sold as a [[dietary supplement]], its effects and [[drug safety|safety]] for human consumption are unknown.<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /> Safety concerns have been raised due to the potent activation of α₂-adrenergic receptors by CBG, which may produce [[sedation]] and potentially undesirable [[cardiovascular]] effects like decreased [[heart rate]] and [[blood pressure]].<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" />

==Pharmacology==

===Pharmacodynamics===

CBG lacks [[psychoactive]], [[wikt:cannabimimetic|cannabimimetic]], or [[psychotropic]] effects.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /><ref name="ZagoženČerenakKreft2021" /> It has been reported to reduce the psychotropic effects of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC).<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /> The compound has [[analgesic]] effects.<ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /><ref name="Sampson2021" /><ref name="Evans1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Evans FJ | title = Cannabinoids: the separation of central from peripheral effects on a structural basis | journal = Planta Med | volume = 57 | issue = 7 Suppl | pages = S60–S67 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 17226225 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-960231 | url = }}</ref> [[Preclinical research]] has also found that CBG reduces [[intraocular pressure]], has [[antioxidant]], [[anti-inflammatory]], [[antineoplastic|anti-tumoral]], [[antibacterial]], and [[antifungal]] activities, and has [[antidepressant]]-like, [[anxiolytic]], [[neuromodulation|neuromodulatory]], [[neuroprotective]], [[dermatology|dermatological]], [[emesis|pro-nausea]], and [[appetite stimulant|appetite-stimulating]] effects, among others.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jastrząb A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Skrzydlewska E | title = The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol | journal = Int J Mol Sci | volume = 23 | issue = 14 | date = July 2022 | page = 7929 | pmid = 35887277 | pmc = 9322760 | doi = 10.3390/ijms23147929 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="ZagoženČerenakKreft2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zagožen M, Čerenak A, Kreft S | title = Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L | journal = Acta Pharm | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–364 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 36654096 | doi = 10.2478/acph-2021-0021 | url = }}</ref><ref name="Sampson2021" />

CBG has many identified [[pharmacodynamic]] actions and its [[mechanism of action]] appears to be from interactions with multiple [[biological target|target]]s.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" />

CBG is a weak [[ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] of the [[cannabinoid]] [[CB1 receptor|CB₁]] and [[CB2 receptor|CB₂ receptor]]s with [[affinity (pharmacology)|affinities]] (K_i) of 380–2,600{{nbsp}}nM and 153–3,460{{nbsp}}nM, respectively.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="Sampson2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sampson PB | title = Phytocannabinoid Pharmacology: Medicinal Properties of Cannabis sativa Constituents Aside from the "Big Two" | journal = J Nat Prod | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 142–160 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33356248 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00965 | url = }}</ref><ref name="BindingDB">{{cite web | last=Liu | first=Tiqing | title=BindingDB BDBM50318487 CHEMBL497318::Cannabigerol | website=BindingDB | url=https://www.bindingdb.org/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=50318487 | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="MoralesHurstReggio2017" /> It is a weak [[partial agonist]] or [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of both of these receptors.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /> There is no information on the binding or activity of CBG at the [[GPR55]] (the potential non-homologous CB₃ receptor).<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /> CBG has relatively low affinity for the cannabinoid receptors, with approximately 5-fold lower affinity for the CB₁ receptor and 27-fold lower affinity for the CB₂ receptor than THC.<ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> The low affinity of CBG for the CB₁ receptor may in part be involved in its lack of psychoactivity.<ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" />

CBG is a highly [[potency (pharmacology)|potent]] [[agonist]] of the [[alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α₂-adrenergic receptor]] ({{Abbrlink|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 0.2–72.8{{nbsp}}nM) and a moderately potent [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of the [[serotonin]] [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A receptor]] (K_B = 51.9{{nbsp}}nM).<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="CascioGausonStevenson2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cascio MG, Gauson LA, Stevenson LA, Ross RA, Pertwee RG | title = Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 159 | issue = 1 | pages = 129–141 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20002104 | pmc = 2823359 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x | url = }}</ref> Activation of the α₂-adrenergic receptor by CBG might produce effects including [[sedation]], [[dry mouth]], and decreased [[heart rate]] and [[blood pressure]].<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /> This has raised [[drug safety|safety]] concerns about CBG.<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /> The actions of CBG at the α₂-adrenergic receptor and 5-HT_1A receptor are of far greater potency than its interactions with the cannabinoid receptors and are more likely to be involved in its pharmacodynamic effects.<ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> These activities may specifically contribute to the analgesic and pro-nausea effects of CBG.<ref name="Sampson2021" />

The compound is a weak agonist of the [[transient receptor potential channel]]s [[TRPA1]] ({{Abbr|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 700{{nbsp}}nM), [[TRPV1]] ({{Abbr|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 1,300{{nbsp}}nM), [[TRPV2]] ({{Abbr|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 1,720{{nbsp}}nM), [[TRPV3]] ({{Abbr|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 1,000{{nbsp}}nM), and [[TRPV4]] ({{Abbr|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 5,100{{nbsp}}nM) ([[intrinsic activity|efficacy]] 18–100% at these targets) and a more potent antagonist of the transient receptor potential channel [[TRPM8]] ({{Abbrlink|IC₅₀|half-maximal inhibitory concentration}} = 160{{nbsp}}nM).<ref name="Sampson2021" /><ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="BindingDB" /><ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /> It is also a weak agonist of the [[peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor]] [[PPAR-γ]] ({{Abbr|EC₅₀|half-maximal effective concentration}} = 1,270–15,700{{nbsp}}nM).<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="BindingDB" />

CBG is a [[voltage-gated sodium channel]] (VGSC) [[sodium channel blocker|blocker]] ([[Nav1.1|Na_v1.1]], [[Nav1.2|Na_v1.2]], [[Nav1.5|Na_v1.5]], and [[Nav1.7|Na_v1.7]]) and [[voltage-dependent calcium channel]] (VDCC) blocker.<ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /><ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="GhovanlooEstacionHiberd-Rusli2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghovanloo MR, Estacion M, Higerd-Rusli GP, Zhao P, Dib-Hajj S, Waxman SG | title = Inhibition of sodium conductance by cannabigerol contributes to a reduction of dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 179 | issue = 15 | pages = 4010–4030 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35297036 | doi = 10.1111/bph.15833 | url = }}</ref> Inhibition of VGSCs may be involved in the analgesic effects of CBG.<ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" />

It shows no [[enzyme inhibitor|inhibition]] of several [[endocannabinoid]]-[[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[enzyme]]s including [[fatty acid amide hydrolase]] (FAAH), [[diacylglycerol lipase]] (DGL), and [[N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase|''N''-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase]] (NAAA).<ref name="BindingDB" /> However, other research has found that CBG does inhibit FAAH and DGL, as well as [[monoacylglycerol lipase]] (MAGL), although it is less potent as an inhibitor of FAAH than [[cannabidiol]] (CBD).<ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> Aside from endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes, CBG is a weak inhibitor of the [[cyclooxygenase]] [[COX-1]] and [[COX-2]] enzymes (30% inhibition of each at 25,000{{nbsp}}nM).<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> In addition, it has been found to inhibit both the [[metabolism]] and [[reuptake]] of [[anandamide]].<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" />

===Pharmacokinetics===

The [[pharmacokinetics]] of CBG have been studied in animals and to a lesser extent in humans.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" /> CBG is [[drug metabolism|metabolized]] in the [[liver]] by [[CYP2J2]], similarly to other cannabinoids as well as [[endocannabinoid]]s.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" />

==Chemistry==

CBG is a highly [[lipophilic]] and [[hydrophobic]] compound.<ref name="GhovanlooDib-HajjGoodchild2022" /> Its predicted [[partition coefficient|log P]] ranges from 7.0 to 7.5.<ref name="PubChem" /><ref name="DrugBank">{{cite web | title=Cannabigerol: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | website=DrugBank Online | date=1 February 2019 | url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB14734 | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="ChemSpider">{{cite web | title=Cannabigerol | website=ChemSpider | date=14 August 2024 | url=https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4474921.html | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Synthetic compound|Synthetic]] [[chemical derivative|derivative]]s of CBG have been [[chemical synthesis|synthesized]] and studied.<ref name="CalapaiCardiaEsposito2022" /><ref name="JastrzabJarocka-KarpowiczSkrzydlewska2022" />

==History==

CBG was isolated from cannabis in 1964.<ref name="ZagoženČerenakKreft2021" />

==Society and culture==

===Legal status===

CBG is not scheduled by the [[United Nations]] [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} In the United States, CBG derived from marijuana is illegal under the [[Controlled Substances Act]], while CBG derived from hemp is legal, as long as the hemp THC content is less than 0.3% of dry weight.<ref name="fda-21">{{cite web |title=FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD) |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=7 July 2022 |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2016-title21/pdf/USCODE-2016-title21-chap13-subchapI-partA-sec802.pdf|title=USC > Title 21 > Chapter 13 > Subchapter I > Part A > § 802. Definitions: (16)|date=2016|website=Government Publishing Office - US Code}}</ref>

In [[Switzerland]], it is legal to produce hemp rich in CBG as a tobacco substitute, as long as its THC content remains below 1.0%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BAG |first=Bundesamt für Gesundheit |title=Häufig gestellte Fragen (FAQ) zu Tabakersatzprodukten mit THC-armem Hanf mit CBD |url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/de/home/gesetze-und-bewilligungen/gesuche-bewilligungen/gesuche-bewilligungen-im-bereich-sucht/gesetzliche-vorgaben-tabakprodukte/faq-cbd.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.bag.admin.ch |language=de}}</ref>

===Regulation===

As of 2022, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] has issued numerous [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] to American companies for illegally marketing cannabis supplement products,<ref name="fda-21" /> including one selling CBG products with unproven illegal claims of efficacy against the [[COVID-19 virus]] and [[inflammation]].<ref name="greenway">{{cite web | vauthors = Ashley D |date=28 March 2022 |title=Warning Letter to Greenway Herbal Products LLC; Ref. 627042 |url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/greenway-herbal-products-llc-627042-03282022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |publisher=Office of Compliance, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration}}</ref>

==Biosynthesis==

[[File:Biosynthesis of cannabigerol.jpg|thumb|230px|Biosynthesis of CBG.]]

The [[biosynthesis]] of CBG begins by loading hexanoyl-CoA onto a [[polyketide synthase]] assembly protein and subsequent [[condensation reaction|condensation]] with three molecules of [[malonyl-CoA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gagne SJ, Stout JM, Liu E, Boubakir Z, Clark SM, Page JE | title = Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 31 | pages = 12811–12816 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22802619 | pmc = 3411943 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1200330109 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PNAS..10912811G }}</ref> This [[polyketide]] is cyclized to [[olivetolic acid]] via [[olivetolic acid cyclase]], and then [[prenylation|prenylated]] with a ten carbon [[isoprenoid]] precursor, [[geranyl pyrophosphate]], using an aromatic prenyltransferase enzyme, [[geranyl-pyrophosphate—olivetolic acid geranyltransferase]], to biosynthesize [[cannabigerolic acid]], which can then be [[decarboxylation|decarboxylated]] to yield CBG.<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="MoralesReggioJagerovic2017" />

==Research==

CBG is under [[basic research|laboratory research]] to determine its [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] properties and potential effects in disease conditions, with no conclusions about therapeutic effects or safety, as of 2021.<ref name="NachnaniRaup-KonsavageVrana2021" /><ref name="MoralesHurstReggio2017">{{cite book |title=Phytocannabinoids |vauthors=Morales P, Hurst DP, Reggio PH |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-45539-6 |series=Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products |volume=103 |pages=103–131 |chapter=Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_4 |pmc=5345356 |pmid=28120232}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Couch DG, Maudslay H, Doleman B, Lund JN, O'Sullivan SE |date=March 2018 |title=The Use of Cannabinoids in Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=680–697 |doi=10.1093/ibd/izy014 |pmid=29562280 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A [[clinical trial]] published in July 2024 assessed the effects of CBG on [[anxiety]], [[stress (psychological)|stress]], and [[mood (psychology)|mood]].<ref name="CuttlerStueberCooper2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuttler C, Stueber A, Cooper ZD, Russo E | title = Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial | journal = Sci Rep | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 16163 | date = July 2024 | pmid = 39003387 | pmc = 11246434 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-024-66879-0 | bibcode = 2024NatSR..1416163C | url = }}</ref><ref name="NeuroscienceNews2024">{{cite web | title=Cannabigerol (CBG) Reduces Anxiety and Improves Memory | website=Neuroscience News | date=31 July 2024 | url=https://neurosciencenews.com/cbg-anxiety-memory-27507/ | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Cannabinoids}}

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