Swiss Alps
The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (German: Schweizer Alpen, French: Alpes suisses, Italian: Alpi svizzere, Romansh: Alps svizras), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called Central Alps.[1] While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other countries such as France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.
The Swiss Alps comprise almost all the highest mountains of the Alps, such as Dufourspitze (4,634 m), the Dom (4,545 m), the Liskamm (4,527 m), the Weisshorn (4,506 m) and the Matterhorn (4,478 m). The other following major summits can be found in this list of mountains of Switzerland.
Since the Middle Ages, transit across the Alps played an important role in history. The region north of St Gotthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century.
Contents
Geography[edit]
The Alps cover 65% of Switzerland's surface area (41,285 km²), making it one of the most alpine countries. Despite the fact that Switzerland covers only 14% of the Alps total area (192,753 km²),[2][3] many alpine four-thousanders (48 of 82) are located in the Swiss Alps and practically all of the remaining few are within 20 km of the country's border.
The glaciers of the Swiss Alps cover an area of 1220 km² (3% of the Swiss territory), representing 44% of the total glaciated area in the Alps (2800 km²).
The Swiss Alps are situated south of the Swiss Plateau and north of the national border. The limit between the Alps and the plateau runs from Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva to Rorschach on the shores of Lake Constance, passing close to the cities of Thun and Lucerne.[4] The not well defined regions in Switzerland that lie on the margin of the Alps, especially those on the north side, are called the Swiss Prealps[5] (Préalpes in French, Voralpen in German, Prealpi in Italian). The Swiss Prealps are mainly made of limestone and they generally do not exceed 2,500 metres.[6]
The Alpine cantons (from highest to lowest) are Valais, Bern, Graubünden, Uri, Glarus, Ticino, St. Gallen, Vaud, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Fribourg, Lucerne and Zug. The countries with which Switzerland shares mountain ranges of the Alps are (from west to east): France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.
Ranges[edit]
The Alps are usually divided into two main parts, the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, whose division is along the Rhine from Lake Constance to the Splügen Pass. The western ranges occupy the greatest part of Switzerland while the more numerous eastern ranges are much smaller and are all situated in the canton of Graubünden. The latter are part of the Central Eastern Alps, except the Ortler Alps which belong to the Southern Limestone Alps. The Pennine, Bernese and Bernina Range are the highest ranges of the country, they contain respectively 38, 9 and 1 summit over 4000 metres. The lowest range is the Appenzell Alps culminating at 2,500 metres.
Western Alps
| Location | Range | Cantons, Country | Notable peaks | East limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| From west to east, north of Rhône and Rhine | ||||
| Bernese Alps | Vaud, Fribourg, Bern, Valais | Finsteraarhorn, Aletschhorn, Jungfrau, Mönch, Eiger, Lauteraarhorn | Grimsel Pass | |
| Uri and Emmental Alps | Bern, Lucerne, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Uri (and Valais) | Dammastock, Titlis, Brienzer Rothorn, Pilatus, Napf | Reuss | |
| Glarus Alps and Schwyzer Alps | Schwyz, Zug, Uri, Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne | Tödi, Bächistock, Glärnisch, Rigi, Mythen | Seeztal | |
| Appenzell Alps | Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, St. Gallen (and Zurich) | Säntis, Churfirsten | Rhine | |
| From west to east, south of Rhône and Rhine | ||||
| Chablais Alps | Valais, France | Dents du Midi | Arve | |
| Mont Blanc massif | Valais, France, Italy | Aiguille d'Argentière | Col Ferret | |
| Pennine Alps | Valais, Italy | Monte Rosa, Weisshorn, Matterhorn | Simplon Pass | |
| Lepontine Alps | Valais, Ticino, Uri, Graubünden, | Monte Leone, Rheinwaldhorn | Splügen Pass |
Eastern Alps
| Location | Range | Notable peaks |
|---|---|---|
| From west to east, north of Mera and Inn | ||
| Oberhalbstein | Piz Platta | |
| Plessur | Aroser Weisshorn | |
| Albula | Piz Kesch, Piz Lunghin | |
| Rätikon | Schesaplana | |
| Silvretta | Piz Linard, Piz Buin | |
| Samnaun Alps | Muttler | |
| From west to east, south of Mera and Inn | ||
| Bregaglia | Cima di Castello, Piz Badile | |
| Bernina | Piz Bernina, Piz Roseg | |
| Livigno | Piz Paradisin | |
| Ortler Alps | Piz Murtaröl | |
| Sesvenna | Piz Sesvenna |
Hydrography[edit]
Rivers[edit]
The north side of the Swiss Alps is drained by the Rhône, Rhine and Inn (which is part of the Danube basin) while the south side is mainly drained by the Ticino (Po basin). The rivers on the north empty into the Mediterranean, North and Black Sea, on the south the Po empty in the Adriatic Sea. The major triple watersheds in the Alps are located within the country, they are: Piz Lunghin, Witenwasserenstock and Monte Forcola. Between the Witenwasserenstock and Piz Lunghin runs the European Watershed separating the basin of the Atlantic (North Sea) and the Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic and Black Sea). The European watershed lies in fact only partially on the main chain. Switzerland possesses 6% of Europe's fresh water, and is sometimes referred to as the "water tower of Europe".
Lakes[edit]
Since the highest dams are located in Alpine regions, many large mountain lakes are artificial and are used as hydroelectric reservoirs.[7] Some large artificial lakes can be found above 2,300 m, but natural lakes larger than 1 km² are generally below 1,000 m (with the exceptions of lakes in the Engadin such as Lake Sils, and Oeschinen in the Bernese Oberland). The melting of low-altitude glaciers can generate new lakes, such as the 0.25 km² large Triftsee which formed between 2002–2003.
Land elevation[edit]
The following table[8] gives the surface area above 2000 m and 3000 m and the respective percentage on the total area of each canton whose high point is above 2000 metres.
| Canton | Land above 2000m in km² | Land above 2000m in % | Land above 3000m in km² | Land above 3000m in % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appenzell Ausserrhoden | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Appenzell Innerrhoden | 4 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Berne | 887 | 15 | 100 | 1.7 |
| Fribourg | 14 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Glarus | 213 | 31 | 4 | 0.6 |
| Graubünden | 4296 | 60 | 111 | 1.6 |
| Lucerne | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Nidwalden | 20 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| Obwalden | 66 | 13 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Schwyz | 69 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| St. Gallen | 184 | 9 | 1 | 0.05 |
| Ticino | 781 | 28 | 2 | 0.07 |
| Uri | 562 | 52 | 19 | 1.8 |
| Valais | 2595 | 50 | 697 | 13 |
| Vaud | 92 | 3 | 1 | 0.03 |
| Switzerland | 9788 | 24 | 936 | 2.3 |
Geology[edit]
The composition of the great tectonic units reflects the history of the formation of the Alps. The rocks from the Helvetic zone on the north and the Austroalpine nappes - Southern Alps on the south come originally from the European and African continent respectively. The rocks of the Penninic nappes belong to the former area of the Briançonnais microcontinent and the Tethys Ocean. The closure of the latter by subduction under the African plate (Piemont Ocean first and Valais Ocean later) preceded the collision between the two plates and the so-called alpine orogeny. The major thrust fault of the Tectonic Arena Sardona in the eastern Glarus Alps gives a visible illustration of mountain-building processes and was therefore declared a UNESCO World Heritage. Another fine example gives the Alpstein area with several visible upfolds of Helvetic zone material.
With some exceptions, the Alps north of Rhône and Rhine are part of the Helvetic Zone and those on the south side are part of the Penninic nappes. The Austroalpine zone concerns almost only the Eastern Alps, with the notable exception of the Matterhorn.
The last glaciations greatly transformed Switzerland’s landscape. Many valleys of the Swiss Alps are U-shaped due to glacial erosion. During the maximum extension of the Würm glaciation (18,000 years ago) the glaciers completely covered the Swiss Plateau, before retreating and leaving remnants only in high mountain areas. In modern times the Aletsch Glacier in the western Bernese Alps is the largest and longest in the Alps, reaching a maximum depth of 900 metres at Konkordiaplatz. Along with the Fiescher and Aar Glaciers the region became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. An effect of the retreat of the Rhine Glacier some 10,000 years ago was the Flims Rockslide, the biggest still visible landslide apparently worldwide.
Environment and climate[edit]
To protect endangered species some sites have been brought under protection. The Swiss National Park in Graubünden was established in 1914 as the first alpine national park. The Entlebuch area was designated a biosphere reserve in 2001. The largest protected area in the country is the Parc Ela, opened in 2006, which covers an area of 600 square kilometres.[9] The Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area is the first World Heritage Site in the Alps.
Climate zones[edit]
As the temperature decreases with altitude (0.56 °C per 100 metres on yearly average), three different altitudinal zones, each having distinct climate, are found in the Swiss Alps:
- Subalpine zone
The Subalpine zone is the region which lies below the tree line. It is the most important region as it is the largest of the three and contains almost all human settlements as well as the productive areas. The forests are mainly composed by conifers above 1,200–1,400 metres, the deciduous tree forest being confined to lower elevations. The upper limit of the Subalpine zone is located at about 1,800 metres on the north side of the Alps and at about 2,000 metres on the south side. It can however differ in some regions such as the Appenzell Alps (1,600 metres) or the Engadin valley (2,300 metres).
- Alpine zone
The Alpine zone is situated above the tree line and is clear of trees because of low average temperatures. It contains mostly grass and small plants along with mountain flowers. Below the permafrost limit (at about 2,600 metres), the alpine meadows are often used as pastures. Some villages can still be found on the lowest altitudes such as Riederalp (1,940 m) or Juf (2,130 m). The extent of the Alpine zone is limited by the first permanent snow, its altitude greatly varies depending on the location (and orientation), it comprises between 2,800 and 3,200 metres.
- Glacial zone
The glacial zone is the area of permanent snow and ice. When the steepness of the slope is not too high it results in an accumulation and compaction of snow, which transforms into ice. The glacier formed then flows down the valley and can reach as far down as 1,500 metres (the Upper Grindelwald Glacier). Where the slopes are too steep, the snow accumulates to form overhanging seracs, which periodically fall off due to the downwards movement of the glacier and cause ice avalanches. The Bernese Alps, Pennine Alps and Mont Blanc Massif contain most of the glaciated areas in the Alps. Except research stations such as the Sphinx Observatory, no settlements are to be found in those regions.
Travel and tourism[edit]
Tourism in the Swiss Alps began with the first ascents of the main peaks of the Alps (Jungfrau in 1811, Piz Bernina in 1850, Monte Rosa in 1855, Matterhorn in 1856, Dom in 1858, Weisshorn in 1861) mostly by British mountain climbers accompanied by the local guides. The construction of facilities for tourists started in the mid nineteenth century with the building of hotels and mountain huts (creation of the Swiss Alpine Club in 1863) and the opening of mountain train lines (Mount Rigi in 1873, Mount Pilatus in 1889, Gornergrat in 1898). The Jungfraubahn opened in 1912; it leads to the highest railway station in Europe, the Jungfraujoch.
Summer tourism[edit]
Switzerland enjoys a 62,000-km network of well-maintained trails, of which 23,000 are located in mountainous areas. Many mountains attract a large number of alpinists from around the world, especially the 4000-metre summits and the great north faces (Eiger, Matterhorn and Piz Badile). The large winter resorts are also popular destinations in summer, as most of aerial tramways operate through the year, enabling hikers and mountaineers to reach high altitudes without much effort. The Klein Matterhorn is the highest summit of the European continent to be served by cable car.
Winter tourism[edit]
The major destinations for skiing and other winter sports are located in Valais, Bernese Oberland and Graubünden. Some villages are car-free and can be accessed only with public transports such as Riederalp and Bettmeralp.[10] Zermatt and Saas-Fee have both summer ski areas. The ski season starts from as early as November and runs to as late as May; however, the majority of ski resorts in Switzerland tend to open in December and run through to April. The most visited places are:[11]
- Davos - Klosters GR
- Zermatt VS (car-free village)
- Engadin - St. Moritz GR
- Lenzerheide - Arosa GR
- Jungfrauregion: Grindelwald - Mürren - Wengen BE (car-free villages)
- Les quatre vallées: Verbier - Nendaz VS
- LAAX: Flims - Laax GR
- Aletsch Arena: Riederalp - Bettmeralp - Fiesch VS (car-free villages)
- Les Portes du Soleil: Champéry - Morgins - Les Crosets VS and Avoriaz in France
- Adelboden - Lenk BE
- Val d'Anniviers: Grimentz - Zinal - Vercorin - St-Luc - Chandolin VS
- Gstaad: Gstaad - Saanen - Saanenmöser - Zweisimmen BE - Rougemont - Chateau-d'Oex VD
- Silvretta Arena: Samnaun GR and Ischgl in Austria
- Crans Montana VS
- Saas-Fee VS
Other important destinations on the regional level are Engelberg-Titlis (Central Switzerland / OW) and Gotthard Oberalp Arena with Andermatt (Central Switzerland / UR) and Sedrun (GR), Leysin-Les Mosses, Villars-sur-Ollon, Les Diablerets-Glacier 3000 (all VD), Leukerbad (VS), Savognin, Scuol, Obersaxen, Breil/Brigels (all GR), Meiringen - Hasliberg (BE), Sörenberg (LU), Klewenalp with Beckenried and Emmetten, Melchsee-Frutt (all NW), Flumserberg and Pizol (both Sarganserland in SG), Toggenburg with Wildhaus - Unterwasser - Alt St. Johann (SG), Hoch-Ybrig and Stoos (all SZ), Braunwald and Elm (GL), Airolo and Bosco/Gurin (TI) and many more.[12]
The first person to ski in Grindelwald, Switzerland was Englishmen Gerald Fox (who lived at Tone Dale House) who put his skis on in his hotel bedroom in 1881 and walked out through the hotel Bar to the slopes wearing them.[13]
Transport[edit]
The Swiss Alps and Switzerland enjoy an extensive transport network. Every mountain village can be reached by public transport, the main companies are:
Most of mountain regions are within 3 hours travel of Switzerland’s main cities and their respective airport. The Engadin Valley in Graubünden is between 4 and 6 hours away from the large cities; the train journey itself, with the panoramic Glacier Express or Bernina Express, is popular with tourists.
The Engadin Airport near St. Moritz at an altitude of 1,707 metres is the highest in Europe.
The crossing of the Alps is a key issue at national and international levels, as the European continent is at places divided by the range. Since the beginning of industrialisation Switzerland has improved its transalpine network; it began in 1882, by building the Gotthard Rail Tunnel, followed in 1906 by the Simplon Tunnel and more recently, in 2007, by the Lötschberg Base Tunnel. The 57-km long Gotthard Base Tunnel is scheduled to open in 2016, and it will finally provide a direct flat rail link through the Alps.
Toponymy[edit]
The different names of the mountains and other landforms are named in the four national languages. The table below gives the most recurrent names.
Also a large number of peaks outside the Alps were named or nicknamed after Swiss mountains, such as the Wetterhorn Peak in Colorado or the Matterhorn Peak in California (see the Matterhorn article for a list of Matterhorns in the world).
The confluence of the Baltoro Glacier and the Godwin-Austen Glacier south of K2 in the Karakoram range was named after the Konkordiaplatz by European explorers.
See also[edit]
- Tourism
- Swiss Alpine Club
- Swiss Alpine Museum
- Haute Route
- Tour du Mont Blanc
- Monte Rosa tour
- Alpine Pass Route
- Trans-Swiss Trail
- Sport
- La Grande Odyssée
- Patrouille des Glaciers
- Lauberhorn Ski Race
- Trophée des Gastlosen
- Jungfrau Marathon
- Other
- The Alps (film)
- History of the Alps
- Transhumance in the Alps
- AlpTransit
- Exploration of the High Alps
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ Ball, John (1873). The Central Alps. Longmans, Green & Co.
- ^ Werner Bätzing, Henri Rougier, Les Alpes: Un foyer de civilisation au coeur de l'Europe, page 21, ISBN 2-606-00294-6
- ^ Area defined by the Alpine Convention (website: alpconv.org)
- ^ According to the limit defined by the Alpine Convention
- ^ The Swiss Prealps should not be confused with the homonymous region defined by the SOIUSA classification of the Alps, with the Schilthorn as main summit.
- ^ Swiss Alps in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ "Dam Begun in Swiss Alps to be Europe's Highest." Popular Science, November 1929, p. 61
- ^ Die Kantone nach ihren höchsten Punkten (German) Various highest and lowest elevation values by canton (village center, road or rail network, etc.)
- ^ Nature parks swissworld.org
- ^ There are in total 9 car-free villages members of the GAST (Gemeinschaft Autofreier Tourismusorte): Bettmeralp, Braunwald, Riederalp, Rigi, Saas-Fee, Stoos, Wengen, Mürren and Zermatt.
- ^ Davos, la station la plus fréquentée de Suisse bilan.ch
- ^ "Winter Sport Areas". search.ch. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- ^ Skiing the Alps
Bibliography[edit]
- (German)(French) Heinz Staffelbach, Handbuch Schweizer Alpen. Pflanzen, Tiere, Gesteine und Wetter. Der Naturführer, Haupt Verlag, 2008, 656 pages (ISBN 978-3-258-07638-6). French translation: Heinz Staffelbach, Manuel des Alpes suisses. Plantes, animaux, roches et météo. Le guide nature, éditions Rossolis, 2009, 656 pages (ISBN 978-2-940365-30-2).
External links[edit]
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- Tourism
- General timetable of all public transport
- MySwitzerland.com
- SuisseMobile.com
- Scenic PostBus lines in the Swiss Alps
- MySwissAlps.com
- WalkingSwitzerland.com
- Maps
- Other
- General informations about the Alps
- The Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn UNESCO World Heritage site
- Photos and paintings of Swiss Alps
Coordinates: 46°33′33″N 8°33′41″E / 46.55917°N 8.56139°E
