Missouri

This article is about the U.S. state of Missouri. For the river, see Missouri River. For other uses, see Missouri (disambiguation).

State of Missouri
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Show Me State
Motto(s): Salus populi suprema lex esto (Latin)
Official language	English
Demonym	Missourian
Capital	Jefferson City
Largest city	Kansas City
Largest metro	Greater St. Louis Area
Area	Ranked 21st
• Total	69,704 sq mi (180,533 km2)
• Width	240 miles (390 km)
• Length	300 miles (480 km)
• % water	1.17
• Latitude	36° N to 40° 37′ N
• Longitude	89° 6′ W to 95° 46′ W
Population	Ranked 18th
• Total	6,083,672 (2015 est.)
• Density	87.1/sq mi  (33.7/km2) Ranked 30th
• Median household income	$59,196 (22nd)
Elevation
• Highest point	Taum Sauk Mountain 1,772 ft (540 m)
• Mean	800 ft  (244 m)
• Lowest point	St. Francis River at southern Arkansas border 230 ft (70 m)
Before statehood	Missouri Territory
Admission to Union	August 10, 1821 (24th)
Governor	Jay Nixon (D)
Lieutenant Governor	Peter Kinder (R)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Claire McCaskill (D) Roy Blunt (R)
U.S. House delegation	6 Republicans, 2 Democrats (list)
Time zone	Central: UTC −6/−5
ISO 3166	US-MO
Abbreviations	MO
Website	www.mo.gov

Missouri state symbols
The Flag of Missouri
The Seal of Missouri
Living insignia
Amphibian	American bullfrog
Bird	Eastern bluebird
Fish	Channel catfish
Flower	White hawthorn
Grass	Big bluestem
Insect	Western honey bee
Mammal	Missouri Mule
Tree	Flowering Dogwood
Inanimate insignia
Dance	Square dance
Dinosaur	Hypsibema missouriensis
Fossil	Corissus
Gemstone	Beryl
Mineral	Galena
Motto	Salus populi suprema lex esto (Latin)
Rock	Mozarkite
Soil	Menfro (soil)
Song	"Missouri Waltz"
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state symbols

Missouri (see pronunciations) is a state located in the Midwestern United States. It is the 21st most extensive, and the 18th most populous of the fifty states. The state comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis.

As defined by the 2010 US census, the four largest urban areas in order of population are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The mean center of the United States population at the 2010 census was in the town of Plato in Texas County. The state's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of this territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.

Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains and the southern portion lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the regions. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of the United States, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points for the Pony Express, Santa Fe Trail, and Oregon Trail were all located in Missouri as well.

Etymology and pronunciation

The state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe. They were called the ouemessourita (wimihsoorita), meaning "those who have dugout canoes", by the Miami-Illinois language speakers. As the Illini were the first natives encountered by Europeans in the region, the latter adopted the Illini name for the Missouri people.

The name "Missouri" has several different pronunciations even among its present-day natives, the two most common being ⁱ/mɪˈzɜːri/ and ⁱ/məˈzɜːrə/. This situation of differing pronunciations has existed since the late-1600s. Further pronunciations also exist in Missouri or elsewhere in the United States, involving the realization of the first syllable as either /mə-/ or /mɪ-/; the medial consonant as either /z/ or /s/; the vowel in the second syllable as either /ɜːr/ or /ʊər/; and the third syllable as /-i/, /-ə/, centralized /-ɪ/ ([-ɪ̈]), or even ∅ (in other words, a non-existent third syllable). Any combination of these phonetic realizations may be observed coming from speakers of American English.

The linguistic history was treated definitively by Donald M. Lance, who acknowledged that the question is sociologically complex, but that no pronunciation could be declared "correct," nor could any be clearly defined as native or outsider, rural or urban, southern or northern, educated or otherwise. Politicians often employ multiple pronunciations, even during a single speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as "Missour-ee" or "Missour-uh", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations.

Nicknames

There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the "Show Me State", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that "I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show me." This is in keeping with the saying "I'm from Missouri" which means "I'm skeptical of the matter and not easily convinced." However, according to researchers, the phrase "show me" was already in use before the 1890s. Another one states that it is a reference to Missouri miners who were taken to Leadville, Colorado to replace striking workers. Since the new men were unfamiliar with the mining methods, they required frequent instruction.

Other nicknames for Missouri include "The Lead State", "The Bullion State", "The Ozark State", "The Mother of the West", "The Iron Mountain State", and "Pennsylvania of the West". It is also known as the "Cave State" because there are more than 6000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave.

The official state motto is Latin: "Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto", which means "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law."

Geography

Main article: Geography of Missouri

Missouri, showing major cities and roads.

Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the south by Arkansas; and by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (the last across the Missouri River) on the west. The two largest rivers are the Mississippi (which defines the eastern boundary of the state) and the Missouri River (which flows from west to east through the state) essentially connecting the two largest metros of Kansas City and St. Louis.

Although it is usually today considered part of the Midwest, Missouri was historically considered by many to be a border state, chiefly because of the settlement of migrants from the South and its status as a slave state before the Civil War, balanced by the influence of the St. Louis. The counties that made up "Little Dixie" were those along the Missouri River in the center of the state, settled by Southern migrants who held the greatest concentration of slaves.

In 2005, Missouri received 16,695,000 visitors to its national parks and other recreational areas totaling 101,000 acres (410 km²), giving it $7.41 million in annual revenues, 26.6% of its operating expenditures.

Topography

A physiographic map of Missouri.

North of, and in some cases just south of, the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Here, rolling hills remain from the glaciation that once extended from the Canadian Shield to the Missouri River. Missouri has many large river bluffs along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Meramec Rivers. Southern Missouri rises to the Ozark Mountains, a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains. This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves.

The Bell Mountain Wilderness of southern Missouri's Mark Twain National Forest

The southeastern part of the state is known as the Bootheel region, which is part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest, warmest, and wettest part of the state. It is also among the poorest, as the economy there is mostly agricultural. It is also the most fertile, with cotton and rice crops predominant. The Bootheel was the epicenter of the four New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Missouri

Köppen climate types of Missouri

Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cold snowy winters and hot, humid, and wet summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate becomes humid subtropical. Located in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Without high mountains or oceans nearby to moderate temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. Missouri's highest recorded temperature is 118 °F (48 °C) at Warsaw and Union on July 14, 1954, while the lowest recorded temperature is −40 °F (−40 °C) also at Warsaw on February 13, 1905.

Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $4.31 billion in today's dollars.

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Missouri cities in °F (°C).
City	Avg.	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Columbia	High	37 (3)	44 (7)	55 (13)	66 (19)	75 (24)	84 (29)	89 (32)	87 (31)	79 (26)	68 (20)	53 (12)	42 (6)	65.0 (18.3)
Columbia	Low	18 (−8)	23 (−5)	33 (1)	43 (6)	53 (12)	62 (17)	66 (19)	64 (18)	55 (13)	44 (7)	33 (1)	22 (−6)	43.0 (6.1)
Kansas City	High	36 (2)	43 (6)	54 (12)	65 (18)	75 (24)	84 (29)	89 (32)	87 (31)	79 (26)	68 (20)	52 (11)	40 (4)	64.4 (18.0)
Kansas City	Low	18 (−8)	23 (−5)	33 (1)	44 (7)	54 (12)	63 (17)	68 (20)	66 (19)	57 (14)	46 (8)	33 (1)	22 (−6)	44.0 (6.7)
Springfield	High	42 (6)	48 (9)	58 (14)	68 (20)	76 (24)	85 (29)	90 (32)	90 (32)	81 (27)	71 (22)	56 (13)	46 (8)	67.6 (19.8)
Springfield	Low	22 (−6)	26 (−3)	35 (2)	44 (7)	53 (12)	62 (17)	67 (19)	66 (19)	57 (14)	46 (8)	35 (2)	26 (−3)	45.0 (7.2)
St. Louis	High	40 (4)	45 (7)	56 (13)	67 (19)	76 (24)	85 (29)	89 (32)	88 (31)	80 (27)	69 (21)	56 (13)	43 (6)	66.2 (19.0)
St. Louis	Low	24 (−4)	28 (−2)	37 (3)	47 (8)	57 (14)	67 (19)	71 (22)	69 (21)	61 (16)	49 (9)	38 (3)	27 (−3)	48.0 (8.9)
Source:

History

Main article: History of Missouri

External video

Missouri, Westminister College Gymnasium in Fulton, Missouri

Indigenous peoples inhabited Missouri for thousands of years before European exploration and settlement. Archaeological excavations along the rivers have shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of a regional trading network that reached from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The civilization declined by 1400 CE, and most descendants left the area long before the arrival of Europeans. St. Louis was at one time known as Mound City by the European Americans, because of the numerous surviving prehistoric mounds, since lost to urban development. The Mississippian culture left mounds throughout the middle Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, extending into the southeast as well as the upper river.

The Gateway Arch in St. Louis

The first European settlers were mostly ethnic French Canadians, who created their first settlement in Missouri at present-day Ste. Genevieve, about an hour south of St. Louis. They had migrated about 1750 from the Illinois Country. They came from colonial villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, where soils were becoming exhausted and there was insufficient river bottom land for the growing population. Sainte-Geneviève became a thriving agricultural center, producing enough surplus wheat, corn and tobacco to ship tons of grain annually downriver to Lower Louisiana for trade. Grain production in the Illinois Country was critical to the survival of Lower Louisiana and especially the city of New Orleans.

St. Louis was founded soon after by French fur traders, Pierre Laclède and stepson Auguste Chouteau from New Orleans in 1764. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). The arrival of the Spanish in St. Louis was in September 1767.

St. Louis became the center of a regional fur trade with Native American tribes that extended up the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, which dominated the regional economy for decades. Trading partners of major firms shipped their furs from St. Louis by river down to New Orleans for export to Europe. They provided a variety of goods to traders, for sale and trade with their Native American clients. The fur trade and associated businesses made St. Louis an early financial center and provided the wealth for some to build fine houses and import luxury items. Its location near the confluence of the Illinois River meant it also handled produce from the agricultural areas. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi were integral to the state's economy, and as the area's first major city, St. Louis expanded greatly after the invention of the steamboat and the increased river trade.

Early nineteenth century

See also: History of slavery in Missouri

Napoleon Bonaparte had gained Louisiana for French ownership from Spain in 1800 under the Treaty of San Ildefonso, after it had been a Spanish colony since 1762. But the treaty was kept secret. Louisiana remained nominally under Spanish control until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the cession to the United States.

Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States, Missouri earned the nickname Gateway to the West because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West during the 19th century. St. Charles, just west of St. Louis, was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which ascended the Missouri River in 1804, in order to explore the western lands to the Pacific Ocean. St. Louis was a major supply point for decades, for parties of settlers heading west.

As many of the early settlers in western Missouri migrated from the Upper South, they brought enslaved African Americans as agricultural laborers, and they desired to continue their culture and the institution of slavery. They settled predominantly in 17 counties along the Missouri River, in an area of flatlands that enabled plantation agriculture and became known as "Little Dixie." In 1821 the former Missouri Territory was admitted as a slave state, in accordance with the Missouri Compromise, and with a temporary state capital in St. Charles. In 1826, the capital was shifted to its current, permanent location of Jefferson City, also on the Missouri River.

The state was rocked by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Casualties were few due to the sparse population.

Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth, the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary. In 1836 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchase of the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition increased the land area of what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66,500 square miles (172,000 km²) to Virginia's 65,000 square miles, which then included West Virginia).

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri by Missouri painter George Caleb Bingham

In the early 1830s, Mormon migrants from northern states and Canada began settling near Independence and areas just north of there. Conflicts over religion and slavery arose between the 'old settlers' (mainly from the South) and the Mormons (mainly from the North). The Mormon War erupted in 1838. By 1839, with the help of an "Extermination Order" by Governor Lilburn Boggs, the old settlers forcefully expelled the Mormons from Missouri and confiscated their lands.

Conflicts over slavery exacerbated border tensions among the states and territories. From 1838 to 1839, a border dispute with Iowa over the so-called Honey Lands resulted in both states' calling-up of militias along the border.

With increasing migration, from the 1830s to the 1860s Missouri's population almost doubled with every decade. Most of the newcomers were American-born, but many Irish and German immigrants arrived in the late 1840s and 1850s. As a majority were Catholic, they set up their own religious institutions in the state, which had been mostly Protestant. Having fled famine and oppression in Ireland, and revolutionary upheaval in Germany, the immigrants were not sympathetic to slavery. Many settled in cities, where they created a regional and then state network of Catholic churches and schools. Nineteenth-century German immigrants created the wine industry along the Missouri River and the beer industry in St. Louis.

Most Missouri farmers practiced subsistence farming before the American Civil War. The majority of those who held slaves had fewer than five each. Planters, defined by some historians as those holding twenty slaves or more, were concentrated in the counties known as "Little Dixie", in the central part of the state along the Missouri River. The tensions over slavery chiefly had to do with the future of the state and nation. In 1860, enslaved African Americans made up less than 10% of the state's population of 1,182,012. In order to control the flooding of farmland and low-lying villages along the Mississippi, the state had completed construction of 140 miles (230 km) of levees along the river by 1860.

American Civil War

Main article: Missouri in the American Civil War

Price's Raid in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, 1864

After the secession of Southern states began in 1861, the Missouri legislature called for the election of a special convention on secession. The convention voted decisively to remain within the Union. Pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson ordered the mobilization of several hundred members of the state militia who had gathered in a camp in St. Louis for training. Alarmed at this action, Union General Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state troops to surrender. Lyon directed his soldiers, largely non-English-speaking German immigrants, to march the prisoners through the streets, and they opened fire on the largely hostile crowds of civilians who gathered around them. Soldiers killed unarmed prisoners as well as men, women and children of St. Louis in the incident that became known as the "St. Louis Massacre".

These events heightened Confederate support within the state. Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price, president of the convention on secession, as head of the new Missouri State Guard. In the face of Union General Lyon's rapid advance through the state, Jackson and Price were forced to flee the capital of Jefferson City on June 14, 1861. In the town of Neosho, Missouri, Jackson called the state legislature into session. They enacted a secession ordinance. However, even under the Southern view of secession, only the state convention had the power to secede. Since the convention was dominated by unionists, and the state was more pro-Union than pro-Confederate in any event, the ordinance of secession adopted by the legislature is generally given little credence. The Confederacy nonetheless recognized it on October 30, 1861.

With the elected governor absent from the capital and the legislators largely dispersed, the state convention was reassembled with most of its members present, save 20 that fled south with Jackson's forces. The convention declared all offices vacant, and installed Hamilton Gamble as the new governor of Missouri. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized Gamble's government as the legal Missouri government. The federal government's decision enabled raising pro-Union militia forces for service within the state as well as volunteer regiments for the Union Army.

Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from Arkansas and Texas under General Ben McCulloch. After winning victories at the battle of Wilson's Creek and the siege of Lexington, Missouri and suffering losses elsewhere, the Confederate forces retreated to Arkansas and later Marshall, Texas, in the face of a largely reinforced Union Army.

Though regular Confederate troops staged some large-scale raids into Missouri, the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. "Citizen soldiers" or insurgents such as Captain William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anderson made use of quick, small-unit tactics. Pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers, such insurgencies also arose in portions of the Confederacy occupied by the Union during the Civil War. Historians have portrayed stories of the James brothers' outlaw years as an American "Robin Hood" myth. The vigilante activities of the Bald Knobbers of the Ozarks in the 1880s were an unofficial continuation of insurgent mentality long after the official end of the war, and they are a favorite theme in Branson's self-image.

Union Station in St. Louis was the largest and busiest train station in the world when it opened in 1894.

Child shoe workers in Kirksville, Missouri, 1910. Photographed by Lewis Hine as part of the Progressive Era fight against child labor.

20th century to present

The Progressive Era (1890s to 1920s) saw numerous prominent leaders from Missouri trying to end corruption and modernize politics, government and society. Joseph "Holy Joe" Folk was a key leader who made a strong appeal to middle class and rural evangelical Protestants. Folk was elected governor as a progressive reformer and Democrat in the 1904 election. He promoted what he called "the Missouri Idea", the concept of Missouri as a leader in public morality through popular control of law and strict enforcement. He successfully conducted antitrust prosecutions, ended free railroad passes for state officials, extended bribery statutes, improved election laws, required formal registration for lobbyists, made racetrack gambling illegal, and enforced the Sunday-closing law. He helped enact Progressive legislation, including an initiative and referendum provision, regulation of elections, education, employment and child labor, railroads, food, business, and public utilities. A number of efficiency-oriented examiner boards and commissions were established during Folk's administration, including many agricultural boards and the Missouri library commission.

Between the Civil War and the end of World War II, Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy as the Midwest rapidly industrialized. The expansion of railroads to the West transformed Kansas City into a major transportation hub within the nation. The growth of the Texas cattle industry along with this increased rail infrastructure and the invention of the refrigerated boxcar also made Kansas City a major meatpacking center, as large cattle drives from Texas brought herds of cattle to Dodge City and other Kansas towns. There, the cattle were loaded onto trains destined for Kansas City, where they were butchered and distributed to the eastern markets. The first half of the twentieth century was the height of Kansas City's prominence and its downtown became a showcase for stylish Art Deco skyscrapers as construction boomed.

In 1930, there was a diphtheria epidemic in the area around Springfield, which killed approximately 100 people. Serum was rushed to the area, and medical personnel stopped the epidemic.

During the mid-1950s and 1960s, St. Louis and Kansas City suffered deindustrialization and loss of jobs in railroads and manufacturing, as did other Midwestern industrial cities. In 1956 St. Charles claims to be the site of the first interstate highway project. Such highway construction made it easy for middle-class residents to leave the city for newer housing developed in the suburbs, often former farmland where land was available at lower prices. These major cities have gone through decades of readjustment to develop different economies and adjust to demographic changes. Suburban areas have developed separate job markets, both in knowledge industries and services, such as major retail malls.

Demographics

Missouri population density map.

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1810	19,783		—
1820	66,586		236.6%
1830	140,455		110.9%
1840	383,702		173.2%
1850	682,044		77.8%
1860	1,182,012		73.3%
1870	1,721,295		45.6%
1880	2,168,380		26.0%
1890	2,679,185		23.6%
1900	3,106,665		16.0%
1910	3,293,335		6.0%
1920	3,404,055		3.4%
1930	3,629,367		6.6%
1940	3,784,664		4.3%
1950	3,954,653		4.5%
1960	4,319,813		9.2%
1970	4,676,501		8.3%
1980	4,916,686		5.1%
1990	5,117,073		4.1%
2000	5,595,211		9.3%
2010	5,988,927		7.0%
Est. 2015	6,083,672		1.6%
Source: 1910–2010 2015 estimate

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census.

Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 37,638 people. Over half of Missourians (3,294,936 people, or 55.0%) live within the state's two largest metropolitan areas–St. Louis and Kansas City. The state's population density 86.9 in 2009, is also closer to the national average (86.8 in 2009) than any other state.

In 2011, the racial composition of the state was:

• 84.0% White American (81.0% non-Hispanic white, 3.0% White Hispanic)
• 11.7% Black or African American
• 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native
• 1.7% Asian American
• 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander
• 1.9% Multiracial American
• 0.1% Some other race

In 2011, 3.7% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race). In 2011, 28.1% of Missouri's population younger than age 1 were minorities.

Missouri racial breakdown of population

Racial composition	1990	2000	2010
White	87.7%	84.9%	82.8%
Black	10.7%	11.3%	11.6%
Asian	0.8%	1.1%	1.6%
Native	0.4%	0.4%	0.5%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	-	0.1%	0.1%
Other race	0.4%	0.8%	1.3%
Two or more races	-	1.5%	2.1%

The U.S. Census of 2010 found that the population center of the United States is in Texas County, while the 2000 Census found the mean population center to be in Phelps County. The center of population of Missouri itself is located in Osage County, in the city of Westphalia.

In 2004, the population included 194,000 foreign-born (3.4 percent of the state population).

The five largest ancestry groups in Missouri are: German (27.4 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (10.2 percent), American (8.5 percent) and French (3.7 percent).

German Americans are an ancestry group present throughout Missouri. African Americans are a substantial part of the population in St. Louis (56.6% of African Americans in the state lived in St. Louis or St. Louis County as of the 2010 census), Kansas City, Boone County and in the southeastern Bootheel and some parts of the Missouri River Valley, where plantation agriculture was once important. Missouri Creoles of French ancestry are concentrated in the Mississippi River Valley south of St. Louis (see Missouri French). Kansas City is home to large and growing immigrant communities from Latin America esp. Mexico and Colombia, Africa (i.e. Sudan, Somalia and Nigeria), and Southeast Asia including China and the Philippines; and Europe like the former Yugoslavia (see Bosnian American). A notable Cherokee Indian population exists in Missouri.

In 2004, 6.6 percent of the state's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 25.5 percent younger than 18, and 13.5 percent was 65 or older. Females were approximately 51.4 percent of the population. 81.3 percent of Missouri residents were high school graduates (more than the national average), and 21.6 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. 3.4 percent of Missourians were foreign-born, and 5.1 percent reported speaking a language other than English at home.

In 2010, there were 2,349,955 households in Missouri, with 2.45 people per household. The home ownership rate was 70.0 percent, and the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $137,700. The median household income for 2010 was $46,262, or $24,724 per capita. There were 14.0 percent (1,018,118) Missourians living below the poverty line in 2010.

The mean commute time to work was 23.8 minutes.

Language

The vast majority of people in Missouri speak English. Approximately 5.1% of the population reported speaking a language other than English at home. The Spanish language is spoken in small Latino communities in the St. Louis and Kansas City Metro areas.

Missouri is home to an endangered dialect of the French language known as Missouri French. Speakers of the dialect, who call themselves Créoles, are descendants of the French pioneers who settled the area then known as the Illinois Country beginning in the late 17th century. It developed in isolation from French speakers in Canada and Louisiana, becoming quite distinct from the varieties of Canadian French and Louisiana Creole French. Once widely spoken throughout the area, Missouri French is now nearly extinct, with only a few elderly speakers able to use it.

Religion

According to a Pew Research study conducted in 2014, 80% of Missourians identify with a religion. 77% affiliate with Christianity and its various denominations, and the other 3% are adherents of non-Christian religions. The remaining 20% have no religion, with 2% specifically identifying as atheists and 3% identifying as agnostics (the other 15% do not identify as "anything in particular").

Broken down, the religious demographics of Missouri are as follows:

• Christian – 77%
  • Evangelical Protestant – 36%
  • Mainline Protestant – 16%
  • Catholic – 16%
  • Historically Black Protestant – 6%
  • Mormon – 1%
  • Orthodox Christian – <1%
  • Jehovah's Witness – <1%
  • Other Christian – <1%
• Non-Christian Religions – 3%
  • Jewish – <1%
  • Muslim – <1%
  • Buddhist – 1%
  • Hindu – <1%
  • Other World Religions – <1%
• Unaffiliated (No religion) – 20%
  • Atheist – 2%
  • Agnostic – 3%
  • Nothing in particular – 15%
• Don't know – <1%

The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 749,685; the Roman Catholic Church with 724,315; and the United Methodist Church with 226,409.

Among the other denominations there are approximately 93,000 Mormons in 253 congregations, 25,000 Jewish adherents in 21 synagogues, 12,000 Muslims in 39 masjids, 7,000 Buddhists in 34 temples, 7,000 Hindus in 17 temples, 2,500 Unitarians in 9 congregations, 2,000 Baha'i in 17 temples, 5 Sikh temples, a Zorastrian temple, a Jain temple and an uncounted number of neopagans.

Several religious organizations have headquarters in Missouri, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, which has its headquarters in Kirkwood, as well as the United Pentecostal Church International in Hazelwood, both outside St. Louis.

Independence, near Kansas City, is the headquarters for the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) and the group Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This area and other parts of Missouri are also of significant religious and historical importance to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which maintains several sites and visitors centers.

Springfield is the headquarters of the Assemblies of God USA and the Baptist Bible Fellowship International. The General Association of General Baptists has its headquarters in Poplar Bluff. The Unity Church is headquartered in Unity Village.

Economy

See also: Missouri locations by per capita income

Commemorative US quarter featuring the Lewis and Clark expedition

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Missouri's total state product in 2006 was $225.9 billion. Per capita personal income in 2006 was $32,705, ranking 26th in the nation. Major industries include aerospace, transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, printing/publishing, electrical equipment, light manufacturing, and beer.

The agriculture products of the state are beef, soybeans, pork, dairy products, hay, corn, poultry, sorghum, cotton, rice, and eggs. Missouri is ranked 6th in the nation for the production of hogs and 7th for cattle. Missouri is ranked in the top five states in the nation for production of soy beans, and it is ranked fourth in the nation for the production of rice. In 2001, there were 108,000 farms, the second-largest number in any state after Texas. Missouri actively promotes its rapidly growing wine industry.

Missouri has vast quantities of limestone. Other resources mined are lead, coal, and crushed stone. Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states. Most of the lead mines are in the central eastern portion of the state. Missouri also ranks first or near first in the production of lime, a key ingredient in Portland cement.

Missouri also has a growing science and biotechnology field. Monsanto, one of the largest gene companies in America, is based in St. Louis.

Tourism, services and wholesale/retail trade follow manufacturing in importance.

Missouri is the only state in the Union to have two Federal Reserve Banks: one in Kansas City (serving western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas).

The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City services the western portion of Missouri, as well as all of Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico

The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in May 2016 was 4.3 percent, the 21st lowest in the nation.

Taxation

Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely on property taxes levied on real property (real estate) and personal property.

Most personal property is exempt, except for motorized vehicles. Exempt real estate includes property owned by governments and property used as nonprofit cemeteries, exclusively for religious worship, for schools and colleges and for purely charitable purposes. There is no inheritance tax and limited Missouri estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.

Energy

In 2012, Missouri had roughly 22,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity. In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal. 10% was generated from the state's only nuclear power plant, the Callaway Plant in Callaway County, northeast of Jefferson City. 5% was generated by natural gas. 1% was generated by hydroelectric sources, such as the dams for Truman Lake and Lake of the Ozarks. Missouri has a small but growing amount of wind and solar power—wind capacity increased from 309 MW in 2009 to 459 MW in 2011, while photovoltaics have increased from 0.2 MW to 1.3 MW over the same period.

Oil wells in Missouri produced 120,000 barrels of crude oil in fiscal 2012. There are no oil refineries in Missouri.

Transportation

Airports

Missouri has two major airport hubs: Lambert–St. Louis International Airport and Kansas City International Airport. Residents of Mid-Missouri use Columbia Regional Airport (COU) to fly to either Chicago (ORD) or Dallas (DFW). Southern Missouri has the Springfield-Branson National Airport (SGF) with multiple non-stop destinations.

Rail

Amtrak station in Kirkwood.

Two of the nation's three busiest rail centers are located in Missouri. Kansas City is a major railroad hub for BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad. Kansas City is the second largest freight rail center in the US (but is first in the amount of tonnage handled). Like Kansas City, St. Louis is a major destination for train freight. Springfield remains an operational hub for BNSF Railway.

Kansas City Streetcar crossing Main Street near Union Station

Amtrak passenger trains serve Kansas City, La Plata, Jefferson City, St. Louis, Lee's Summit, Independence, Warrensburg, Hermann, Washington, Kirkwood, Sedalia, and Poplar Bluff. A proposed high-speed rail route in Missouri as part of the Chicago Hub Network has received $31 million in funding.

The only urban light rail/subway system operating in Missouri is MetroLink, which connects the city of St. Louis with suburbs in Illinois and St. Louis County. It is one of the largest systems (by track mileage) in the United States. The KC Streetcar in downtown Kansas City opened in May 2016.

The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in St. Louis is the largest active multi-use transportation center in the state. It is located in downtown St. Louis, next to the historic Union Station complex. It serves as a hub center/station for MetroLink, the MetroBus regional bus system, Greyhound, Amtrak, and taxi services.

Bus

Mississippi River at Hannibal.

Many cities have regular fixed-route systems, and many rural counties have rural public transit services. Greyhound and Trailways provide inter-city bus service in Missouri. Megabus serves St. Louis, but discontinued service to Columbia and Kansas City in 2015.

Rivers

The Mississippi River and Missouri River are commercially navigable over their entire lengths in Missouri. The Missouri was channelized through dredging and jettys and the Mississippi was given a series of locks and dams to avoid rocks and deepen the river. St. Louis is a major destination for barge traffic on the Mississippi.

Roads

Main article: List of Missouri highways

Several highways, detailed below, traverse the state.

Following the passage of Amendment 3 in late 2004, the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) began its Smoother, Safer, Sooner road-building program with a goal of bringing 2,200 miles (3,500 km) of highways up to good condition by December 2007. From 2006–2010 traffic deaths have decreased annually from 1,257 in 2005, to 1,096 in 2006, to 992 for 2007, to 960 for 2008, to 878 in 2009, to 821 in 2010.

Interstate freeways

• Interstate 29, Interstate 229
• Interstate 35, Interstate 435 (Perimeter around Kansas City), Interstate 635
• Interstate 44
• Interstate 49
• Interstate 55, Interstate 155, Interstate 255 (the perimeter around the Illinois side of St. Louis)
• Interstate 57
• Interstate 64
• Interstate 70, Interstate 170, Interstate 270 (the perimeter around the Missouri side of St. Louis), Interstate 470, Interstate 670
• Interstate 72
• Interstate 66 (Proposed)

Interstate 70 in Central Missouri.

The Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge connecting Cape Girardeau to East Cape Girardeau, Illinois.

United States Routes

North-south routes

• U.S. Route 59
• U.S. Route 159
• U.S. Route 61
• U.S. Route 63
• U.S. Route 65
• U.S. Route 67
• U.S. Route 69
• U.S. Route 169
• U.S. Route 71
• U.S. Route 275

East-west routes

• U.S. Route 412
• U.S. Route 24
• U.S. Route 36
• U.S. Route 136
• U.S. Route 40
• U.S. Route 50
• U.S. Route 54
• U.S. Route 56
• U.S. Route 60
• U.S. Route 160
• U.S. Route 460 (decommissioned in Missouri)
• U.S. Route 62
• U.S. Route 66 (decommissioned)
• U.S. Route 166
• U.S. Route 400

See also: List of Missouri state highways and Missouri Supplemental Route

Law and government

Missouri Governor, Jay Nixon

Framework

The Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City

Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States and the only one from Missouri

Main articles: Law and government of Missouri and List of Missouri Governors

The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly.

The House of Representatives has 163 members who are apportioned based on the last decennial census. The Senate consists of 34 members from districts of approximately equal populations. The judicial department comprises the Supreme Court of Missouri, which has seven judges, the Missouri Court of Appeals (an intermediate appellate court divided into three districts), sitting in Kansas City, St. Louis, and Springfield, and 45 Circuit Courts which function as local trial courts. The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri and includes five other statewide elected offices. Following the death of Tom Schweich in 2015, all but one of Missouri's statewide elected offices are held by Democrats.

Harry S Truman (1884–1972), the 33rd President of the United States (Democrat, 1945–1953), was born in Lamar. He was a judge in Jackson County and then represented the state in the United States Senate for ten years, before being elected Vice-President in 1944. He lived in Independence after retiring.

Status as a political bellwether

Main article: Missouri bellwether

Further information: Political party strength in Missouri

Missouri is widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The state had a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having voted with the nation in every election from 1904 to 2004 with a single exception: 1956, when Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois lost the election despite carrying Missouri. The state's status as a bellwether has been questioned in recent years, as Missouri twice voted against Democrat Barack Obama, who nonetheless widely prevailed in the 2008 and 2012 elections. Missouri's nearly 10% margin in favor of the losing Mitt Romney in 2012 suggests the state is starting to trend more Republican in presidential contests.

On October 24, 2012, there were 4,190,936 registered voters. At the state level, both Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill and Democratic Governor Jay Nixon were re-elected.

Past presidential elections results (1900–2012)

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third parties
2012	53.88% 1,478,959	44.26% 1,215,030	1.86% 50,943
2008	49.39% 1,445,814	49.25% 1,441,911	1.36% 39,889
2004	53.30% 1,455,713	46.10% 1,259,171	0.60% 16,480
2000	50.42% 1,189,924	47.08% 1,111,138	2.50% 58,830
1996	41.24% 890,016	47.54% 1,025,935	11.22% 242,114
1992	33.92% 811,159	44.07% 1,053,873	22.00% 526,238
1988	51.83% 1,084,953	47.85% 1,001,619	0.32% 6,656
1984	60.02% 1,274,188	39.98% 848,583	0.00% None
1980	51.16% 1,074,181	44.35% 931,182	4.49% 94,461
1976	47.47% 927,443	51.10% 998,387	1.42% 27,770
1972	62.29% 1,154,058	37.71% 698,531	0.00% None
1968	44.87% 811,932	43.74% 791,444	11.39% 206,126
1964	35.95% 653,535	64.05% 1,164,344	0.00% None
1960	49.74% 962,221	50.26% 972,201	0.00% None
1956	49.89% 914,289	50.11% 918,273	0.00% None
1952	50.71% 959,429	49.14% 929,830	0.15% 2,803
1948	41.49% 655,039	58.11% 917,315	0.39% 6,274
1944	48.43% 761,524	51.37% 807,804	0.20% 3,146
1940	47.50% 871,009	52.27% 958,476	0.23% 4,244
1936	38.16% 697,891	60.76% 1,111,043	1.08% 19,701
1932	35.08% 564,713	63.69% 1,025,406	1.22% 19,775
1928	55.58% 834,080	44.15% 662,562	0.27% 4,079
1924	49.58% 648,486	43.79% 572,753	6.63% 86,719
1920	54.56% 727,162	43.13% 574,799	2.32% 30,839
1916	46.94% 369,339	50.59% 398,032	2.46% 19,398
1912	29.75% 207,821	47.35% 330,746	22.89% 159,999
1908	48.50% 347,203	48.41% 346,574	3.08% 22,150
1904	49.93% 321,449	46.02% 296,312	4.05% 26,100
1900	45.94% 314,092	51.48% 351,922	2.58% 17,642

Laissez-faire alcohol and tobacco laws

Missouri has been known for its population's generally "stalwart, conservative, noncredulous" attitude toward regulatory regimes, which is one of the origins of the state's unofficial nickname, the "Show-Me State." As a result, and combined with the fact that Missouri is one of America's leading alcohol states, regulation of alcohol and tobacco in Missouri is among the most laissez-faire in America. For 2013, the annual "Freedom in the 50 States" study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri as #3 in America for alcohol freedom and #1 for tobacco freedom (#7 for freedom overall). The study notes that Missouri's "alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States, with no blue laws and taxes well below average," and that "Missouri ranks best in the nation on tobacco freedom."

Missouri law makes it "an improper employment practice" for an employer to refuse to hire, to fire, or otherwise to disadvantage any person because that person lawfully uses alcohol and/or tobacco products when he or she is not at work.

Alcohol

Main article: Alcohol laws of Missouri

With a large German immigrant population and the development of a brewing industry, Missouri always has had among the most permissive alcohol laws in the United States. It never enacted statewide prohibition. Missouri voters rejected prohibition in three separate referenda in 1910, 1912, and 1918. Alcohol regulation did not begin in Missouri until 1934.

Today, alcohol laws are controlled by the state government, and local jurisdictions are prohibited from going beyond those state laws. Missouri has no statewide open container law or prohibition on drinking in public, no alcohol-related blue laws, no local option, no precise locations for selling liquor by the package (allowing even drug stores and gas stations to sell any kind of liquor), and no differentiation of laws based on alcohol percentage. State law protects persons from arrest or criminal penalty for public intoxication.

Missouri law expressly prohibits any jurisdiction from going dry. Missouri law also expressly allows parents and guardians to serve alcohol to their children. The Power & Light District in Kansas City is one of the few places in the United States where a state law explicitly allows persons over the age of 21 to possess and consume open containers of alcohol in the street (as long as the beverage is in a plastic cup).

Tobacco

See also: Smoking laws of Missouri

As for tobacco (as of July 2016), Missouri has the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the United States, at 17 cents per pack, and the state electorate voted in 2002, 2006, 2012, and twice in 2016 to keep it that way. In 2007, Forbes named Missouri's largest metropolitan area, St. Louis, America's "best city for smokers."

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2008 Missouri had the fourth highest percentage of adult smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property.

No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their own smoking policies, without limitation.

Counties

The highly photographed Jasper County Courthouse in Carthage, Missouri is listed in the National Register of Historic Places

See also: List of counties in Missouri

Missouri has 114 counties and one independent city (St. Louis).

The largest county by size is Texas County (1,179 sq. miles) and Shannon County is second (1,004 sq. miles). Worth County is the smallest (266 sq. miles). The independent city of St. Louis has only 62 square miles (160 km²) of area. St. Louis City is the most densely populated area (5,140.1 per sq. mi.) in Missouri.

The largest county by population (2012 estimate) is St. Louis County (1,000,438 residents), with Jackson County second (677,377 residents), St. Charles third (368,666), and St. Louis fourth (318,172). Worth County is the least populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents.

Major cities

See also: List of cities in Missouri and List of towns and villages in Missouri

Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.

The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence.

St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2012 St. Louis was the 21st largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.90 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th largest with 2.92 million people in 2015. Some of the major cities making up the St. Louis Metro area in Missouri are St. Charles, St. Peters, Florissant, Chesterfield, Creve Coeur, Wildwood, Maryland Heights, O'Fallon, Clayton, Ballwin, and University City.

Kansas City is Missouri's largest city and the principal city of the fifteen-county Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area, including six counties in the state of Kansas. As of 2012, it was the 26th largest metropolitan area in the nation, with 2.38 million people. In the Combined Statistical Area in 2015, it ranked 24th with 2.43 million. Some of the other major cities comprising the Kansas City metro area in Missouri include Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, Raytown, Liberty, and Gladstone.

Branson is a major tourist attraction in the Ozarks of southwestern Missouri.

Education

Main article: Education in Missouri

Missouri State Board of education

The Missouri State Board of Education has general authority over all public education in the state of Missouri. It is made up of eight citizens appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.

Primary and secondary schools

See also: List of school districts in Missouri and List of high schools in Missouri

Education is compulsory from ages seven to seventeen, and it is required that any parent, guardian or other person with custody of a child between the ages of seven and seventeen the compulsory attendance age for the district, must ensure that the child is enrolled in and regularly attends public, private, parochial school, home school or a combination of schools for the full term of the school year. Compulsory attendance also ends when children complete sixteen credits in high school.

Children in Missouri between the ages of five and seven are not required to be enrolled in school. However, if they are enrolled in a public school their parent, guardian or custodian must ensure that they regularly attend.

Missouri schools are commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA).

Homeschooling is legal in Missouri and is an option to meet the compulsory education requirement. It is neither monitored nor regulated by the state's Department of Elementary and Secondary Education

A supplemental education program, the Missouri Scholars Academy, provides an extracurricular learning experience for gifted high school students in the state of Missouri. The official MSA website describes the goals of the Academy to be as such: "The academy reflects Missouri's desire to strive for excellence in education at all levels. The program is based on the premise that Missouri's gifted youth must be provided with special opportunities for learning and personal development in order for them to realize their full potential."

Another gifted school is the Missouri Academy of Science, Mathematics and Computing, which is located at the Northwest Missouri State University.

Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities in Missouri

Jesse Hall on the University of Missouri campus

Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis.

The University of Missouri System is Missouri's statewide public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–Kansas City, University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla.

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the state established a series of normal schools in each region of the state, originally named after the geographic districts: Northeast Missouri State University (now Truman State University) (1867), Central Missouri State University (now the University of Central Missouri) (1871), Southeast Missouri State University (1873), Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University) (1905), Northwest Missouri State University (1905), Missouri Western State University (1915), and Missouri Southern State University (1937). Lincoln University and Harris–Stowe State University were established in the mid-nineteenth century and are historically black colleges and universities.

Among private institutions Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University are two top ranked schools in the US. There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, church universities and other private universities in the state. A.T. Still University was the first osteopathic medical school in the world. Hannibal–LaGrange University in Hannibal, Missouri, was one of the first colleges west of the Mississippi (founded 1858 in LaGrange, Missouri, and moved to Hannibal in 1928).

The state funds a $2000, renewable merit-based scholarship, Bright Flight, given to the top three percent of Missouri high school graduates who attend a university in-state.

The 19th century border wars between Missouri and Kansas have continued as a sports rivalry between the University of Missouri and University of Kansas. The rivalry is chiefly expressed through football and basketball games between the two universities. It is the oldest college rivalry west of the Mississippi River and the second oldest in the nation. Each year when the universities meet to play, the game is coined "Border War." An exchange occurs following the game where the winner gets to take a historic Indian War Drum, which has been passed back and forth for decades. (Note: Missouri, and Kansas no longer have an annual game as to The University of Missouri moved to SEC leaving behind Kansas, however tension still exists between the two schools.)

Culture and entertainment

Music

The historic Gem Theatre, located in Kansas City's renowned 18th and Vine Jazz District.

Many well-known musicians were born or have lived in Missouri. These include guitarist and rock pioneer Chuck Berry, singer and actress Josephine Baker, "Queen of Rock" Tina Turner, pop singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow, Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, and rappers Nelly, Chingy and Akon, all of whom are either current or former residents of St. Louis.

Country singers from Missouri include New Franklin native Sara Evans, Cantwell native Ferlin Husky, West Plains native Porter Wagoner, Tyler Farr of Garden City, and Mora native Leroy Van Dyke, along with bluegrass musician Rhonda Vincent, a native of Greentop.

Rapper Eminem was born in St. Joseph and also lived in Savannah and Kansas City.

Ragtime composer Scott Joplin lived in St. Louis and Sedalia.

Jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker lived in Kansas City.

Rock and Roll singer Steve Walsh of the group Kansas was born in St. Louis and grew up in St. Joseph.

The Kansas City Symphony and the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra are the state's major orchestras. The latter is the nation's second-oldest symphony orchestra and achieved prominence in recent years under conductor Leonard Slatkin.

Branson is well known for its music theaters, most of which bear the name of a star performer or musical group. These facilities have made Branson one of America's most popular tourist destinations..

Literature

Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal.

Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon currently resides in Rocheport. He is best known for Blue Highways, a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America. The book was on the New York Times Bestseller list for nearly a year in 1982-1983.

Famed authors Kate Chopin, T. S. Eliot and Tennessee Williams were all from St. Louis.

Film

Filmmaker, animator, and businessman Walt Disney spent part of his childhood in the Linn County town of Marceline before moving to Kansas City, Missouri. Disney began his artistic career in Kansas City, where he founded the Laugh-O-Gram Studio.

Several Film versions of Mark Twain's novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have been made.

Meet Me in St. Louis, a musical involving the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, starred Judy Garland.

Part of the 1983 road movie National Lampoon's Vacation was shot on location in Missouri, for the Griswold's trip from Chicago to Los Angeles.

The Thanksgiving holiday film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles was partially shot at Lambert–St. Louis International Airport.

White Palace was filmed in St. Louis.

The award-winning 2010 film Winter's Bone was shot in the Ozarks of Missouri.

Up in the Air starring George Clooney was filmed in St. Louis.

John Carpernter's Escape from New York was filmed in Saint Louis in the early eighties, due to the high number of abandoned buildings in the city.

Part of the 1973 movie, Paper Moon, which starred Ryan and Tatum O'Neal, was filmed in St. Joseph.

Most of HBO's film "Truman" were filmed in Kansas City, Independence, and the surrounding area. Gary Sinise won an Emmy for his portrayal of Harry Truman in the 1995 film.

"Ride With the Devil" starring Jewel and Tobey Maguire were also filmed in the countryside of Jackson County (also where the historic events of the film took place).

Gone Girl, A 2014 film starring Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, Neil Patrick Harris, and Tyler Perry was filmed in Cape Girardeau.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Missouri

Missouri hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics at St. Louis, the first time the games were hosted in the United States.

The St. Louis Cardinals playing at Busch Stadium.

Missouri has four major sports teams: the Royals and Cardinals of MLB, the Chiefs of the NFL, and the Blues of the NHL.

Professional major league teams

• MLB: St. Louis Cardinals and Kansas City Royals
• NFL: Kansas City Chiefs
• NHL: St. Louis Blues
• MLS: Sporting Kansas City

Former professional major league teams

• National Football League:
  • St. Louis Cardinals (moved from Chicago in 1960; moved to Tempe, Arizona in 1988 and are now the Arizona Cardinals)
  • St. Louis All Stars (active in 1923 only)
  • Kansas City Blues/Cowboys (active 1924–1926, folded)
  • St. Louis Gunners (independent team, joined the NFL for the last three weeks of the 1934 season and folded thereafter)
  • St. Louis Rams 1995-2015 moved from Los Angeles and then back to Los Angeles
• Major League Baseball (American League):
  • St. Louis Browns (moved from Milwaukee in 1902; moved to Baltimore, Maryland after the 1953 season and are now the Baltimore Orioles)
  • Kansas City Athletics (moved from Philadelphia in 1955; moved to Oakland, California after the 1967 season and are now the Oakland Athletics)
• National Basketball Association:
  • St. Louis Bombers (charter BAA franchise in 1946, joined the NBA when it formed in 1949; ceased operations in 1950)
  • St. Louis Hawks (moved from Milwaukee in 1955; moved to Atlanta in 1968 and are now the Atlanta Hawks)
  • Kansas City Kings (moved from Cincinnati in 1972; moved to Sacramento in 1985 and are now the Sacramento Kings; prior to locating in Kansas City, they were known as the Cincinnati Royals)
• National Hockey League:
  • Kansas City Scouts (1974 expansion team, moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies, and would move again to Newark, New Jersey; now called the New Jersey Devils)
  • St. Louis Eagles (1934 relocation of the original Ottawa Senators, folded after the 1934–35 season)
• Major League Soccer:
  • Kansas City Wiz/Kansas City Wizards (founded in 1995, but moved from Kansas City, Missouri, to Kansas City, Kansas, in 2010 and became Sporting Kansas City)

Naval vessels

Four US Navy vessels have been named after the state.

The surrender ceremony between Japan and the United States aboard the USS Missouri

• USS Missouri (1841), a sidewheel frigate launched in 1841 and destroyed by fire in 1843
• USS Missouri (BB-11), a Maine-class battleship in service from 1900 to 1922
• USS Missouri (BB-63), an Iowa-class battleship in service from 1944 to 1998; site of the official Japanese surrender of World War II; decommissioned in 1998; now a floating war memorial at Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii
• USS Missouri (SSN-780), a Virginia-class submarine, joined the fleet after a commissioning ceremony July 31, 2010 at the Naval Submarine Base New London.

Wildlife

Missouri River near Rocheport, Missouri

Missouri is home to a diversity of both flora and fauna. There is a large amount of fresh water present due to the Mississippi River, Missouri River, and Lake of the Ozarks, with numerous smaller tributary rivers, streams, and lakes. North of the Missouri River, the state is primarily rolling hills of the Great Plains, whereas south of the Missouri River, the state is dominated by the Oak-Hickory Central U.S. hardwood forest.

Some of the native species found in Missouri include:

Mammals

• Opossum
• Nine-banded armadillo
• Muskrat
• Beaver
• Eastern mole
• Little brown bat
• Big brown bat
• Mexican free-tailed bat
• Silver-haired bat
• Least shrew
• American short-tailed shrew
• Southern bog lemming
• Meadow vole
• Woodland vole
• Hispid pocket mouse
• Meadow jumping mouse
• Plains harvest mouse
• Deer mouse
• Hispid cotton rat
• Eastern woodrat
• Marsh rice rat
• Plains pocket gopher
• American red squirrel
• Southern flying squirrel
• Gray squirrel
• Eastern chipmunk
• Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
• Woodchuck
• Eastern cottontail
• Badger
• Raccoon
• Spotted skunk
• Striped skunk
• Long-tailed weasel
• American mink
• River otter
• Red fox
• Gray fox
• Coyote
• American black bear
• Cougar
• Bobcat
• White-tailed deer

Within historic times, pronghorn, gray wolf, and brown bear were all found in Missouri, but have since been eliminated. Wapiti and American bison were formerly common, but are currently confined to private farms and parks.

Birds

Year-round:

• Pied-billed grebe
• Great blue heron
• Canada goose
• Mallard
• Wood duck
• Killdeer
• Common snipe
• American woodcock
• Turkey vulture
• Red-tailed hawk
• Cooper's hawk
• Red-shouldered hawk
• American kestrel
• Northern harrier
• Northern bobwhite
• Wild turkey
• Ring-necked pheasant
• Rock dove
• Mourning dove
• Belted kingfisher
• Barn owl
• Barred owl
• Great horned owl
• Short-eared owl
• Long-eared owl
• Eastern screech owl
• Northern saw-whet owl
• Horned lark
• Common crow
• Blue jay
• Red-bellied woodpecker
• Red-headed woodpecker
• Pileated woodpecker
• Downy woodpecker
• Hairy woodpecker
• Northern flicker
• Black-capped chickadee
• Carolina chickadee
• White-breasted nuthatch
• Tufted titmouse
• Northern mockingbird
• Loggerhead shrike
• American robin
• Eastern bluebird
• Pine warbler
• Eastern meadowlark
• Red-winged blackbird
• European starling
• Common grackle
• Northern cardinal
• American goldfinch
• Rufous-sided towhee
• Song sparrow
• Field sparrow
• House sparrow
• Carolina wren
• Bewick's wren
• Wood thrush
• Brown thrasher

Summer/breeders:

• Green-backed heron
• Black-crowned night heron
• Yellow-crowned night heron
• Little blue heron
• American bittern
• Least bittern
• Great egret
• Cattle egret
• White ibis
• White-faced ibis
• Virginia rail
• King rail
• Spotted sandpiper
• Upland sandpiper
• Sora
• Common moorhen
• American coot
• Northern pintail
• Northern shoveler
• Blue-winged teal
• Hooded merganser
• Least tern
• Black tern
• Black vulture
• Mississippi kite
• Broad-winged hawk
• Sharp-shinned hawk
• Yellow-billed cuckoo
• Black-billed cuckoo
• Common nighthawk
• Chimney swift
• Ruby-throated hummingbird
• American white pelican
• Double-crested cormorant
• Chuck-will's-widow
• Whip-poor-will
• Eastern kingbird
• Scissor-tailed flycatcher
• Eastern phoebe
• Great crested flycatcher
• Eastern wood pewee
• Willow flycatcher
• Least flycatcher
• Acadian flycatcher
• Yellow-bellied flycatcher
• Scarlet tanager
• Summer tanager
• Barn swallow
• Tree swallow
• Bank swallow
• Northern rough-winged swallow
• Cliff swallow
• Purple martin
• House wren
• Carolina wren
• Gray catbird
• Brown thrasher
• Wood thrush
• Warbling vireo
• Red-eyed vireo
• Yellow-throated vireo
• Bell's vireo
• Black and white warbler
• Prothonotary warbler
• Blue-winged warbler
• Northern parula
• Cerulean warbler
• Prairie warbler
• Pine warbler
• Yellow warbler
• Yellow-throated warbler
• Kentucky warbler
• Hooded warbler
• Hooded warbler
• Worm-eating warbler
• Louisiana waterthrush
• Ovenbird
• American redstart
• Baltimore oriole
• Orchard oriole
• Northern oriole
• Common yellowthroat
• Yellow-breasted chat
• Bobolink
• Yellow-headed blackbird
• Brown-headed cowbird
• Blue grosbeak
• Indigo bunting
• Painted bunting
• Rose-breasted grosbeak
• Black-headed grosbeak
• Grasshopper sparrow
• Savannah sparrow
• Lark sparrow
• Chipping sparrow
• Henslow's sparrow
• Vesper sparrow
• Fish crow
• House wren
• Marsh wren
• Sedge wren
• Blue-gray gnatcatcher
• Dickcissel

Winter residents:

• Green-winged teal
• Black duck
• Gadwall
• Ruddy duck
• Canvasback
• Redhead
• Ring-necked duck
• Lesser scaup
• Bufflehead
• Common goldeneye
• American herring gull
• Ring-billed gull
• Bald eagle
• Golden eagle
• Rough-legged hawk
• Merlin
• Ruffed grouse
• Greater prairie chicken
• Brown creeper
• Red-breasted nuthatch
• Winter wren
• Hermit thrush
• Yellow-bellied sapsucker
• Cedar waxwing
• Golden-crowned kinglet
• American tree sparrow
• American pipit
• Dark-eyed junco
• Purple finch
• Evening grosbeak
• Red crossbill
• White-throated sparrow
• White-crowned sparrow
• Fox sparrow
• Swamp sparrow
• Cedar waxwing
• Lapland longspur
• Snow bunting
• Rusty blackbird
• Brewer's blackbird
• Pine siskin

Within historic times, the passenger pigeon, the carolina parakeet, and the ivory-billed woodpecker were all found in Missouri, but they have since been eliminated.

Reptiles and amphibians

Reptiles:

• Alligator snapping turtle
• Snapping turtle
• Stinkpot
• Eastern mud turtle
• Northern map turtle
• False map turtle
• Eastern box turtle
• Western box turtle
• Painted turtle
• Blanding's turtle
• Red-eared slider
• Chicken turtle
• Smooth softshell turtle
• Spiny softshell turtle
• Collared lizard
• Texas horned lizard
• Eastern fence lizard
• Coal skink
• Broadhead skink
• Ground skink
• Five-lined skink
• Six-lined racerunner
• Slender glass lizard
• Western worm snake
• Black racer
• Ringneck snake
• Scarlet snake
• Mud snake
• Corn snake
• Rat snake
• Fox snake
• Milk snake
• Eastern hognose snake
• Common kingsnake
• Coachwhip
• Smooth green snake
• Northern water snake
• Diamondback water snake
• Plain-bellied water snake
• Bullsnake
• Graham's crayfish snake
• Common garter snake
• Cottonmouth
• Copperhead
• Western pygmy rattlesnake
• Timber rattlesnake
• Massasauga

Amphibians:

• Mudpuppy
• Lesser siren
• Hellbender
• Spotted salamander
• Marbled salamander
• Tiger salamander
• Dusky salamander
• Long-tailed salamander
• Red-backed salamander
• Four-toed salamander
• Eastern newt
• Eastern spadefoot toad
• Plains spadefoot toad
• Fowler's toad
• Great Plains toad
• Common toad
• Woodhouse's toad
• Eastern American toad
• Eastern narrow-mouthed toad
• Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad
• Striped chorus frog
• Upland chorus frog
• Illinois chorus frog
• Blanchard's cricket frog
• Northern cricket frog
• Northern spring peeper
• Gray tree frog
• Green tree frog
• Green frog
• Bullfrog
• Pickerel frog
• Wood frog
• Northern leopard frog
• Southern leopard frog
• Plains leopard frog
• Crawfish frog

Fish

• Lamprey
• Paddlefish
• Longnose gar
• Mooneye
• Bowfin
• Herring
• American eel
• Northern pike
• Rainbow trout
• Carp
• Fathead minnow
• Channel catfish
• Trout-perch
• Livebearer
• Striped bass
• Largemouth bass
• Bluegill
• Walleye
• Yellow perch

Mollusks

• Stagnant pond snail
• Eastern mystery snail
• Common tadpole snail
• Three-whorled ram's horn
• Pearl mussel
• Asiatic clam
• Filter mussel
• Striped forest snail
• White-lipped forest snail

Trees and shrubs

The trees and shrubs growing in Missouri include the following:

• Shortleaf pine
• Eastern redcedar
• Bald cypress
• Flowering dogwood
• Roughleaf dogwood
• Gray dogwood
• Red hawthorn
• Pawpaw
• Cucumbertree
• Sassafras
• American sycamore
• Black gum
• Sweetgum
• Hackberry
• American elm
• Slippery elm
• Rock elm
• Winged elm
• Osage-orange
• Red mulberry
• Black walnut
• White walnut
• Bitternut hickory
• Black hickory
• Mockernut hickory
• Pignut hickory
• Shagbark hickory
• Shellbark hickory
• Water hickory
• Pecan
• Tulip tree
• American chestnut
• American beech
• Black oak
• Blackjack oak
• Bur oak
• Chestnut oak
• Chinkapin oak
• Dwarf chestnut oak
• Northern red oak
• Overcup oak
• Pin oak
• Post oak
• Scarlet oak
• Water oak
• White oak
• Willow oak
• River birch
• American basswood
• American hornbeam
• Black willow
• Sandbar willow
• Peachleaf willow
• American willow
• Eastern cottonwood
• Sweet crabapple
• Sourwood
• American persimmon
• American plum
• Black cherry
• Serviceberry
• Eastern redbud
• Black locust
• Honey locust
• Kentucky coffeetree
• American holly
• Possumhaw
• Carolina buckthorn
• Ohio buckeye
• Sugar maple
• Black maple
• Red maple
• Silver maple
• Boxelder
• Staghorn sumac
• White ash
• Prairie rose
• American hazel
• Black haw
• Highbush blueberry
• Smooth sumac
• Fragrant sumac
• Staghorn sumac
• Nannyberry
• Buttonbush
• Honeysuckle
• Ozark witch hazel

Insect migrations

There has also been a migration of insects from the south to Missouri. One example of this is the wasp Polistes exclamans.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Missouri

See also

• Index of Missouri-related articles
• List of people from Missouri
• Outline of Missouri – organized list of topics about Missouri

Further reading

• Jeff Bremer, A Store Almost in Sight: The Economic Transformation of Missouri from the Louisiana Purchase to the Civil War. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 2014.

External links

• Missouri Government 
• Missouri Digital Heritage, Missouri Government 
• Missouri's African American History, Missouri Government 
• Missouri State Tourism Office 
• Energy & Environmental Data for Missouri, US: DoE 
• real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Missouri, USGS 
• U.S. Census Bureau
  • "Missouri", QuickFacts (geographic and demographic information), US: Census 
• Missouri State Facts, USDA 
• "American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable", List of searchable databases produced by Missouri state agencies 
• Missouri at DMOZ
• Missouri History, Geology, Culture, UM system 
• Historic Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Missouri, UM system 
• 1930 Platbooks of Missouri Counties, UM system 
• Geographic data related to Missouri at OpenStreetMap
• "Totals", Population estimates, US: Census, 2011 
• "States metropolitan areas cities", Population (estimates & projections), US: Census 

Preceded by Maine

List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on August 10, 1821 (24th)

Succeeded by Arkansas