Dopamine receptor D1
Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.[4][5][6]
Contents
Function[edit]
This gene encodes the D1 subtype of the dopamine receptor. The D1 subtype is the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system. This G protein-coupled receptor stimulates adenylate cyclase and indirectly activates cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. D1 receptors regulate neuronal growth and development, mediate some behavioral responses, and modulate dopamine receptor D2-mediated events.[7] Alternative transcription initiation sites result in two transcript variants of this gene.[8]
Production[edit]
The DRD1 gene expresses primarily in the caudate putamen in humans, and in the caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle in mouse. Gene expression patterns from the Allen Brain Atlases in mouse and human can be found here.
Ligands[edit]
There are a number of ligands selective for the D1 receptors. To date, most of the known ligands are based on dihydrexidine or the prototypical benzazepine partial agonist SKF-38393 (one derivative being the prototypical antagonist SCH-23390).[9] D1 receptor has a high degree of structural homologine to another dopamine receptor, D5, and they both bind similar drugs.[10] As a result, none of the known ligands is selective for the D1 vs. the D5 receptor, but the benzazepines generally are more selective for the D1 and D5 receptors versus the D2-like family.[9] Some of the benzazepines have high intrinsic activity whereas others do not.
Agonists[edit]
Several D1 receptor agonists are used clinically. These include apomorphine, pergolide, rotigotine, and terguride. All of these drugs are preferentially D2-like receptor agonists. Fenoldopam is a selective D1 receptor partial agonist that does not cross the blood-brain-barrier and is used intravenously in the treatment of hypertension. Dihydrexidine and adrogolide (ABT-431) (a prodrug of A-86929 with improved bioavailability) are the only selective, centrally active D1-like receptor agonists that have been studied clinically in humans.[13] They produced dose-limiting profound hypotension and dyskinesias, respectively, and were not further developed for clinical use.[13][14][15]
List of D1 receptor agonists[edit]
- Dihydrexidine derivatives
- A-86929 - full agonist with 14-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2[9][12][16]
- Dihydrexidine - full agonist with 10-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2 that has been in Phase IIa clinical trials as a cognitive enhancer.[17][18] It also showed profound antiparkinson effects in MPTP-treated primates,[19] but caused profound hypotension in one early clinical trial in Parkinson's disease.[9] Although dihydrexidine has significant D2 properties, it is highly biased at D2 receptors and was used for the first demonstration of functional selectivity[20] with dopamine receptors.[21][22]
- Dinapsoline - full agonist with 5-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2[9]
- Dinoxyline - full agonist with approximately equal affinity for D1-like and D2 receptors[9]
- Doxanthrine - full agonist with 168-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2[9]
- Benzazepine derivatives
- SKF-81297 - 200-fold selectivity for D1 over any other receptor[9]
- SKF-82958 - 57-fold selectivity for D1 over D2[9]
- SKF-38393 - very high selectivity for D1 with negligible affinity for any other receptor[9]
- Fenoldopam - highly selective peripheral D1 receptor partial agonist used clinically as an antihypertensive[9]
- 6-Br-APB - 90-fold selectivity for D1 over D2[9]
- Others
- Stepholidine - alkaloid with D1 agonist and D2 antagonist properties, showing antipsychotic effects
- A-68930
- A-77636
- CY-208,243 - high intrinsic activity partial agonist with moderate selectivity for D1-like over D2-like receptors, member of ergoline ligand family like pergolide and bromocriptine.
- SKF-89145
- SKF-89626
- 7,8-Dihydroxy-5-phenyl-octahydrobenzo[h]isoquinoline: extremely potent, high-affinity full agonist[23]
- Cabergoline - weak D1 agonism, highly selective for D2, and various serotonin receptors
- Pergolide - (similar to cabergoline) weak D1 agonism, highly selective for D2, and various serotonin receptors
Antagonists[edit]
Many typical and atypical antipsychotics are D1 receptor antagonists in addition to D2 receptor antagonists. No other D1 receptor antagonists have been approved for clinical use. Ecopipam is a selective D1-like receptor antagonist that has been studied clinically in humans in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including schizophrenia, cocaine abuse, obesity, pathological gambling, and Tourette's syndrome, with efficacy in some of these conditions seen. The drug produced mild-to-moderate, reversible depression and anxiety in clinical studies however and has yet to complete development for any indication.
List of D1 receptor antagonists[edit]
- Benzazepine derivatives
- SCH-23,390 - 100-fold selectivity for D1 over D5[9]
- SKF-83,959 - 7-fold selectivity for D1 over D5 with negligible affinity for other receptors;[9] acts as an antagonist at D1 but as an agonist at D5
- Ecopipam (SCH-39,166) - a selective D1/D5 antagonist that was being developed as an anti-obesity medication but was discontinued[9]
Protein–protein interactions[edit]
Dopamine receptor D1 has been shown to interact with:
Receptor oligomers[edit]
The D1 receptor forms heteromers with the following receptors: dopamine D2, D3,[26] histamine H3,[27] μ opioid.[28]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Drugs that physically interact with D(1A) dopamine receptor view/edit references on wikidata".
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- ^ Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Falardeau P, Fremeau RT, Bates MD, Caron MG (September 1990). "Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor". Nature. 347 (6288): 72–6. doi:10.1038/347072a0. PMID 2144334.
- ^ Zhou QY, Grandy DK, Thambi L, Kushner JA, Van Tol HH, Cone R, Pribnow D, Salon J, Bunzow JR, Civelli O (September 1990). "Cloning and expression of human and rat D1dopamine receptors". Nature. 347 (6288): 76–80. doi:10.1038/347076a0. PMID 2168520.
- ^ Sunahara RK, Niznik HB, Weiner DM, Stormann TM, Brann MR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter JE, Rozmahel R, Yang YL, Israel Y (September 1990). "Human dopamine D1 receptor encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 5". Nature. 347 (6288): 80–3. doi:10.1038/347080a0. PMID 1975640.
- ^ ML Paul; AM Graybiel; JC David; HA Robertson (1992). "D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors synergistically activate rotation and c-fos expression in the dopamine-depleted striatum in a rat model of Parkinson's disease". The Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (10): 3729–3742.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: DRD1 dopamine receptor D1".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zhang J, Xiong B, Zhen X, Zhang A (2009). "Dopamine D1 receptor ligands: where are we now and where are we going.". Med Res Rev. 29 (2): 272–294. doi:10.1002/med.20130. PMID 18642350.
- ^ Sunahara RK, Guan HC, O'Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB (1991). "Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1". Nature. 350 (6319): 614–9. doi:10.1038/350614a0. PMID 1826762.
- ^ Cueva JP, Giorgioni G, Grubbs RA, Chemel BR, Watts VJ, Nichols DE (November 2006). "trans-2,3-dihydroxy-6a,7,8,12b-tetrahydro-6H-chromeno[3,4-c]isoquinoline: synthesis, resolution, and preliminary pharmacological characterization of a new dopamine D1 receptor full agonist". J. Med. Chem. 49 (23): 6848–57. doi:10.1021/jm0604979. PMID 17154515.
- ^ a b Michaelides MR, Hong Y, DiDomenico S, Asin KE, Britton DR, Lin CW, Williams M, Shiosaki K (1995). "(5aR,11bS)-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2-propyl-3-thia-5-azacyclopent-1- ena[c]-phenanthrene-9,10-diol (A-86929): a potent and selective dopamine D1agonist that maintains behavioral efficacy following repeated administration and characterization of its diacetyl prodrug (ABT-431)". J. Med. Chem. 38 (18): 3445–7. doi:10.1021/jm00018a002. PMID 7658429.
- ^ a b Rosell, Daniel R; Zaluda, Lauren C; McClure, Margaret M; Perez-Rodriguez, M Mercedes; Strike, K Sloan; Barch, Deanna M; Harvey, Philip D; Girgis, Ragy R; Hazlett, Erin A; Mailman, Richard B; Abi-Dargham, Anissa; Lieberman, Jeffrey A; Siever, Larry J (2014). "Effects of the D1 Dopamine Receptor Agonist Dihydrexidine (DAR-0100A) on Working Memory in Schizotypal Personality Disorder". Neuropsychopharmacology. 40 (2): 446–453. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.192. ISSN 0893-133X.
- ^ Blanchet PJ, Fang J, Gillespie M, Sabounjian L, Locke KW, Gammans R, Mouradian MM, Chase TN (1998). "Effects of the full dopamine D1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine in Parkinson's disease". Clin Neuropharmacol. 21 (6): 339–43. PMID 9844789.
- ^ Giardina, William J.; Williams, Michael (2006). "Adrogolide HCl (ABT-431; DAS-431), a Prodrug of the Dopamine D1 Receptor Agonist, A-86929: Preclinical Pharmacology and Clinical Data". CNS Drug Reviews. 7 (3): 305–316. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00201.x. ISSN 1080-563X.
- ^ Yamashita M, Yamada K, Tomioka K (2004). "Construction of arene-fused-piperidine motifs by asymmetric addition of 2-trityloxymethylaryllithiums to nitroalkenes: the asymmetric synthesis of a dopamine D1 full agonist, A-86929". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (7): 1954–5. doi:10.1021/ja031760n. PMID 14971926.
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External links[edit]
- "Dopamine Receptors: D1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
- Receptors, Dopamine D1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.