List of epidemics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Contents
Pre-1500[edit]
Death toll (estimate) | Location | Date | Article | Disease | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
75,000–100,000 | Greece | 429–426 BC | Plague of Athens | unknown, possibly typhus | [1] |
5 million; 30% of population in some areas | Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa | 165–180 | Antonine Plague | unknown, symptoms similar to smallpox | [2] |
Europe | 250–266 | Plague of Cyprian | unknown, possibly smallpox | [3] | |
25–50 million; 40% of population | Europe | 541–542 | Plague of Justinian | plague | [4] |
British Isles | 664-668 | Plague of 664 | plague | [5][page needed] | |
British Isles | 680-686 | plague | [5][page needed] | ||
75–100 million; 30–60% of population | Europe, Asia and North Africa | 1346–1350 | Black Death | plague | [6] |
1500–1699[edit]
18th century[edit]
19th century[edit]
20th century[edit]
21st century[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe", BBC News, November 7, 2005
- ^ D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
- ^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
- ^ a b Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995
- ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7.
- ^ a b American plague, New Scientist
- ^ a b Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Romero, Leticia Calderon; Maguire, James H. (2000). "Large Epidemics of Hemorrhagic Fevers in Mexico 1545–1815" (PDF). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 733–739. Retrieved Jul 20, 2015.
- ^ a b Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, David W.; Cleaveland, Malcolm K.; Therrell, Matthew D. (April 2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. ISSN 1080-6040.
- ^ American Indian Epidemics
- ^ "A History of Spain and Portugal". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New hypothesis for cause of epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMC 2957993. PMID 20113559.
- ^ Mann, Charles C. (2005). "Native intelligence" (December).
- ^ Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.
- ^ Timothy Brook (1 September 1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ nl:Pestepidemie in Amsterdam
- ^ Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665-1666 - The National Archives". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Desjardins, B. (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population. 23 (1): 49–67.
- ^ Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714-1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population. 36 (3–4): 295–323.
- ^ Devaux, Christian A. (1 March 2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720-1723): lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 14: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. ISSN 1567-7257. PMID 23246639. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
- ^ "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Ambrosevideo.com
- ^ Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine. 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008.
- ^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
- ^ Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet. 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4.
- ^ Houston, CS; Houston, S (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian journal of infectious diseases = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses. 11 (2): 112–5. PMC 2094753. PMID 18159275.
- ^ The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788-1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) doi 10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 [After Cook] and coinciding with Colonisation
- ^ Epidemics
- ^ "Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.[page needed]
- ^ Yellow Fever – LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ "Aboriginal Health History". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Barry Leadbeater. "South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ A History of the Human Plague in Iran, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5[page needed]
- ^ "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together - Timeline - Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web site. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ a s, &NA; (July 1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847-8". American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 18 (35): 148–54. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018.
- ^ Practitioner. 1877. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ [1] About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853
- ^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Pryor, E.G. (1975). "The Great Plague of Hong Kong" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hong Kong Branch (Hong Kong Branch). 1975: 69.
- ^ "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)[page needed]
- ^ "1902Encyclopedia.com". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871", Revista Persona.
- ^ "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.
- ^ Plague – LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. Retrieved 29 March 2011.[page needed]
- ^ African trypanosomiasis, WHO
- ^ Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-8147-2232-6.
- ^ Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda
- ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague
- ^ In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague
- ^ Patterson, KD; Pyle GF (Spring 1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.
- ^ a b William E. Paul (1 May 2008). Fundamental immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Geschiedenis 24 - Polio in Staphorst. Geschiedenis24.nl (2010-11-17). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
- ^ "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ UNAIDS (2010) report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- ^ Dutt, Ashok (2006). "SURAT PLAGUE OF 1994 RE-EXAMINED" (PDF). SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH: 755–60. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ^ Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000
- ^ "Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Bertherat, E; Bekhoucha, S; Chougrani, S; Razik, F; Duchemin, JB; Houti, L; Deharib, L; Fayolle, C; et al. (2007). "Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years, 2003". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (10): 1459–62. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070284. PMC 2851531. PMID 18257987.
- ^ "World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Faruque, Shah M.; Johirul Islam, M.; Shafi Ahmad, Qazi; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, David A.; Balakrish Nair, G.; Mekalanos, John J. (2005). "Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (17): 6119–6124. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.6119F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502069102. JSTOR 3375263.
- ^ Staff Reporter. "Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal". The M&G Online. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes
- ^ Koh, Benjamin K. W.; Ng, Lee Ching; Kita, Yuske; Tang, Choon Siang; Ang, Li Wei; Wong, Kit Yin; James, Lyn; Goh, Kee Tai (1 July 2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: epidemiology, prevention and control". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 37 (7): 538–545. ISSN 0304-4602. PMID 18695764.
- ^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC
- ^ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India
- ^ "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital". News-Medical.net. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "WHO - Chikungunya in India". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Khan, E.; Siddiqui, J.; Shakoor, S.; Mehraj, V.; Jamil, B.; Hasan, R. (1 November 2007). "Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: experience at a tertiary care center". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (11): 1114–1119. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016. Retrieved 4 July 2016. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
- ^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
- ^ Xan Rice. "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News
- ^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press
- ^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News
- ^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters
- ^ "Somalia cholera death fears grow". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting
- ^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
- ^ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123
- ^ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008
- ^ "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak, Thanh Nien Daily
- ^ "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". bmj.com. March 9, 2009.
- ^ "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". bmj.com. April 21, 2009.
- ^ "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-06-25.
- ^ "2009 Swine-Flu Death Toll 10 Times Higher Than Thought". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population official cholera report
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Doctorswithoutborders.org". MSF USA. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children - Yahoo News. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
- ^ "BMC Infectious Diseases - Full text - Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Yuill, Thomas M; Woodall, John P; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak-Darfur Sudan and Chad". Int J Inf Dis. 17: e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
- ^ Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. World Health Organisation (2015-06-11). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
- ^ Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
- ^ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/12/15-0756_article
- ^ "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas - SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
- ^ "Plague – Madagascar". WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ^ "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ "Yellow fever - countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Hunter, Philip (June 2007). "Inevitable or avoidable? Despite the lessons of history, the world is not yet ready to face the next great plague". EMBO reports. 8 (6): 531–534. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400987. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC 2002527.