Coordinates	11°14′31″N74°12′19″N
name	Camiña
native name lang	es
settlement type	Commune
flag alt	Flag
image shield	Escudo de Camiña.svg
shield alt	Coat of arms
map alt	Map of Camiña in Tarapacá Region
map caption	Map of Camiña in Tarapacá Region
pushpin map	Chile
pushpin label position	bottom
pushpin map alt	Location in Chile
pushpin map caption	Location in Chile
pushpin mapsize	175
coordinates region	CL-TA
coordinates display	inline,title
subdivision type	Country
subdivision name	Chile
subdivision type1	Region
subdivision name1	Tarapacá
subdivision type2	Province
subdivision name2	Tamarugal
government type	Municipality
leader title	Alcalde
unit pref	Metric
area footnotes
area total km2	2200.2
population total	1275
population as of	2002
population density km2	auto
population blank1 title	Urban
population blank1	0
population blank2 title	Rural
population blank2	1275
demographics type1	Sex
demographics1 footnotes
demographics1 title1	Men
demographics1 info1	676
demographics1 title2	Women
demographics1 info2	599
timezone	CLT
utc offset	-4
timezone dst	CLST
utc offset dst	-3
footnotes	}}

Camiña is a Chilean commune and village in El Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region. According to the 2002 census, the commune population was 1,275 and has an area of .

Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Camiña had 1,275 inhabitants (676 men and 599 women), making it an entirely rural area. The population fell by 10.3% (147 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration

As a commune, Camiña is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Camiña is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mrs. Marta Isasi (Ind.) and Mr. Hugo Gutiérrez (PC) as part of the 2nd electoral district, which includes the entire Tarapacá Region.The commune is represented in the Senate by Fulvio Rossi Ciocca (PS) and Jaime Orpis Bouchon (UDI) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region).

References

Category:Communes of Chile Category:Populated places in El Tamarugal Province

es:Camiña fr:Camiña it:Camiña nl:Camiña pt:Camiña rm:Camiña (Tarapacá) qu:Qhamiña ru:Каминья (Чили) simple:Camiña

Coordinates	11°14′31″N74°12′19″N
name	Annie Lennox OBE
background	solo_singer
birth name	Ann Lennox
birth date	December 25, 1954
origin	Aberdeen, Scotland
occupation	Singer-songwriter, activist, humanitarian ambassador
genre	Pop, Rock, Blue-eyed soul, New Wave, R&B;
instrument	Vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar, accordion, harmonium
years active	1975–present
associated acts	The Catch, The Tourists, Eurythmics
label	RCA, Arista (1981–2009)Island, Decca (2010–)
website	www.annielennox.com }}

Annie Lennox, OBE (born Ann Lennox, 25 December 1954), is a Scottish singer-songwriter, political activist and philanthropist. After achieving minor success in the late 1970s as part of the new wave band The Tourists, she and fellow musician David A. Stewart went on to achieve major international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics.

Lennox embarked on a solo career in the 1990s with her debut album, ''Diva'' (1992), which produced several hit singles including "Why" and "Walking on Broken Glass". To date, she has released five solo studio albums and a compilation album, ''The Annie Lennox Collection'' (2009). She is the recipient of eight Brit Awards, four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award. In 2002, Lennox received a Billboard Century Award; the highest accolade from ''Billboard'' Magazine. In 2004, she won both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Into the West", written for the soundtrack to the feature film ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''.

In addition to her career as a musician, Lennox is also a political and social activist, notable for raising money and awareness for HIV charities in Africa. She also objected to the unauthorized use of the 1999 Eurythmics song "I Saved the World Today" in an election broadcast for Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni in 2009. In 2011, Lennox received an OBE from Queen Elizabeth II for her "tireless charity campaigns and championing of humanitarian causes".

Known as a pop culture icon for her distinctive contralto vocals and visual performances, Lennox has been named "The Greatest White Soul Singer Alive" by VH1 and one of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by ''Rolling Stone''. She has earned the distinction of "most successful female British artist in UK music history" due to her global commercial success since the early 1980s. Including her work within Eurythmics, Lennox is one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 80 million records worldwide.

Early life

Lennox was born on Christmas Day, 1954, in Summerfield Maternity hospital, Aberdeen. Her father worked at the shipyard, and her mother was a cook until she became a housewife. Lennox was an only child and the family lived in a small two-roomed apartment in a tenement with communal laundry facilities. Despite her family's financial status, Lennox had piano lessons at school from the age of seven years at the cost of £4.00 per term. She was interested in singing and, with plenty of time to herself, passed some of the time by singing along to the popular music of the time, including music by The Beatles. She was an unhappy teenager, partly because of a struggle over boundaries for her independence with her overprotective father. She attended Aberdeen High School for Girls, now Harlaw Academy. In 1964, her early talent was demonstrated when she came second in a talent contest at a Butlins holiday camp. She sang the song "Mairi's Wedding".

In the 1970s, Lennox won a place at the Royal Academy of Music in London, where she studied the flute and classical music for three years. She lived on a student grant and worked at part-time jobs for extra money. Lennox was unhappy during her time at the Royal Academy partly because she was lonely and shy, and she missed many history-of-music lessons.

Lennox's flute teacher's final report stated: "Ann has not always been sure of where to direct her efforts, though lately she has been more committed. She is very, very able, however." Two years later, Lennox reported to the Academy: "I have had to work as a waitress, barmaid, and shop assistant to keep me when not in musical work." She also played and sang with a few bands, such as Windsong, during the period of her course. In 2006, the academy made her an honorary Fellow. Lennox also was made a Fellow of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama that year.

Music career

1976–90: Dragon's Playground, The Tourists and Eurythmics

In 1976, Lennox was flautist with a band called Dragon's Playground, leaving before they appeared on TV's New Faces. Between 1977 and 1980, she was the lead singer of The Tourists (initially known as The Catch), a moderately successful British pop band and her first collaboration with Dave Stewart. During the time they were in The Tourists, Stewart and Lennox were involved in a relationship, though this had ended by the time they formed Eurythmics.

Lennox and Stewart's second collaboration, the 1980s synthpop duo Eurythmics, resulted in her most notable fame, as the duo's alto, soul-tinged lead singer. Early in Eurythmics' career, Lennox was known for her androgyny, wearing suits and once impersonating Elvis Presley. Eurythmics released a long line of singles in the 1980s, including "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", "Love Is A Stranger", "Here Comes the Rain Again", "Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves", "Who's That Girl?", "Would I Lie to You?", "There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)", "Missionary Man", "You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart", "Thorn in My Side", "The Miracle of Love" and "Don't Ask Me Why". Though Eurythmics never officially disbanded, Lennox made a fairly clear break from Stewart in 1990. Thereafter, she began a long and equally-successful solo career.

Lennox and Stewart reconvened Eurythmics in the late 1990s with the album ''Peace'', their first album of new material in ten years. A subsequent concert tour was completed, with profits going to Greenpeace and Amnesty International.

Lennox has received eight BRIT Awards, the most of any female artist. Four of the awards were given during her time with Eurythmics, and another was given to the duo for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1999.

The 1988 single with Al Green, "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" (a cover version of Jackie DeShannon's 1969 hit), was recorded for the soundtrack of the movie ''Scrooged''. Though it was produced by Dave Stewart, it was credited to Lennox and Green. This one-off single peaked at #2 on the US Adult Contemporary chart, #9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was a top 40 hit in the UK. Lennox performed the song "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye", a Cole Porter song, that same year for a cameo appearance in the Derek Jarman film ''Edward II''. She then made an appearance with David Bowie and the surviving members of Queen at 1992's Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert at London's Wembley Stadium, performing "Under Pressure".

1992–93: ''Diva''

Lennox began working with former Trevor Horn protegé Stephen Lipson, beginning with her 1992 solo début album, ''Diva''. It was a commercial and critical success, charting #1 in the UK, #6 in Germany, and #23 in the US where it went double platinum. Lennox's profile was boosted by ''Diva'''s singles, which included "Why" and "Walking on Broken Glass". "Why" won an MTV Award for Best Female Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, while the video for "Walking on Broken Glass" featured the actors Hugh Laurie and John Malkovich. "Little Bird" also formed a double A-side with "Love Song for a Vampire", a soundtrack cut for Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 movie ''Bram Stoker's Dracula''. The B-side of her single "Precious" was a self-penned song called "Step by Step", which was later a hit for Whitney Houston for the soundtrack of the film ''The Preacher's Wife''. The song "Keep Young and Beautiful" was included on the CD release as a bonus track (the original vinyl album had only ten tracks).

The album entered the UK album chart at no.1 and has since sold over 1.2 million copies in the UK alone, being certified quadruple platinum. It was also a success in the US where it was a top 30 hit and has sold in excess of 2,700,000 copies. In 1993, the album was included in ''Q magazine'''s list of the "50 Best Albums of 1992". ''Rolling Stone'' magazine (25 June 1992, p. 41) described the album as "''...state-of-the-art soul pop...''" and it is included in Rolling Stone's (13 May 1999, p. 56) "Essential Recordings of the 90's" list. The album won Best British Album at the 1993 Brit Awards.

1995–2000: ''Medusa'' and return to Eurythmics

Although Lennox's profile decreased for a period because of her desire to bring up her two children outside of the media's glare, she continued to record. Her second album, ''Medusa'', was released in March 1995. It consisted solely of cover songs, all originally recorded by male artists including Bob Marley and The Clash. It entered the UK album chart at No. 1 and peaked in the US at number 11, spending 60 weeks on the ''Billboard 200'' chart and selling over 2,000,000 to date in the United States. It has achieved double platinum status in both the UK and the US. The album yielded four UK singles: "No More I Love You's" (which entered the UK singles chart at No. 2, Lennox's highest ever solo peak), "A Whiter Shade of Pale", "Waiting in Vain" and "Something So Right". The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the Grammy Awards of 1996, losing to ''Turbulent Indigo'' by Joni Mitchell, however, Lennox won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the single "No More I Love You's". Though Lennox declined to tour for the album, she did perform a large scale one-off concert in New York's Central Park, which was filmed and later released on home video.

Lennox also provided an extensive solo vocal performance (without lyrics) for the soundtrack score of the film ''Apollo 13'' in 1995.

In 1997, Lennox re-recorded the Eurythmics track "Angel" for the Diana, Princess of Wales tribute album, and also recorded the song "Mama" for ''The Avengers'' soundtrack album. In 1998, following the death of a mutual friend (former Tourists member Peet Coombes), she re-united with Dave Stewart. Following their first performance together in eight years at a record company party, Stewart and Lennox began writing and recording together for the first time since 1989. This resulted in the album ''Peace''. The title was designed to reflect the duo's ongoing concern with global conflict and world peace. The record was promoted with a concert on the Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior II, where they played a mixture of old and new songs. "I Saved the World Today" was the lead single, reaching number eleven on the UK singles chart. Another single, released at the beginning of 2000, "17 Again", made the UK top 40, and topped the US dance chart. In 2002, Lennox received a Billboard Century Award; the highest accolade from ''Billboard'' Magazine, with Editor-in-Chief Timothy White describing her as one of "the most original and unforgettably affecting artists in the modern annals of popular music."

2003–07: ''Bare'' and work in Africa

In 2003, Lennox released her third solo album, ''Bare''. The album peaked at #3 in the UK and #4 in the US - her highest charting album in the US to date. She embarked on her first tour as a solo artist to promote the album. The tour, simply titled Solo Tour, pre-dated the release of the album and visited both the US and Europe, with only a two-night stop in the UK at Saddler's Wells Theatre in London. The album has been certified Gold in both the UK and the US and was nominated for Best Pop Album at the 46th Grammy Awards. The album was released with a DVD which included interviews and acoustic versions of songs by Lennox. The Japanese edition of the album features a version of Lennox's earlier hit "Cold" recorded live in Toronto.

In 2004, Lennox won the Academy Award for Best Song for "Into the West" from the film ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'', which she co-wrote with screenwriter Fran Walsh and composer Howard Shore. The song also won a Grammy award and a Golden Globe award. She had previously recorded "Use Well the Days" for the movie, which incorporates a number of quotations from Tolkien in its lyrics. This song was not used in the film, but it appears on a bonus DVD included with the "special edition" of the movie's soundtrack CD. In mid-2004, Lennox embarked on an extensive North American tour with Sting. In July 2005, Lennox performed at Live 8 in Hyde Park, London, along with Madonna, Sting, and other popular musicians.

In 2005, Lennox and Stewart collaborated on two new songs for their Eurythmics compilation album, ''Ultimate Collection'', of which "I've Got a Life" was released as a single in October 2005. The promotional video for the song features Lennox and Stewart performing in the present day, with images of past Eurythmics videos playing on television screens behind them. The single peaked at number fourteen in the UK Singles Chart and was a number-one US Dance hit. On 14 November 2005, Sony BMG repackaged and released Eurythmics' back catalogue as 2005 Deluxe Edition Reissues.

2007–08: ''Songs of Mass Destruction'' and AIDS activism

Ending her long association with Stephen Lipson, Lennox's fourth solo album, ''Songs of Mass Destruction'', was recorded in Los Angeles with veteran producer Glen Ballard (known for producing Alanis Morissette's album, ''Jagged Little Pill''). It was released on 1 October 2007, and was the last studio album of Lennox's contract with BMG. It peaked at #7 in the UK and #9 in the US. Lennox stated that she believed the album consisted of "twelve strong, powerful, really emotive songs that people can connect to". If she achieves that, she says, "I can feel proud of [it], no matter if it sells ten copies or 50 million." Lennox described it as "a dark album, but the world is a dark place. It's fraught, it's turbulent. Most people's lives are underscored with dramas of all kinds: there's ups, there's downs - the flickering candle." She added, "Half the people are drinking or drugging themselves to numb it. A lot of people are in pain."

The album's first single was "Dark Road", released on 24 September 2007. Another song on the album, "Sing", is a collaboration between Lennox and 23 prominent female artists: Anastacia, Isobel Campbell, Dido, Céline Dion, Melissa Etheridge, Fergie, Beth Gibbons, Faith Hill, Angelique Kidjo, Beverley Knight, Gladys Knight, k.d. lang, Madonna, Sarah McLachlan, Beth Orton, Pink, Kelis, Bonnie Raitt, Shakira, Shingai Shoniwa, Joss Stone, Sugababes, KT Tunstall, and Martha Wainwright. The song was recorded to raise money and awareness for the HIV/AIDS organization Treatment Action Campaign. Included among the group of vocalists are TAC activist members' own vocal group known as The Generics, whose CD of music inspired Lennox to make "Sing".

To promote ''Songs of Mass Destruction'', Lennox embarked on a primarily North American tour called Annie Lennox Sings, which lasted throughout October and November 2007. The tour had 18 stops: London, San Diego, New York City (two dates), Boston. The venues generally were at medium-size theatres, except in New York, where one of the dates was a United Nations fundraiser at the Midtown restaurant Cipriani.

2008–09: ''The Annie Lennox Collection'' and departing from Sony

Finishing out her contract with Sony BMG, Lennox released the compilation album ''The Annie Lennox Collection''. Initially intended for release in September 2008, the release date was pushed back several months to allow Lennox to recuperate from a back injury. The compilation was eventually released in the US on 17 February 2009, and in the UK and Europe on 9 March 2009. Included on the track listing are songs from her four solo albums, one from the ''Bram Stoker's Dracula'' soundtrack, and two new songs. One of these is a cover of Ash's single, "Shining Light". The other is a cover of a song by the English band Keane, originally the B-side of their first single in 2000. Lennox renamed the song from its original title "Closer Now" to "Pattern of My Life". A limited 3-disc edition of the album included a DVD compilation featuring most of Lennox's solo videos since 1992, and also featured a second CD of rarer songs including a version of R.E.M.'s "Everybody Hurts" with Alicia Keys and Lennox's Oscar winning "Into the West" from the third ''Lord of the Rings'' film. The album entered the UK Album Chart at #2 and remained in the top 10 for seven weeks.

Lennox's recording contract with Sony BMG concluded with the release of ''Songs of Mass Destruction'' and the subsequent retrospective album ''The Collection'', and much was made in the press in late 2007/early 2008 about the apparent animosity between Lennox and the record company. Lennox stated that while on a trip to South Africa in December 2007 to appear at the 46664 campaign in Johannesburg, the regional company office of the label failed to return phone calls and e-mails she made to them for three weeks, and had completely failed to promote the Sing project as planned. Upon her return to the UK, Lennox met with the head of Sony BMG UK, Ged Docherty, who was "mortified" by the problems she had encountered with the South African branch. However, the debacle (partly inflamed when Lennox's dissatisfaction with the South African office was made public on her blog) led to press reports falsely stating that she was being dropped by Sony BMG. The record company themselves quickly refuted the rumour stating that Lennox's contract with them had merely been fulfilled and that they hoped she would consider remaining with them. The British tabloid, ''Daily Mirror'', subsequently printed a retraction of its story about her being dropped by the label.

2010–present: Island Records and ''A Christmas Cornucopia''

In August 2010, Lennox signed a new contract with Island Records in the UK and Decca Records in the US (both part of the Universal Music Group). Her first release was a Christmas album entitled ''A Christmas Cornucopia'', issued on 15 November 2010. The album is a collection of Lennox's interpretations of traditional festive songs such as "Silent Night" and "The First Noel", along with one new composition, "Universal Child", which was released as a download-only single on 13 October 2010. Lennox had previously showcased the song on the ''American Idol Gives Back'' TV show in April 2010. She sang the song "Angels from the Realms of Glory" from the album for the TNT special ''Christmas in Washington''.

A music video was produced for a second single from the album, "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen". Lennox also performed the track on the UK chat show ''Loose Women'' in December 2010, and was also interviewed.

According to Metacritic, ''A Christmas Cornucopia'' has gained "generally favourable reviews". Ian Wade of BBC Music gave the album a very positive review, saying "this collection could find itself becoming as much a part of the holiday season as arguments with loved ones." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine awarded the album 3.5/5 and said "Lennox seems more inspired on ''A Christmas Cornucopia'' than she has in years." John Hunt of ''Qatar Today'' magazine gave the album 9/10 and said "in particular, the vocal work and musical arrangement of 'God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen' are impactful to the point of being intimidating."

Public image

Charity and political work

In 1990, Lennox recorded a version of Cole Porter's "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye" for the Cole Porter tribute album ''Red Hot + Blue'', a benefit for AIDS awareness. A video was also produced. Lennox has been a public supporter of Amnesty International and Greenpeace for many years, and she and Dave Stewart donated all of the profits from Eurythmics' 1999 Peacetour to both charities.

In 2006, in response to her humanitarian work, Lennox became patron of the Master's Course in ''Humanitarian and Development Practice'' for Oxford Brookes University. In October 2006, Lennox spoke at the British House of Commons about the need for children in the UK to help their counterparts in Africa.

On 25 April 2007, Lennox performed "Bridge over Troubled Water" during the ''American Idol'' "Idol Gives Back" fundraising drive.

Lennox's 2007 song "Sing" was born out of her involvement with Nelson Mandela's 46664 campaign and Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), both of which are human rights groups which seek education and health care for those affected by HIV. In December 2007, Lennox established The SING Campaign, an organisation dedicated to raising funds and awareness for women and children affected by HIV and AIDS.

On 11 December 2007, she performed in the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway together with a variety of artists, which was broadcast to over 100 countries. She led a rally against the Gaza War in London on 3 January 2009.

Lennox opened the 2009 Edinburgh Festival of Politics with a stinging attack on Pope Benedict XVI's approach to HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa. She said that the Pope's denunciation of condoms on his recent tour of Africa had caused "tremendous harm" and she criticised the Roman Catholic Church for causing widespread confusion on the continent. Lennox also condemned the media's obsession with "celebrity culture" for keeping the AIDS pandemic off the front page. In an attempt to counter this, during her address, she wore a T-shirt emblazoned with the words "HIV positive". Lennox wore similar T-shirts at the 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame concert at Madison Square Garden on 30 October 2009, while appearing on ''The Graham Norton Show'' on 30 November 2009 (where she performed the new song "Full Steam", a duet with singer David Gray), also during a recorded performance for ''American Idol'' during a 21 April 2010 fund-raiser, Idol Gives Back, and most recently during a performance on the live Comic Relief show on 18 March 2011. In June 2010, she was named as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for AIDS.

Lennox also supports the Burma Campaign UK, a non-governmental organisation that addresses the suffering in Burma and promotes democratisation.

In December 2010, it was confirmed that Lennox was in the New Years Honours List and would become an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in recognition of her humanitarian work. She received the award from Queen Elizabeth II on 28 June 2011.

Gay icon

Lennox has garnered a significant following within the LGBT community. According to ''The Advocate'', "her distinctive voice and provocative stage persona have made Lennox a longtime gay icon." With Eurythmics' music videos earning regular rotation on MTV in the 1980s, Lennox took part in the shaping of popular culture alongside other gay icons such as Boy George, Madonna, Morrissey, and Michael Stipe.

Music videos

Both during her work with Eurythmics and in her solo career, Lennox has made a number of music promo videos. The 1987 Eurythmics album ''Savage'' and her 1992 solo album ''Diva'' were both accompanied by video albums, both directed by Sophie Muller. Actors Hugh Laurie and John Malkovich appeared in the music video for "Walking on Broken Glass", while the video for "Little Bird" paid homage to the different images and personas that have appeared in some of Lennox's previous videos. The clip features Lennox performing on stage with several lookalikes (male and female) that represent her personas from "Why", "Walking on Broken Glass", "Sweet Dreams", "Beethoven", "I Need a Man", "Thorn in My Side", "There Must Be an Angel", and even her stage image from the 1992 Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert.

Personal life

Both of Lennox's parents died of cancer. Her first marriage from 1984 to 1985 was to a German Hare Krishna devotee Radha Raman. From 1988 to 2000, she was married to Israeli film and record producer Uri Fruchtmann. They have two daughters, Lola (born 1990) and Tali (born 1993). A son, Daniel, was stillborn in December 1988. Lennox describes herself as an agnostic and lives in Notting Hill, London.

Lennox was estimated to have a fortune of £30 million in the ''Sunday Times Rich List'' of 2010.

Discography

Studio albums

''Diva'' (1992)

''Medusa'' (1995)

''Bare'' (2003)

''Songs of Mass Destruction'' (2007)

''A Christmas Cornucopia'' (2010)

Compilation albums

''The Annie Lennox Collection'' (2009)

Awards and nominations

Lennox has received a variety of major awards during her career:

; American Music Awards

2008 – AMA Award of Merit for her work and her humanitarian efforts

; Academy Awards

2004 – Best Original Song ("Into the West")

; Grammy Awards

1984 – Best New Artist (Eurythmics) (nominated)

1986 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Eurythmics, "Would I Lie to You?") (nominated)

1987 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Eurythmics, "Missionary Man") (Won)

1993 – Album of the Year (''Diva'') (nominated)

1993 – Best Female Pop Vocal Performance (''Diva'') (nominated)

1993 – Best Music Video – Long Form (''Diva'') (Won)

1996 – Best Pop Album (''Medusa'') (nominated)

1996 – Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ("No More I Love You's") (Won)

2004 – Best Pop Album (''Bare'') (nominated)

2005 – Best Song Written For a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media ("Into the West") (Won)

; Ivor Novello Awards

1984 – Songwriter of the Year for Lennox and Dave Stewart

1987 – Songwriter of the Year for Lennox and Dave Stewart

1987 – Best contemporary song ("Its Alright, (Baby's Coming Back)")

1993 – Best Song ("Why")

; BRIT Awards

1984 – Best British Female Artist

1986 – Best British Female Artist

1989 – Best British Female Artist

1990 – Best British Female Artist

1993 – Best British Female Solo Artist

1993 – Best British Album (''Diva'')

1996 – Best British Female Solo Artist

1999 – Outstanding Contribution to British Music (Eurythmics)

; MTV Video Music Awards

1992 – Best Female Video ("Why")

; Golden Globe Awards

2004 – Best Original Song – Motion Picture ("Into the West")

; Honorary degrees and awards

1986 – Associate – Royal Academy of Music London

1997 – Fellowship – Royal Academy of Music London

2006 – Honorary Doctor of Music – The Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama

2006 – Fellowship – Edinburgh College of Art

2009 – Honorary Doctorate at the University of Edinburgh (awarded 20 October 2009), in recognition of her work in the field of HIV/AIDS, and her success as a recording artist.

; Other awards / titles / ambassadorships

2002 – Billboard Century Award by ''Billboard''

2008 – OUT magazine honoured Lennox for her work in the HIV and Aids field. The top 100 most influential people in Gay Culture.

2008 – The British Red Cross Services to Humanity Award

2008 – Glamour Magazine's Inspirational Woman of the Year Award

2008 – Honoured at the 2008 Youth AIDS Gala, for her contribution in helping the fight against HIV and AIDS

2008 – The German Sustainability "special achievement" award for her commitment in the fight against HIV and AIDS

2008 – Webby Award for official website www.annielennox.com

2009 – Save the Children "Amigo de los Niños" Award

2009 – Awarded the "Freedom of the City of London" by the British Red Cross for services to humanity in the field of HIV and AIDS

2009 – Nobel Peace Laureates for services to humanity

2010 – Patron of the Elton John Aids Foundation

2010 – Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Scotland

2010 – Ambassador for HIV/AIDS in London

2010 – UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador

2010 – Barclays Women of the Year Award

2010 – [International Service Award] for Global Defence of Human Rights

2010 – GQ Charity Woman of the Year Award

2010 – Harper's Bazaar Lifetime Achievement Award

2010 – OBE – Order of the British Empire for her work fighting AIDS and poverty in Africa

Footnotes

External links

Official Annie Lennox website

The SING Campaign website, founded By Annie Lennox">The SING Campaign website, founded By Annie Lennox

Annie Lennox official YouTube channel

Category:1954 births Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music Category:Androgyny Category:Arista Records artists Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songwriters Category:Brit Award winners Category:Decca Records artists Category:Universal Music Group artists Category:Female rock singers Category:Scottish agnostics Category:Scottish singers Category:Scottish singer-songwriters Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Living people Category:People associated with Oxford Brookes University Category:People from Aberdeen Category:Scottish musicians Category:Scottish contraltos Category:Scottish female singers Category:Scottish pop singers Category:Scottish rock singers Category:Torch singers Category:Scottish activists Category:AIDS activists Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:People educated at Harlaw Academy

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Coordinates	11°14′31″N74°12′19″N
name	Paul Muni
birth name	Meshilem Meier Weisenfreund
birth date	September 22, 1895
birth place	Lwów, Poland, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present day Lviv, Ukraine)
death date	August 25, 1967
death place	Montecito, California, U.S.
spouse	Bella Finkel (1921-1967-his death)
other names	Moony Weisenfreund
occupation	Actor
years active	1929–62}}

Paul Muni (born Meshilem Meier Weisenfreund, September 22, 1895 – August 25, 1967) was an Austrian-Hungarian-born American stage and film actor. During the 1930s, he was considered the most prestigious actor at Warner Brothers studios, and one of the rare actors who was given the privilege of choosing which parts he wanted.

His acting quality, usually playing a powerful character, such as ''Scarface'', was partly a result of his intense preparation for his parts, often immersing himself in study of the real character's traits and mannerisms. He was also highly skilled in using makeup techniques, a talent he learned from his parents, who were also actors, and from his early years on stage with the Yiddish Theater, in New York. At the age of 12, he played the stage role of an 80-year-old man; in one of his films, ''Seven Faces'', he played seven different characters.

He was nominated six times for an Oscar, winning once as Best Actor in ''The Story of Louis Pasteur''.

Early life and career

Muni was born to a Polish Jewish family in Lemberg, Galicia, a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Lviv, Ukraine (formerly Lwów, Poland). His family emigrated to the United States in 1902.

He began his acting career on the Yiddish stage in New York City, where his parents were actors with the Yiddish theatre. As a teenager, he developed an affinity for makeup and often played characters much older. Film historian Robert Osborne notes that his makeup skills were so creative, that for most of his roles, "he transformed his appearance so completely, he was dubbed 'the New Lon Chaney.'" In his first stage role, at the age of 12, he played the role of an eighty-year-old man.

He was quickly recognized by Maurice Schwartz, who signed him up with his Yiddish Art Theater. Edward G. Robinson and Paul Muni were cousins to Charles M. Fritz, who was a notable actor during the Great Depression. In 1921, he married Bella Finkel (February 8, 1898 - October 1, 1971), an actress in the Yiddish theatre. They remained married until Muni's death in 1967.

A 1925 ''New York Times'' article singled out his and Sam Kasten's performances at the People's Theater as among the highlights of that year's Yiddish theater season, describing them as second only to Ludwig Satz.

Broadway and Hollywood

Muni began acting on Broadway in 1926. His first role was that of an elderly Jewish man in the play ''We Americans'', written by playwrights Max Siegel and Milton Herbert Gropper; it was also the first time that he ever acted in English. He was signed by Fox three years later, in 1929, and received an Oscar nomination for his first film ''The Valiant'', although the film did poorly at the box office. His second film, ''Seven Faces'', was also a financial failure. Unhappy with the roles offered him, he returned to Broadway, where he starred in a major hit play, ''Counselor at Law''.

In 1932, Paul Muni returned to Hollywood to star in such harrowing pre-Code films as the original ''Scarface'' and ''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang'', for which he received his second Oscar nomination for Best Actor. The acclaim that Muni received as a result of this performances so impressed Warner Brothers, they signed him to a long-term contract, "publicizing him as the screen's greatest actor."

''Scarface'', also became one of Hollywood's first major gangster films, and was written by Ben Hecht, a leading screenwriter. The film, notes critic Richard Corliss, while a serious gangster film, also "manages both to congratulate journalism for its importance and to chastise it for its chicanery, by underlining the newspapers' complicity in promoting the underworld image."

In 1935, Muni persuaded Warner Bros. to take a financial risk by producing its first historical biography, ''The Story of Louis Pasteur''. This became Muni's first of many later biographical roles, and in it he starred as a crusading scientist who fights derision in his native country to prove that his medical theories will save lives. Until that film, most Warner Bros. stories originated from current events and major news stories.

After the sudden success of the film, it gave Warners "box office gold", notes Osborne. Muni won an Oscar for his performance. He then went on to play other historical figures, including Emile Zola, in ''The Life of Emile Zola'' (1937) and ''Juarez (1939).

In 1937, he played the starring role as a Chinese peasant, with a new bride, in ''The Good Earth''. It costarred Luise Rainer as his humble wife, who won an Academy Award for her part. The film was a re-creation of a revolutionary period in China, and included special effects for a locust attack and the overthrow of the government. It was based on the classic novel, by Pearl Buck, of the same name. Because he was not of Asian descent, when producer Irving Thalberg offered him the role, he stated, "I'm about as Chinese as Herbert Hoover."

Dissatisfied with life in Hollywood, Muni chose not to renew his contract, and returned to the screen only occasionally for such roles as Frederick Chopin's teacher in ''A Song to Remember'' (1945). In 1946, he starred in a rare comic performance, ''Angel on My Shoulder'', playing a gangster whose early death prompts the Devil (played by Claude Rains) to make mischief by putting his soul into the body of a judge, only to have his new identity turn the former criminal into a model citizen.

However, he focused most of his energies on stage work. Also in 1946, he appeared on Broadway in ''A Flag is Born'', also written by Ben Hecht, to help promote the creation of a Jewish state in Israel. Written by Stella Adler's brother and acted alongside Marlon Brando. Ten years later, in 1955-1956, he had his biggest stage success as the crusading lawyer, Henry Drummond (based on Clarence Darrow), in ''Inherit the Wind'', winning a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play.

In late August 1955, Muni was forced to withdraw from the play ''Inherit the Wind'' due to a serious eye ailment causing deterioration in his eyesight. He was later replaced by actor Melvyn Douglas. In early September 1955, Muni, then 59 years old, was diagnosed with a tumor of the left eye. The eye was removed in an operation at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. His right eye was reported to be normal. In early December 1955, Muni returned to his starring role as Henry Drummond in the play ''Inherit the Wind''.

After one more film role as an aging doctor in ''The Last Angry Man'' (1959), for which he was again nominated for an Oscar, his failing eyesight and other health problems forced him to retire from acting. Muni was nominated six times for Academy Awards, winning once, although he appeared in only twenty-five films during his career.

Other productions

Paul Muni starred as Willy Loman in the English opening of ''Death of a Salesman'' by Arthur Miller, on July 28, 1949 at the Phoenix Theatre, London. He took over from Lee J. Cobb who played the principal role in the original Broadway production. Both productions were directed by Elia Kazan.

Acting techniques

Muni was noted for his intense preparation for his roles, especially his biographies. While preparing for ''The Story of Louis Pasteur'', Muni states that "I read most everything that was in the library, and everything I could lay my hands on that had to do with Pasteur, with Lister, or with his contemporaries." He did the same in preparing for his role as Henry Drummond, in the stage production of ''Inherit the Wind''. He read what he could find, talked to people who knew Darrow personally, and even studied mannerisms from his photographs. "To Paul Muni, acting was not just a career, but an obsession", writes the ''New York Times''. They note that despite his enormous success on both Broadway and in films, "he threw himself into each role with a sense of dedication." Playwright Arthur Miller commented that Muni "was pursued by a fear of failure."

As Muni was born into a theater atmosphere, with both of his parents actors, "he learned his craft carefully and thoroughly." On stage, "a Muni whisper could reach the last balcony of any theater", writes the ''Times''. It adds that his style "had drawn into it the warmth of the Yiddish stage", in which he made his debut at the age of 12. In addition, his techique in using makeup "was a work of art." Combined with acting which followed no "method", he perfected his control of voice and gestures into an acting style that was "unique."

Film critic David Shipman called Muni "an actor of great integrity" and he prepared for his roles meticulously. Muni was widely recognized as an eccentric if talented individual. He would go into a rage whenever anyone wore red, but at the same time he could often be found between sessions relaxing with his violin. Over the years, he also became increasingly dependent on his wife, Bella, who terrified directors by forcing them to redo scenes that did not meet her satisfaction. However, Muni himself was "inflexible on matters of taste and principle", once turning down an $800,000 movie contract because he wasn't happy with the studio's choice of film roles.

Personal life

He retired from filmmaking in 1959, soon after receiving his fifth Academy Award nomination for ''The Last Angry Man''; however, he made a final television appearance in the series ''Saints and Sinners'' in 1962.

In his private life, he was considered "exceedingly shy", and would show agony anytime he was recognized while out shopping or dining. He enjoyed reading and going for walks with his wife in secluded sections of Central Park, and would be at the theater by 7:30PM to prepare for his performances each night. After retiring from acting, he lived in California, in what was considered an "austere" setting, where he and his wife enjoyed their privacy. In his den, which he called his "Shangri-La", he spent his time reading books and listening to the radio.

Muni died of a heart disorder in Montecito, California in 1967, aged 71. Muni died the same year that his ''Angel On My Shoulder'' co-star Claude Rains, and another co-star, Spencer Tracy, also died. Muni has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6435 Hollywood Blvd.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |rowspan=2|1929 | ''The Valiant'' | James Dyke | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor |- | ''Seven Faces'' | Papa Chibou, Diablero, Willie Smith,Franz Schubert, Don Juan, Joe Gans, Napoleon | |- |rowspan=2|1932 | ''Scarface'' | Antonio "Tony" Camonte | |- | ''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang'' | James Allen | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor |- |1933 | ''The World Changes'' | Orin Nordholm Jr. | |- |1934 | ''Hi, Nellie!'' | Brad Bradshaw | |- |rowspan=3|1935 | ''Bordertown'' | Johnny Ramirez | |- | ''Black Fury'' | Joe Radek | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor |- | ''Dr. Socrates'' | Dr. Lee Cardwell, also called Dr. Socrates | |- |1936 | ''The Story of Louis Pasteur'' | Louis Pasteur | Academy Award for Best Actor |- |rowspan=3|1937 | ''The Good Earth'' | Wang | Released in sepia tone |- | ''The Woman I Love'' | Lt. Claude Maury | |- | ''The Life of Emile Zola'' | Émile Zola | New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActorNominated — Academy Award for Best Actor |- |rowspan=2|1939 | ''Juarez'' | Benito Juárez | |- | ''We Are Not Alone'' | Dr. David Newcome | |- |1941 | ''Hudson's Bay'' | Pierre-Esprit Radisson | |- |1942 | ''Commandos Strike at Dawn | Erik Toresen | |- | 1943 | ''Stage Door Canteen'' | Himself | |- |rowspan=2|1945 | ''A Song to Remember'' | Prof. Joseph Elsner | Filmed in Technicolor |- | ''Counter-Attack'' | Alexei Kulkov | |- |1946 | ''Angel on My Shoulder'' | Eddie Kagle/Judge Fredrick Parker | |- |1952 | ''Imbarco a mezzanotte'' | The Stranger With A Gun | called ''Stranger on the Prowl'' in the U.S. |- |1959 | ''The Last Angry Man'' | Dr. Sam Abelman | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor |}

Notes

References

Melamed, S.M., "The Yiddish Stage", ''The New York Times'', September 27, 1925 (X2)

Adler, Jacob, ''A Life on the Stage: A Memoir'', translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0. In a comment on p. 377, Rosenfeld mentions "Muni Weisenfreund, now Paul Muni".

External links

Photos of Muni in various costumes and makeup

Paul Muni: Scarface and Beyond

Paul Muni in The Amazing Doctor Clitterhouse (1947 radio version)

Photographs and literature

Category:1895 births Category:1967 deaths Category:American film actors Category:American Jews Category:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners Category:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish activists Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Tony Award winners Category:Yiddish theatre performers

ar:بول ميوني an:Paul Muni ca:Paul Muni de:Paul Muni es:Paul Muni fr:Paul Muni it:Paul Muni he:פול מוני (שחקן) nl:Paul Muni ja:ポール・ムニ no:Paul Muni pl:Paul Muni pt:Paul Muni ro:Paul Muni ru:Пол Муни sr:Пол Мјуни fi:Paul Muni sv:Paul Muni tl:Paul Muni uk:Пол Муні yo:Paul Muni

Coordinates	11°14′31″N74°12′19″N
name	Anne Baxter
birth date	May 07, 1923
birth place	Michigan City, Indiana, U.S.
death date	December 12, 1985
death place	New York City, New York, U.S.
occupation	Actress
years active	1940–85
spouse	(divorced) 1 child (divorced) 2 children (his death) }}

Anne Baxter (May 7, 1923 – December 12, 1985) was an American actress known for her performances in films such as ''The Magnificent Ambersons'' (1942), ''The Razor's Edge'' (1946), ''All About Eve'' (1950) and ''The Ten Commandments'' (1956).

Early life

Baxter was born in Michigan City, Indiana to Kenneth Stuart Baxter and Catherine Wright; her maternal grandfather was the architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Baxter's father was a prominent executive with the Seagrams Distillery Co. and she was raised in New York City in a well-to-do home, and attended the prestigious Brearley School. At age 10, Baxter attended a Broadway play starring Helen Hayes, and was so impressed that she declared to her family that she wanted to become an actress. By the age of 13, she had appeared on Broadway. During this period, Baxter learned her acting craft as a student of the famed teacher Maria Ouspenskaya.

Career

At 16 Baxter screen-tested for the role of Mrs. DeWinter in ''Rebecca'', losing to Joan Fontaine because director Alfred Hitchcock considered her too young for the role, but she soon secured a seven-year contract with 20th Century Fox. Her first movie role was in ''20 Mule Team'' in 1940. She was chosen by director Orson Welles to appear in ''The Magnificent Ambersons'' (1942). Baxter co-starred with Tyrone Power and Gene Tierney in 1946's ''The Razor's Edge'', for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Baxter later recounted that ''The Razor's Edge'' contained her only great performance which was a hospital scene where the character, Sophie, "loses her husband, child and everything else". She said she relived the death of her brother, who had died at age three.

In 1950, Baxter was chosen to co-star in ''All About Eve'', largely because of a resemblance to Claudette Colbert, who was originally set to co-star in the film. The original idea was to have Baxter's character gradually come to mirror Colbert's over the course of the film. Baxter received a nomination for Best Actress for the title role of Eve Harrington. She said she modeled the role on a bitchy understudy she had for her debut performance in the Broadway play ''Seen But Not Heard'' at the age of thirteen and who had threatened to "finish her off". Through the 1950s she continued to act on stage. According to a program from the production, Baxter appeared on Broadway in 1953 opposite Tyrone Power in Charles Laughton's ''John Brown's Body'', a play based upon the narrative poem by Stephen Vincent Benét (though the Internet Broadway Database states that Power's co-star was Judith Anderson). In 1953 Baxter contracted a two picture deal for Warner Brothers. Her first was opposite Montgomery Clift in Alfred Hitchcock's ''I Confess''; the second was the whodunit ''The Blue Gardenia'' as a woman accused of murder.

Baxter is also remembered for her role as the Egyptian Queen Nefretiri opposite Charlton Heston's portrayal of Moses in Cecil B. DeMille's award winning ''The Ten Commandments'' (1956).

Baxter appeared regularly on television in the 1960s. She did a stint as one of the ''What's My Line?'' "Mystery Guests" on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV quiz program. She also starred as guest villain "Zelda the Great" in two episodes of the superhero show ''Batman''. She appeared as another villain, "Olga, Queen of the Cossacks," opposite Vincent Price's "Egghead" in three episodes of the show's third season. She also played an old flame of Raymond Burr on his crime series ''Ironside''.

Baxter returned to Broadway during the 1970s in ''Applause'', the musical version of ''All About Eve'', but this time in the "Margo Channing" role played by Bette Davis in the film. (She was replacing Lauren Bacall, who won a Tony Award in the role.)

In the 1970s, Baxter was a frequent guest and stand-in host on ''The Mike Douglas Show'', since Baxter and host Mike Douglas were friends. She portrayed a murderous film star on an episode of ''Columbo'', called "Requiem for a Fallen Star". In 1983, Baxter starred in the television series ''Hotel'', replacing Bette Davis after Davis became ill.

Baxter has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6741 Hollywood Blvd.

Personal life

In 1946, Baxter married actor John Hodiak. They had a daughter, Katrina, born 1951, and divorced in 1953, which she later blamed on herself.

In 1960, Baxter married her second husband, Randolph Galt. Galt was the American owner of a neighboring cattle station near Sydney, Australia where she was filming ''Summer of the Seventeenth Doll''. She left Hollywood with Katrina to live with him on a remote 37,000 acre cattle station he bought 180 miles north of Sydney called ''Giro'' (pronounced Ghee-ro). During this time, they had two daughters, Melissa (b. 1962) and Maginel (b. 1964). After the birth of Maginel, back in California, Galt suddenly announced they were moving to an 11,000 acre ranch south of Grants, New Mexico. They then moved to Hawaii before settling back in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. Melissa Galt became an interior designer, and Maginel became a Roman Catholic nun.

Baxter married again, in 1977 to David Klee, a prominent stockbroker. It was a brief marriage; Klee died unexpectedly from illness. The newlywed couple had purchased a sprawling property in Easton, Connecticut which they extensively remodeled, however, Klee did not live to see the renovations completed. Aspects of the house were redesigned to be architecturally reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's 'Prairie School Architecture. The living-room fireplace was remodeled to resemble the famous stone structure in the living room of her grandfather's masterpiece, Fallingwater. Vaulted ceilings were lowered to embrace Wright's essential design protocol against soaring ceilings. Baxter never remarried. Although she maintained a residence in West Hollywood, Baxter considered her Connecticut home to be her primary residence. Baxter was an active benefactor of The Connecticut Early Music Society.

Baxter was a long time friend of celebrated costume designer Edith Head, whom she first met on the set of ''The Ten Commandments''. Head appeared with Baxter in a cameo role in ''Requiem For A Falling Star'', a 1973 ''Columbo'' episode. Upon Head's death in 1981, Melissa Galt, who was also a goddaughter of Head, was bequeathed Head's jewelry collection.

Death

Baxter suffered a brain aneurysm on December 4, 1985, while hailing a taxi on Madison Avenue in New York City. She died 8 days later at Lenox Hill hospital on December 12, aged 62.

Baxter is buried on the estate of Frank Lloyd Wright at Lloyd Jones Cemetery in Spring Green, Wisconsin. She was survived by her three daughters.

Filmography

''20 Mule Team'' (1940)

''The Great Profile'' (1940)

''Charley's Aunt'' (1941)

''Swamp Water'' (1941)

''The Pied Piper'' (1942)

''The Magnificent Ambersons'' (1942)

''Crash Dive'' (1943)

''Five Graves to Cairo'' (1943)

''The North Star'' (1943)

''The Fighting Sullivans'' (1944)

''The Eve of St. Mark'' (1944)

''Sunday Dinner for a Soldier'' (1944)

''Guest in the House'' (1944)

''A Royal Scandal'' (1945)

''Smoky'' (1946)

''Angel on My Shoulder'' (1946)

''The Razor's Edge'' (1946)

''Blaze of Noon'' (1947)

''Mother Wore Tights'' (1947) (narrator)

''Homecoming'' (1948)

''The Walls of Jericho'' (1948)

''The Luck of the Irish'' (1948)

''Yellow Sky'' (1949)

''You're My Everything'' (1949)

''A Ticket to Tomahawk'' (1950)

''All About Eve'' (1950)

''Follow the Sun'' (1951)

''The Outcasts of Poker Flat'' (1952)

''O. Henry's Full House'' (1952)

''My Wife's Best Friend'' (1952)

''I Confess'' (1953)

''The Blue Gardenia'' (1953)

''Carnival Story'' (1954) (also cameo in German version titled ''Carnival of Love'')

''Bedevilled'' (1955)

''One Desire'' (1955)

''The Spoilers'' (1955)

''The Come On'' (1956)

''The Ten Commandments'' (1956)

''Chase a Crooked Shadow'' (1957)

''Three Violent People'' (1957)

''Summer of the Seventeenth Doll'' (1959)

''Cimarron'' (1960)

''The DuPont Show with June Allyson'', as Louise in "The Dance Man" (CBS, 1960)

''Mix Me a Person'' (1962)

''Walk on the Wild Side'' (1962)

''The Family Jewels'' (1965) (Cameo)

''Seven Vengeful Women'' (1966)

''The Busy Body'' (1967)

''Fools' Parade'' (1971)

''The Late Liz'' (1971)

''Columbo: Requiem for a Falling Star'' (1973)

''Jane Austen in Manhattan'' (1980)

References

External links

Photographs and literature

Category:American film actors Category:American memoirists Category:American television actors Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage Category:Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Actors from Indiana Category:People from Michigan City, Indiana Category:People from New York City Category:1923 births Category:1985 deaths

an:Anne Baxter ca:Anne Baxter de:Anne Baxter el:Αν Μπάξτερ es:Anne Baxter eu:Anne Baxter fr:Anne Baxter hr:Anne Baxter id:Anne Baxter it:Anne Baxter la:Anna Baxter nl:Anne Baxter ja:アン・バクスター no:Anne Baxter pl:Anne Baxter pt:Anne Baxter ru:Бакстер, Энн sr:Ен Бакстер fi:Anne Baxter sv:Anne Baxter tl:Anne Baxter th:แอน แบกซ์เตอร์ uk:Енн Бакстер yo:Anne Baxter zh:安妮·巴克斯特

Coordinates	11°14′31″N74°12′19″N
name	Claude Rains
birth name	William Claude Rains
birth date	November 10, 1889
birth place	Camberwell, London, England
death date	May 30, 1967
death place	Laconia, New Hampshire, U.S.
occupation	Actor
years active	1920–66
spouse	Isabel Jeans (1913-15) (divorce) Marie Hemingway (1920) (divorce) Beatriz Thomas (1924-35) (divorce) Frances Propper (1935-56) (divorce) Agi Jambor (1959-60) (divorce) Rosemary Clark Schrode (1960-64) (her death) }}

Claude Rains (10 November 1889 – 30 May 1967) was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned 47 years. He was known for many roles in Hollywood films, among them the title role in ''The Invisible Man'' (1933), a corrupt senator in ''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'' (1939), Mr. Dryden in ''Lawrence of Arabia'' (1962), and, perhaps his most notable performance, as Captain Renault in ''Casablanca'' (1942).

Early life

Rains was born William Claude Rains in Camberwell, London. He grew up, according to his daughter, with "a very serious cockney accent and a speech impediment". His parents were Emily Eliza (Cox) and English stage actor Frederick William Rains. The young Rains made his stage debut at 11 in ''Nell of Old Drury''.

His acting talents were recognised by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, founder of The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Tree paid for the elocution lessons Rains needed in order to succeed as an actor. Later, Rains taught at the institution, teaching John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier, among others.

Rains served in the First World War in the London Scottish Regiment, with fellow actors Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman and Herbert Marshall. Rains was involved in a gas attack that left him nearly blind in one eye for the rest of his life. However, the war did aid his social advancement and, by its end, he had risen from the rank of Private to Captain.

Career

Rains began his career in the London theatre, having a success in the title role of John Drinkwater's play ''Ulysses S. Grant'', the follow-up to the playwright's major hit ''Abraham Lincoln'', and traveled to Broadway in the late 1920s to act in leading roles in such plays as Shaw's ''The Apple Cart'' and in the dramatizations of ''The Constant Nymph'', and Pearl S. Buck's novel ''The Good Earth,'' as a Chinese farmer.

Rains came relatively late to film acting and his first screen test was a failure, but his distinctive voice won him the title role in James Whale's ''The Invisible Man'' (1933) when someone accidentally overheard his screen test being played in the next room. Rains later credited director Michael Curtiz with teaching him the more understated requirements of film acting, or "what not to do in front of a camera".

Following ''The Invisible Man'', Universal Studios tried to typecast him in horror films, but he broke free, starting with the gleefully evil role of Prince John in ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938), then with his Academy Award-nominated performance as the conflicted corrupt senator in ''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'' (1939), and followed with probably his most famous role, the flexible French police Captain Renault in ''Casablanca'' (1942). In 1943, Rains played the title character in Universal's full-color remake of ''Phantom of the Opera''. Bette Davis named him her favorite co-star, and they made four films together, including ''Mr. Skeffington'' and ''Now, Voyager''. Rains became the first actor to receive a million dollar salary, playing Julius Caesar in Gabriel Pascal's lavish and unsuccessful version of Shaw's ''Caesar and Cleopatra'' (1945), made in Britain. In 1946, he played a refugee Nazi agent opposite Cary Grant and ''Casablanca'' co-star Ingrid Bergman in Alfred Hitchcock's ''Notorious''. In 1949, he appeared in David Lean's ''The Passionate Friends''.

His only singing and dancing role was in a television musical version of Robert Browning's ''The Pied Piper of Hamelin'', with Van Johnson as the Piper. This 1957 NBC color special, shown as a film rather than a live or videotaped program, was highly successful with the public. Sold into syndication after its first telecast, it was repeated annually by many local TV stations.

Rains remained a popular character actor in the 1950s and 1960s, appearing in many films. Two of his well-known later screen roles were as Dryden, a cynical British diplomat in ''Lawrence of Arabia'' (1962) and King Herod in ''The Greatest Story Ever Told'' (1965). The latter was his final film role.

Recordings

Rains made several audio recordings, narrating a few Bible stories for children on Capitol Records, and reciting Richard Strauss's setting for narrator and piano of Tennyson's poem ''Enoch Arden'', with the piano solos played by Glenn Gould. This recording was made by Columbia Masterworks Records.

Personal life

Rains became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1939. He married six times, the first five of which ended in divorce: Isabel Jeans (1913–1915); Marie Hemingway (1920, for less than a year); Beatrix Thomson (1924 – April 8, 1935); Frances Proper (April 9, 1935–1956); and to classic pianist Agi Jambor (November 4, 1959–1960). He married Rosemary Clark Schrode in 1960, and stayed with her until her death on December 31, 1964. His only child, Jessica Rains, was born to him and Proper on January 24, 1938.

He acquired the Stock Grange Farm in West Bradford Township, Pennsylvania just outside Coatesville in 1941, and spent much of his time between takes reading up on agricultural techniques. He eventually sold the farm when his marriage to Proper ended in 1956.

Rains died from an abdominal hemorrhage in Laconia, New Hampshire on May 30, 1967 at the age of 77. He is interred in the Red Hill Cemetery, Moultonborough, New Hampshire.

''Claude Rains: An Actor's Voice'', a biography by David J. Skal and Rains' daughter Jessica Rains, was published in 2008.

Awards and nominations

In 1951, Rains won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for ''Darkness at Noon''. He was also nominated four times for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for ''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'' (1939), ''Casablanca'' (1942), ''Mr. Skeffington'' (1944), and ''Notorious'' (1946).

He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6400 Hollywood Boulevard.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Director	Other cast members	Notes
! 1920	''Build Thy House''	Clarkis		Henry Ainley
! 1933				Gloria Stuart, Henry Travers, Una O'Connor
! 1934	''The Clairvoyant''	Maximus		Fay Wray
! 1934	''Crime Without Passion''	Lee Gentry	, Charles MacArthur
! 1934	''The Man Who Reclaimed His Head''	Paul Verin		Lionel Atwill, Joan Bennett
! 1935		John Stevenson	, Charles Barton	Cary Grant
! 1935		John Jasper
! 1936	''Hearts Divided''	Napoleon Bonaparte		Marion Davies, Dick Powell, Charlie Ruggles, Edward Everett Horton
! 1936	''Anthony Adverse''	Marquis Don Luis		Fredric March, Olivia de Havilland, Gale Sondergaard
! 1937	''Stolen Holiday''	Stefan Orloff
! 1937		Earl of Hertford		Errol Flynn, Billy and Bobby Mauch
! 1937	''They Won't Forget''	Dist. Atty. Andrew J. "Andy" Griffin		Gloria Dickson, Lana Turner
! 1938	''White Banners''	Paul Ward		Fay Bainter, Jackie Cooper, Bonita Granville, Henry O'Neill, Kay Johnson
! 1938	''Gold is Where You Find It''	Colonel Christopher "Chris" Ferris		George Brent, Olivia de Havilland, Tim Holt	Technicolor
! 1938			, William Keighley	Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone	Technicolor
! 1938	''Four Daughters''	Adam Lemp		Lane Sisters
! 1939	''[[They Made Me a Criminal''	Det. Monty Phelan		John Garfield, Gloria Dickson, May Robson
! 1939				Paul Muni, Bette Davis, Brian Aherne, John Garfield
! 1939		Haym Salomon		Gale Sondergaard	Technicolor; two-reel short
! 1939	''Daughters Courageous''	Jim Masters		Rosemary, Lola, and Priscilla Lane, Gale Page, John Garfield
! 1939	''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington''	Sen. Joseph Harrison Paine		Jean Arthur, James Stewart (actor)	Nomination—[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
! 1939	''Four Wives''	Adam Lemp		Eddie Albert, Rosemary, Lola, and Priscilla Lane, Gale Page, John Garfield
! 1940	''Saturday's Children''	Mr. Henry Halevy		John Garfield, Anne Shirley
! 1940		Don José Alvarez de Córdoba			Sepia tone (sequence)
! 1940	''Lady with Red Hair''	David Belasco		Miriam Hopkins, Laura Hope Crews
! 1941	''Four Mothers''	Adam Lemp		Rosemary, Lola, and Priscilla Lane, Gale Page
! 1941	''Here Comes Mr. Jordan''	Mr. Jordan
! 1941				Lon Chaney, Jr., Evelyn Ankers, Patric Knowles, Ralph Bellamy, Warren William, Bela Lugosi, Maria Ouspenskaya
! 1942	''Kings Row''	Dr. Alexander Tower		Ann Sheridan, Robert Cummings, Ronald Reagan, Betty Field, Charles Coburn
! 1942	''Moontide''	Nutsy
! 1942	''Now, Voyager''	Dr. Jaquith		Bette Davis, Paul Henreid, Gladys Cooper
! 1942				Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt, S.Z. Sakall, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Dooley Wilson	Nomination—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
! 1943		Ambrose Pomfret	(sequence with Rains)	Anna Neagle, Ray Milland, C. Aubrey Smith
! 1943				Nelson Eddy, Susanna Foster	Technicolor
! 1944	''Passage to Marseille''	Captain Freycinet		Humphrey Bogart, Michèle Morgan, Philip Dorn, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Helmut Dantine
! 1944	''Mr. Skeffington''	Job Skeffington		Bette Davis, Walter Abel, George Coulouris, Richard Waring	Nomination—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
! 1945	''Strange Holiday''	John Stevenson		Jean Gabin, Richard Whorf, Allyn Joslyn, Ellen Drew
! 1945	''This Love of Ours''	Joseph Targel		Merle Oberon
! 1945		Julius Caesar		Vivien Leigh, Stewart Granger, Flora Robson	Technicolor
! 1946		Alex Sebastian		Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, Louis Calhern	Nomination—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
! 1946		Nick		Paul Muni, Anne Baxter
! 1946		Alexander Hollenius		Bette Davis, Paul Henreid
! 1947	''The Unsuspected''	Victor Grandison		Joan Caulfield, Audrey Totter, Constance Bennett, Hurd Hatfield
! 1949	''The Passionate Friends''	Howard Justin		Ann Todd, Trevor Howard
! 1949	''Rope of Sand''	Arthur "Fred" Martingale		Burt Lancaster, Paul Henreid, Peter Lorre
! 1949	''Song of Surrender''	Elisha Hunt		Wanda Hendrix, Macdonald Carey
! 1950		Paul DeLambre		Glenn Ford, Alida Valli, Oskar Homolka, Cedric Hardwicke, Lloyd Bridges	Technicolor
! 1950	''Where Danger Lives''	Frederick Lannington		Robert Mitchum, Faith Domergue, Maureen O'Sullivan
! 1951	''Sealed Cargo''	Captain Skalder		Dana Andrews, Lloyd Bridges
! 1953	''The Man Who Watched the Trains Go By''	Kees Popinga		Märta Torén, Marius Goring	Technicolor
! 1956		Aristides Mavros		Ray Milland, Maureen O'Hara	TrucolorNaturama
! 1957		The Mayor of Hamelin		Van Johnson, Lori Nelson	Technicolor
! 1959	''This Earth Is Mine''	Philippe Rambeau		Rock Hudson, Jean Simmons, Dorothy McGuire	TechnicolorCinemaScope
! 1960				Michael Rennie, Jill St. John, David Hedison, Fernando Lamas, Richard Haydn	Deluxe colorCinemaScope
! 1961	''Battle of the Worlds''	Professor Benson		Bill Carter	Color
! 1962		Mr. Dryden			TechnicolorSuper Panavision 70
! 1963	''Twilight of Honor''	Art Harper		Richard Chamberlain (actor)
! 1965	''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told''	Herod the Great		Max von Sydow, plus many cameos	TechnicolorUltra Panavision 70

References

Bibliography

Aljean Harmetz, ''Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of "Casablanca"'' (New York: Hyperion, 1992)

David J. Skal and Jessica Rains, ''Claude Rains: An Actor's Voice'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2008)

External links

Performances listed in Theatre Archive University of Bristol

Stock Grange Farm

Category:1889 births Category:1967 deaths Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Category:British Army personnel of World War I Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:American people of English descent Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Camberwell Category:Tony Award winners Category:Deaths from bleeding Category:20th-century actors

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