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Below is the outline of the slides used in the lesson:
European Transformations II:
The Renaissance
The Renaissance
Banking
The
Printing Press
The Reformation
The Italian Renaissance
Renaissance means
Rebirth, as in the rebirth of
Greek and
Roman learning and culture
Rome is in
Italy, so it's no surprise that the Renaissance starts here
Old
Latin and Greek texts translated
Visual arts and architecture copied Greco-Roman styles
Machiavelli and the
Borges
Politics was incredibly ruthless
Niccolo Machiavelli's
The Prince: famous book on ruling through fear and lies
The
Borgia family ruled along Machiavellian principles, scheming to put two Popes on the throne and to control various
Spanish and
Italian kingdoms and cities
The
Northern Renaissance
Through the 1400s and 1500s, the Renaissance spread northward into
France,
Germany,
England, etc.
These areas are further from Italy, so the
Dark Ages were rougher, and life was less organized
This was helped by Latin being a common
European language
Over time, northern peoples would adopt the art, literature, and culture of the Renaissance and expand on it
William Shakespeare
Shakespeare wrote during the later
English Renaissance, but much of his style and source material came from the Italian and English Renaissance
The Roots of Banking
Banking is an old human practice
Babylonians and
Sumerians would borrow money against expected crop harvests
Traditionally, it was forbidden to lend money at interest, especially for Christians
The Rise of Usury and the
Medicis
Gradually, the laws against usury (lending money at interest) were relaxed
Jews were allowed to lend money at interest—often because they were forbidden to own land or do other business
Eventually, Christians couldn't resist
One of the first great banking families was the
Medici family
Banking,
Finance, and European Colonialism
Loaning money and selling bonds (basically a fancy
IOU)—known as finance—became very important to European economies
Finance helped explorers and early "
Joint Stock Companies" invest in ships and men; it was risky, but it was profitable
Connection to
The Merchant of Venice
Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press
Printing was an older
Chinese and
Korean technology—used woodblock and early movable type systems
Gutenberg invented moveable type independently, and his major contribution
First book:
The Bible
Effects of the Printing Press
Books before had to be copied by hand, so they were VERY expensive
Printing was still expensive, but it became cheaper
People started to learn to read more—mainly so they could read The Bible
Europe became much more broadly literate
Once people could read and understand The Bible for themselves, the
Church lost power
Early Struggles against the Church
By this
point, the Church (what we now call the
Catholic Church) had been pretty much the only religion in Europe for about
500 years
Many controversies of the
Medieval Church: Popes murdering each other, the shift of the
Holy See to
Avignon France, Popes having children,
Priests who couldn't read
The Indulgence
Controversy
Medieval
Catholicism had three after-lives:
Heaven, Hell, and
Purgatory
Medieval priests, under the permission of the Church, took money from people so their relatives could get out of Purgatory sooner
They also sold special documents that would forgive sins, sometimes in advance (plan ahead!)
The Reformation
In protest to the selling of indulgences,
Martin Luther, a
German monk, published his "
95 Theses"
The act set of a chain of reactions across
Northern ad
Western Europe
The Reformation
Luther, along with the
French theologian
Jean Calvin, proposed
Christian ideas that ran counter to the Church
Luther's major interpretation of the
Bible said that only faith could get Christians into
Heaven, not good actions
Calvin's major interpretation was that some people were predestined to go to Heaven, and that good conduct was evidence of one's predestination
Effects of the
Reformation
Both men, as well as others, caused "the shattering of Christendom" in Western Europe
These groups—Lutherans, Calvinists, Puritans,
Quakers, Baptists, Huguenots, and later Methodists, Mormons,
Jehovah's Witnesses (the list goes on)—all belong to the general category of "Protestants" (i.e. non-Catholics)
Effects of the Reformation
This led to the weakening of the Catholic Church's hold on Western Europe
Eastern and
Southern Europe remained either
Catholic or
Orthodox Christian
The Struggle over
English Succession
Henry VIII's desire for a son led to his desire to divorce
Catherine of Aragon
The Pope's rejection of
Henry's request led to Henry breaking away from the Church and forming the
Church of England—aka
The Anglican Church
The Thirty Years War
- published: 10 Mar 2013
- views: 1050