Roundedness

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This article is about roundedness in vowels. For roundedness in consonants, see Labialization. For other uses, see roundness (disambiguation).

In phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel. When pronouncing a rounded vowel, the lips form a circular opening, whereas unrounded vowels (also called spread vowels) are pronounced with the lips relaxed. In most languages, front vowels tend to be unrounded, whereas back vowels tend to be rounded. But some languages, such as French and German, distinguish rounded and unrounded front vowels of the same height, whereas Vietnamese distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height. Alekano has only unrounded vowels.[1] In the International Phonetic Alphabet vowel chart, rounded vowels are the ones that appear on the right in each pair of vowels. There are also diacritics, U+0339  ̹ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW and U+031C  ̜ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW, to indicate greater and lesser degrees of rounding, respectively. These 'more' and 'less rounded' diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of labialization.

Types of rounding[edit]

Compressed rounding (example 1)
Protruded rounding (example 1)
Compressed rounding (example 2)
Protruded rounding (example 2)

There are two types of vowel rounding: protrusion and compression.[2] In protruded rounding, the corners of the mouth are drawn together and the lips protrude like a tube, with their inner surface visible. In compressed rounding, the corners of the mouth are drawn together, but the lips are also drawn together horizontally ("compressed") and do not protrude, with only their outer surface visible. That is, in protruded vowels the inner surfaces of the lips form the opening (thus the alternate term endolabial), whereas in compressed vowels it is the margins of the lips which form the opening (thus exolabial). Catford (1982:172) observes that back and central rounded vowels, such as German /o/ and /u/, are typically protruded, whereas front rounded vowels such as German /ø/ and /y/ are typically compressed. Back or central compressed vowels and front protruded vowels are uncommon,[3] and a contrast between the two types has been found to be phonemic in only one instance.[4]

There are no dedicated IPA diacritics to represent the distinction, though the superscript IPA letter ⟨◌ᵝ⟩ can be used for compression[5] and ⟨◌ʷ⟩, ⟨◌ᶣ⟩ or ⟨◌̫⟩ for protrusion. Compressed vowels may be pronounced either with the corners of the mouth drawn in, and so by some definitions rounded, or with the corners spread and by those same definitions unrounded. The distinction may be transcribed ⟨ɨᵝ ɯᵝ⟩ vs. ⟨ʉᵝ uᵝ⟩.

The distinction between protruded [u] and compressed [y] holds for the semivowels [w] and [ɥ] as well as labialization. In Akan, for example, the [ɥ] is compressed, as are labio-palatalized consonants as in Twi [tɕᶣi̘] "Twi" and adwuma [adʑᶣu̘ma] "work", whereas [w] and simply labialized consonants are protruded.[6] In Japanese, the /w/ is compressed rather than protruded, paralleling the Japanese /u/. The distinction applies marginally to other consonants. In Southern Teke, the sole language reported to have a phonemic /ɱ/, the labiodental sound is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips",[7] whereas the [ɱ] found as an allophone of /m/ before /f, v/ in languages such as English is not protruded, as the lip contacts the teeth along its upper or outer edge. And in at least one account of speech acquisition, a child's pronunciation of clown involves a lateral [f] with the upper teeth contacting the upper-outer edge of the lip, but in crown a non-lateral [f] is pronounced with the teeth contacting the inner surface of the protruded lower lip.[8]

Some vowels transcribed with rounded IPA letters may not be rounded at all. An example is /ɒ/, which in English has very little if any rounding of the lips. The "throaty" sound of English /ɒ/ is instead accomplished with sulcalization, a furrowing of the back of the tongue also found in non-rhotic /ɜː/ (Lass 1984:124).

It is possible to mimic the acoustic effect of rounded vowels by narrowing the cheeks, so-called "cheek rounding", which is inherent in back protruded (but not front compressed) vowels. This technique is used by ventriloquists to mask the visible rounding of back vowels like [u].[9] It is not clear if it is employed by languages with rounded vowels that do not utilize visible rounding.

Articulations of spread, compressed and protruded vowels
(near) Front Central (near) Back
Semivowel j ɥ ɥ̫ j̈ ɥ̈ ẅ[10] ɰ ɰᵝ/wᵝ w
Close i y y̫ ɨ ÿ ʉ[11] ɯ ɯᵝ/uᵝ u
Near-close ɪ ʏ ʏ̫ ɪ̈ ʏ̈ ʊ̈ ʊ͍ ʊᵝ ʊ̫
Close-mid e ø ø̫ ɘ ø̈ ɵ ɤ o
Open-mid ɛ œ œ̫ ɜ œ̈ ɞ ʌ ɔ

Roundedness and labialization[edit]

Protruded rounding is the vocalic equivalent of consonantal labialization. Thus rounded vowels and labialized consonants affect each other through phonetic assimilation: Rounded vowels labialize consonants, and labialized consonants round vowels.

In many languages such effects are minor phonetic detail, but in some cases they become significant. For example, in Mandarin Chinese, the vowel /ɔ/ is pronounced [u̯ɔ] after labial consonants,[citation needed] an allophonic effect salient enough to be encoded in pinyin transliteration: alveolar /tu̯ɔ/ (Pinyin duo) 'many' vs. labial /pu̯ɔ/ (Pinyin bo) 'wave'. In Vietnamese, the opposite assimilation takes place: velar codas /k/ and /ŋ/ are pronounced as labialized [kʷ] and [ŋʷ], or even labial-velar [kp] and [ŋm], after the rounded vowels /u/ and /o/.[citation needed] In the Northwest Caucasian languages of the Caucasus and the Sepik languages of Papua New Guinea, historically rounded vowels have become unrounded, with the rounding being taken up by the consonant, so that, for example, Sepik [ku] and [ko] are phonemically /kwɨ/ and /kwə/;[citation needed] similarly, Ubykh [ku] and [ko] are phonemically /kʷə/ and /kʷa/.[citation needed] A few ancient Indo-European languages are also noted for having labiovelar consonants, including Latin.[12]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ 1992. Alekano Organised Phonology Data. [Manuscript] [1]
  2. ^ Endolabial: also called protruded, lip-pouting, horizontal lip-rounding, outrounding, and inner rounding (Trask 1996:180)
    Exolabial: also called compressed, pursed, vertical lip-rounding, inrounding, or outer rounding (Trask 1996:252)
    Henry Sweet noted in 1890 that "the term 'inner rounding' derives from the use of the inner surfaces of the lips; the synonymous 'outrounding' derives from the forward projection of the lips. Both terms are justifiable, but their coexistence is likely to lead to serious confusion." (Trask 1996:180.)
  3. ^ Henry Sweet (A handbook of phonetics, 1877) noted that they are less distinctive from unrounded vowels than their counterparts.
  4. ^ Japanese has a back compressed [ɯᵝ] rather than protruded /u/ (Okada 1999:118); Swedish also has a back compressed [ɯᵝ] ⟨o⟩ as well as both front compressed [y] ⟨u⟩ and front protruded [yʷ] ⟨y⟩ (Engstrand 1999:141); the front rounded vowels contrast in ruta 'window pane' and ryta 'roar' (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:295).
  5. ^ e.g. ⟨ɨᵝ⟩ in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.
  6. ^ The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language: Its Sound Systems and Tonal Structure. Florence Abena Dolphyne, Ghana Universities Press, Accra, 1988. ISBN 9964-3-0159-6
  7. ^ Christiane Paulian (1975) Le kukuya, langue teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales
  8. ^ Kelly & Local (1989) Doing phonology, p 41
  9. ^ Henry Sweet, 1877, A handbook of phonetics, vol. 2, pp 14, 20
  10. ^ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996) Phonetic Symbol Guide, p. 191
  11. ^ Both ÿ and ü have been mentioned at various times in the IPA, though without commenting on the implied difference in rounding.
  12. ^ W. Sidney Allen (1978) Vox Latina

References[edit]

  • Catford, J. C. (1982) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Engstrand, O. (1999). Illustrations of the IPA: Swedish in IPA (1999).
  • IPA – The International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ladefoged, P. & Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
  • Okada, H. (1999). Illustrations of the IPA: Japanese in IPA (1999).
  • Trask, R. L. (1996). A dictionary of phonetics and phonology. Routledge: London & New York.

External links[edit]

  • The dictionary definition of endolabial at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of exolabial at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of unrounded at Wiktionary
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