Toshiba

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For the yacht, see Toshiba (yacht).
Toshiba Corporation
株式会社東芝
Native name
 株式会社東芝
Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba
Public (K.K.)
Traded as TYO: 6502
NAG: 6502
OTC Pink: TOSYY
Industry Conglomerate
Founded July 1875; 141 years ago (1875-07) (as Tanaka Seisakusho)
1890 (1890) (Hakunetsu-sha & Co)
1939 (1939) (merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho and Tokyo Denki)
Headquarters Minato, Tokyo, Japan
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Satoshi Tsunakawa
(Chairman, President & CEO)
Products Electronics
Semiconductors
Social infrastructure
Computer hardware
Home appliances
Medical equipment
Electrical equipment
Elevators and escalators
Office equipment
Lighting
Services IT services
Logistics
Revenue Increase ¥6.656 trillion (2015)[1]
Increase ¥170.44 billion (2015)[1]
Decrease ¥(37.82) billion (2015)[1]
Total assets Increase ¥6.335 trillion (2015)[1]
Total equity Increase ¥1.083 trillion (2015)[1]
Number of employees
 198,741 (2015)[1]
Subsidiaries Toshiba America, Inc.
Toshiba Asia Pacific Pte., Ltd.
Toshiba China Co., Ltd.
Toshiba of Europe Ltd.
(See full list)
Website toshiba.co.jp

Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba?, English /təˈʃiːbə, tɒ-, toʊ-/[2]) (commonly referred to as Toshiba, stylized as TOSHIBA) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Its diversified products and services include information technology and communications equipment and systems, electronic components and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure systems, consumer electronics, household appliances, medical equipment, office equipment, lighting and logistics.

Toshiba was founded in 1938 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K. through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho (founded in 1875) and Tokyo Denki (founded in 1890). The company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in 1978. Toshiba made a large number of corporate acquisitions during its history, including of Semp in 1977, of Westinghouse Electric LLC, a nuclear energy company in 2006,[3] of Landis+Gyr in 2011, and of IBM's point-of-sale business in 2012.

Toshiba is organised into four business groupings: the Digital Products Group, the Electronic Devices Group, the Home Appliances Group and the Social Infrastructure Group. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices, the Osaka Securities Exchange and the Nagoya Stock Exchange. Toshiba is the seventh largest semiconductor maker in the world by revenue.

History[edit]

1939 to 2000[edit]

Toshiba was founded in 1939 by the merger of Shibaura Seisakusho (Shibaura Engineering Works)[4] and Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric). Shibaura Seisakusho had been founded as Tanaka Seisakusho by Tanaka Hisashige in July 1875 as Japan's first manufacturer of telegraph equipment.[5] In 1904, it was renamed Shibaura Seisakusho. Through the first decades of the 20th century, Shibaura Seisakusho had become a major manufacturer of heavy electrical machinery as Japan modernized during the Meiji Era and became a world industrial power. Tokyo Denki was founded as Hakunetsusha in 1890 and had been Japan's first producer of incandescent electric lamps. It later diversified into the manufacture of other consumer products and in 1899 had been renamed Tokyo Denki. The merger of Shibaura and Tokyo Denki created a new company called Tokyo Shibaura Denki (Tokyo Shibaura Electric) (東京芝浦電気). It was soon nicknamed Toshiba, but it was not until 1978 that the company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation.

The Toshiba pavilion at Expo '85.

The group expanded rapidly, driven by a combination of organic growth and by acquisitions, buying heavy engineering and primary industry firms in the 1940s and 1950s. Groups created include Toshiba Music Industries/Toshiba EMI (1960), Toshiba International Corporation (1970s) Toshiba Electrical Equipment (1974), Toshiba Chemical (1974), Toshiba Lighting and Technology (1989), Toshiba America Information Systems (1989) and Toshiba Carrier Corporation (1999).

Toshiba is responsible for a number of Japanese firsts, including radar (1912), the TAC digital computer (1954), transistor television and microwave oven (1959), color video phone (1971), Japanese word processor (1978), MRI system (1982), laptop personal computer (1986), NAND EEPROM (1991), DVD (1995), the Libretto sub-notebook personal computer (1996) and HD DVD (2005).

In 1977, Toshiba acquired the Brazilian company Semp (Sociedade Eletromercantil Paulista), subsequently forming Semp Toshiba through the combination of the two companies' South American operations.

In 1987, Tocibai Machine, a subsidiary of Toshiba, was accused of illegally selling CNC milling machines used to produce very quiet submarine propellers to the Soviet Union in violation of the CoCom agreement, an international embargo on certain countries to COMECON countries. The Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal involved a subsidiary of Toshiba and the Norwegian company Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk. The incident strained relations between the United States and Japan, and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the imposition of sanctions on the company by both countries.[6] Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania said "What Toshiba and Kongsberg did was ransom the security of the United States for $517 million."

Current Toshiba logo used since 1984.[7]
Past Toshiba logo used from 1969 to 1984.[8]

2000 to 2010[edit]

In 2001, Toshiba signed a contract with Orion Electric, one of the world's largest OEM consumer video electronic makers and suppliers, to manufacture and supply finished consumer TV and video products for Toshiba to meet the increasing demand for the North American market. The contract ended in 2008, ending seven years of OEM production with Orion.

In December 2004, Toshiba quietly announced it would discontinue manufacturing traditional in-house cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions. In 2006, Toshiba terminated production of in-house plasma TVs. To ensure its future competitiveness in the flat-panel digital television and display market, Toshiba has made a considerable investment in a new kind of display technology called SED.

Before World War II, Toshiba was a member of the Mitsui Group zaibatsu (family-controlled vertical monopoly). Today Toshiba is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu (a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings), and still has preferential arrangements with Mitsui Bank and the other members of the keiretsu. Membership in a keiretsu has traditionally meant loyalty, both corporate and private, to other members of the keiretsu or allied keiretsu. This loyalty can extend as far as the beer the employees consume, which in Toshiba's case is Asahi.

In July 2005, BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse Electric Company, then estimated to be worth $1.8 billion (£1 billion).[9] The bid attracted interest from several companies including Toshiba, General Electric and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and when the Financial Times reported on January 23, 2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, it valued the company's offer at $5 billion (£2.8 billion). The sale of Westinghouse by the Government of the United Kingdom surprised many industry experts, who questioned the wisdom of selling one of the world's largest producers of nuclear reactors shortly before the market for nuclear power was expected to grow substantially; China, the United States and the United Kingdom are all expected to invest heavily in nuclear power.[10] The acquisition of Westinghouse for $5.4 billion was completed on October 17, 2006, with Toshiba obtaining a 77 percent share, and partners The Shaw Group a 20 percent share and Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. a 3 percent share.

In late 2007, Toshiba took over from Discover Card as the sponsor of the top-most screen of One Times Square in New York City.[11] It displays the iconic 60-second New Year's countdown on its screen, as well as messages, greetings, and advertisements for the company.

In January 2009, Toshiba acquired the HDD business of Fujitsu.[12][13]

2010 to 2016[edit]

Toshiba announced on May 16, 2011, that it had agreed to acquire all of the shares of the Swiss-based advanced-power-meter maker Landis+Gyr for $2.3 billion.[14]

In April 2012, Toshiba agreed to acquire IBM's point-of-sale business for $850 million, making it the world's largest vendor of point-of-sale systems.[15][16]

In July 2012, Toshiba was accused of fixing the prices of LCD panels in the United States at a high level. While such claims were denied by Toshiba,[17] they have agreed to settle alongside several other manufacturers for a total of $571 million.[18]

In December 2013, Toshiba completed its acquisition of Vijai Electricals Limited plant at Hyderabad & set up its own base for manufacturing of Transmission & Distribution products(Transformers & Switchgears) under the Social Infrastructure Group in India as Toshiba Transmission & Distribution Systems (India) Private Limited.

In January 2014, Toshiba completed its acquisition of OCZ Storage Solutions.[19]

In March 2014, Toshiba sued SK Hynix accusing the company for stealing technology of their NAND flash memory.[20]

In October 2014, Toshiba and United Technologies agreed a deal to expand their joint venture outside Japan.[21]

Toshiba announced in early 2015 that they would stop making televisions in its own factories. From 2015 onward, Toshiba televisions will be made by Compal for the U.S., or by Vestel and other manufacturers for the European market.

In January 2016, Toshiba's security division unveiled a new bundle of services for schools that use its surveillance equipment. The program, which is intended for both K-12 and higher education, includes education discounts, alerts and post-warranty support, among other features, on its IP-based security gear.[22]

As of March 2016, Toshiba is preparing to start construction on a cutting-edge new semiconductor plant in Japan that will mass-produce chips based on the ultra-dense flash variant. Toshiba expects to spend approximately 360 billion yen, or $3.2 billion, on the project through May 2019.[23]

In April 2016, Toshiba recalled 100,000 faulty laptop lithium-ion batteries, which are made by Panasonic, that can overheat, posing burn and fire hazards to consumers, according to the U.S. Consumer PRoduct Safety Commission. Toshiba first announced the recall in January, and said it was recalling the batteries in certain Toshiba Notebook computers sold since June 2011.[24]

2015 accounting scandal[edit]

Toshiba announced in 2015 that it was investigating an accounting scandal.[25] Toshiba said that it might need to mark down profits for the previous three years.[26]

On 21 July 2015, CEO Hisao Tanaka announced his resignation amid an accounting scandal at the company that Tanaka called "the most damaging event for our brand in the company's 140-year history." Profits had been inflated by $1.2 billion over seven years.[27] Eight other senior officials also resigned, including the two previous CEOs.[28] Chairman Masashi Muromachi was appointed acting CEO.[29] Following the scandal, Toshiba Corp. was removed from a stock index showcasing Japan's best companies. That was the second reshuffle of the index, which picks companies with the best operating income, return on equity and market value.[30]

In September 2015, Toshiba sales fell to their lowest point in two and a half years. The firm said in a statement that its net losses for the quarterly period were 12.3 billion yen ($102m; £66m). The company noted poor performances in its televisions, home appliances and personal computer businesses.[31]

In December 2015, Muromachi said the episode had wiped about $8 billion off Toshiba's market value. He forecast a record 550 billion yen (about US $4.6 billion) annual loss and warned the company would have to overhaul its TV and computer businesses. Toshiba would not be raising funds for two years, he said. The next week, a company spokesperson announced Toshiba would in early 2016 seek 300 billion yen ($2.5 billion), taking the company's indebtedness to more than 1 trillion yen (about $8.3 billion).[32]

In May 2016, it was announced that Satoshi Tsunakawa, the former head of Toshiba's medical equipment division, was named CEO. This appointment came after the accounting scandal that occurred.[33][34]

Operations[edit]

The Toshiba research and development facility in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
Toshiba Europe offices in Neuss, Germany

Toshiba is headquartered in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan and has operations worldwide. It had around 210,000 employees as of 31 March 2012.[35]

Toshiba is organised into four main business groupings: the Digital Products Group, the Electronic Devices Group, the Home Appliances Group and the Social Infrastructure Group.[35] In the year ended 31 March 2012, Toshiba had total revenues of ¥6,100.3 billion, of which 25.2 percent was generated by the Digital Products Group, 24.5 percent by the Electronic Devices Group, 8.7 percent by the Home Appliances Group, 36.6 percent by the Social Infrastructure Group and 5 percent by other activities. In the same year, 45 percent of Toshiba's sales were generated in Japan and 55 percent in the rest of the world.[35]

Toshiba has 39 R&D facilities worldwide, which employ around 4,180 people.[35] Toshiba invested a total of ¥319.9 billion in R&D in the year ended 31 March 2012, equivalent to 5.2 percent of sales.[35] Toshiba registered a total of 2,483 patents in the United States in 2011, the fifth-largest number of any company (after IBM, Samsung Electronics, Canon and Panasonic).[35]

Principal business groupings, divisions and subsidiaries[edit]

Toshiba is organized into the following principal business groupings, divisions and subsidiaries:

  • Digital Products Group
  • Digital Products and Services Company
  • Network & Solution Control Center
  • Toshiba TEC Corporation
  • Electronic Devices Group
  • Semiconductor & Storage Products Company
  • Discrete Semiconductor Division
  • Analog & Imaging IC Division
  • Logic LSI Division
  • Memory Division
  • Storage Products Division
  • Center For Semiconductor Research & Development
  • Social Infrastructure Group
  • Power Systems Company (Combined-cycle gas power plants, nuclear power plants, hydro-electric power plants, and associated components)
  • Nuclear Energy Systems & Services Division
  • Westinghouse Electric Company (Acquired October 2006)
  • Thermal & Hydro Power Systems & Services Division
  • Power and Industrial Systems Research and Development Center
  • Social Infrastructure Systems Company[40]
  • Transmission & Distribution Systems Division
  • Railway & Automotive Systems Division
  • Railway Systems Division
  • Automotive Systems Division
  • Motor & Drive Systems Division
  • Automation Products & Facility Solution Division
  • Defense & Electronic Systems Division
  • Environmental Systems Division
  • Home Appliances Group
  • Toshiba Home Appliances Corporation
  • Toshiba Lighting & Technology Corporation
  • Harison Toshiba Lighting Corporation
  • Toshiba Carrier Corporation
  • Others
  • New Lighting Systems Division
  • Smart Community Division
  • Materials & Devices Division

Products, services and standards[edit]

Toshiba offers a wide range of products and services, including air conditioners,[41] consumer electronics (including televisions and DVD and Blu-ray players),[42] control systems (including air-traffic control systems, railway systems, security systems and traffic control systems),[43] electronic point of sale equipment,[44] elevators and escalators,[45] home appliances (including refrigerators and washing machines),[41] IT services,[46] lighting,[41][47] materials and electronic components,[48] medical equipment (including CT and MRI scanners, ultrasound equipment and X-ray equipment),[49] office equipment,[44][50] business telecommunication equipment[51] personal computers,[42] semiconductors,[52] power systems (including electricity turbines, fuel cells and nuclear reactors)[53] power transmission and distribution systems,[43] and TFT displays.[54]

3D Television[edit]

In October 2010, Toshiba unveiled the Toshiba Regza GL1 21" LED backlit LCD TV glasses-free 3D prototype at CEATEC 2010. This system supports 3D capability without glasses (utilising an integral imaging system of 9 parallax images with vertical lenticular sheet). The retail product was released in December 2010.[55]

4K Ultra HD Televisions[edit]

4K Ultra HD (3840x2160p) TVs provides four times the resolution of 1080p Full HD TVs resulting in higher quality resolution. Toshiba’s 4K HD LED TVs are powered by a CEVO 4K Quad + Dual Core Processor.

HD DVD[edit]

For more details on this topic, see HD DVD.
HD-DVD.svg

On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced that it would be discontinuing its HD DVD storage format following defeat in a format 'war' against Blu-ray.[56] The HD DVD format had failed after most of the major US film studios backed the Blu-ray format, which was developed by Sony, Panasonic, Philips, Pioneer and Toshiba's President, Atsutoshi Nishida.[citation needed][clarification needed] "We concluded that a swift decision would be best [and] if we had continued, that would have created problems for consumers, and we simply had no chance to win".

Toshiba continued to supply retailers with machines until the end of March 2008, and continued to provide technical support to the estimated one million people worldwide who owned HD DVD players and recorders. Toshiba announced a new line of stand-alone Blu-ray players as well as drives for PCs and laptops, and subsequently joined the BDA, the industry body which oversees development of the Blu-ray format.[57]

REGZA[edit]

REGZA (Real Expression Guaranteed by Amazing Architecture) is a unified television brand owned and manufactured by Toshiba. In 2010 REGZA name disappeared from the North American market, and from March 2015[58] new TVs carrying the Toshiba name are designed and produced by Compal Electronics, a Taiwanese company, which Toshiba has licensed its name to.

REGZA is also used in Android-based smartphones that were developed by Fujitsu Toshiba Mobile Communications.

Chromebook[edit]

In October 2014, Toshiba released the Chromebook 2, a new version with a thinner profile and a much-improved display. The Chromebook runs exclusively on the Chrome operating system and gives users free Google Drive storage and access to a collection of apps and extensions at the Chrome Web Store.[59]

3D Flash Memory[edit]

In March 2015, Toshiba announced the development of the first 48-layer, three-dimensional flash memory. The new flash memory is based on a vertical stacking technology that Toshiba calls BiCS (Bit Cost Scaling), stores two bits of data per transistor and can store 128Gbits (16GB) per chip.[60]

Environmental record[edit]

Toshiba has been judged as making 'low' efforts to lessen their impact on the environment. In November 2012, they came second from the bottom in Greenpeace’s 18th edition of the Guide to Greener Electronics that ranks electronics companies according to their policies on products, energy and sustainable operations.[61] Toshiba received 2.3 of a possible 10 points, with the top company (WIPRO) receiving 7.1 points. 'Zero' scores were received in the categories 'Clean energy policy advocacy,' 'Use of recycled plastics in products' and 'Policy and practice on sustainable sourcing of fibres for paper.'

In 2010, Toshiba reported that all of its new LCD TVs comply with the Energy Star standards and 34 models exceed the requirements by 30% or more.[62]

Toshiba also partnered with China’s Tsinghua University in 2008 in order to form a research facility to focus on energy conservation and the environment.[63] The new Toshiba Energy and Environment Research Center is located in Beijing where forty students from the university will work to research electric power equipment and new technologies that will help stop the global warming process.[63] Through this partnership, Toshiba hopes to develop products that will better protect the environment and save China.[63] This contract between Tsinghua University and Toshiba originally began in October 2007 when they signed an agreement on joint energy and environment research.[63] The projects that they conduct work to reduce car pollution and to create power systems that don’t negatively affect the environment.[63]

On December 28, 1970 Toshiba began the construction of unit 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant[64] which was damaged in the Fukushima I nuclear accidents on March 14, 2011. In April 2011, CEO Norio Sasaki declared nuclear energy would "remain as a strong option" even after the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.[65]

In late 2013, Toshiba (Japan) entered the solar power business in Germany, installing PV systems on apartment buildings.[66]

Slogans[edit]

  • 'In Touch With Tomorrow' (1984-2008)
  • 'Dunia Mengakuinya' (English: The World Acknowledge it, 1984-2008, Indonesia Only)
  • 'Leading Innovation' (2008-present)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 
  3. ^ (Press Release) http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2006_02/pr0601.htm
  4. ^ Corporate History | Shibaura Mechatronics Corporation. Shibaura.co.jp. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
  5. ^ Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996). Technology and Industrial Development in Japan. Clarendon Press, Oxford. p. 158. ISBN 0-19-828802-6. 
  6. ^ Seeman, Roderick (April 1987). "Toshiba Case—CoCom - Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Revision". The Japan Lawletter. Retrieved September 18, 2007. 
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  22. ^ Dian Schaffhauser, The Journal. “Toshiba Launches Surveillance Education Program.” Jan 19, 2016. Jan 19, 2016.
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  27. ^ "Toshiba CEO quits over $1.2 billion accounting scandal". CNN. 22 July 2015. 
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  29. ^ Ritsuko Ando (21 July 2015). "Toshiba CEO quits over accounting scandal". Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2015. 
  30. ^ Kitanaka, Anna; Sano, Nao (August 7, 2015). "Japan Shame Index Dumps Toshiba After Scandal, Adds Olympus". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved August 10, 2015. 
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  32. ^ Alpeyev, Pavel; Amano, Takashi (29 December 2015). "Toshiba Seeks $2.5 Billion Credit Line to Pay for Reforms". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 January 2016. 
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  36. ^ Toshiba : ODD Division
  37. ^ Samsung and Toshiba ... (TSST Corp).
  38. ^ Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology
  39. ^ INCJ, Hitachi, Sony and Toshiba Sign Definitive Agreements Regarding Integration of Small- and Medium-Sized Display Businesses
  40. ^ Toshiba : Management Structure
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  55. ^ Vlad Savov. "Toshiba Regza GL1 wants you to put down the glasses, enjoy the 3D". Engadget. 
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  57. ^ "Toshiba joins Blu-ray disc camp". BBC News. August 10, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2010. 
  58. ^ https://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/ir/en/news/20150129_1.pdf
  59. ^ By Sara Angeles, BusinessNewsDaily. “Toshiba Chromebook 2: A Better Chromebook for Business?.” October 28, 2014. October 29, 2014.
  60. ^ By Lucas Mearian, ComputerWorld. “Toshiba announces industry's densest 3D flash memory.” March 26, 2015. April 21, 2015.
  61. ^ "Guide to Greener Electronics". Greenpeace. November 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2013. 
  62. ^ "Development of Environmentally Conscious Products: Toshiba Visual Products Company / Toshiba Storage Products Company Environmental Conservation Activities". Toshiba. Retrieved August 17, 2010. 
  63. ^ a b c d e "Japan's Corporate Network". April 14, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008. 
  64. ^ "Nuclear Reactor Maps: Fukushima-Daiichi". Nuclear Transparency in the Asia Pacific. Retrieved March 21, 2011. 
  65. ^ Yasu, Mariko; Maki Shiraki (April 22, 2011). "Silver lining in sight for makers of solar panels". The Japan Times online. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. For Toshiba, Japan's biggest maker of nuclear reactors, atomic energy still has the edge over other power sources. "Even if we hypothetically say an accident occurs once in every 30 years and that we need to consider the cost for radiation leak problems, we're also left with an issue of reducing carbon dioxide," Toshiba President Norio Sasaki said in Tokyo last week. "Nuclear power will remain as a strong option." 
  66. ^ Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 50

External links[edit]

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