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Waterstones

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This article is about the British book retailer. For sharpening by stone, see Sharpening stone.
Waterstones
Private
Industry Retail
Bookshop
Founded Old Brompton Road, London, 1982
Founder Tim Waterstone
Headquarters London, United Kingdom
Number of locations
 275 stores (Oct 2013)[1]
Area served
 UK, Ireland, Belgium, The Netherlands
Key people
 James Daunt (MD)
Products Books
Number of employees
 4,500[2]
Parent A&NN Capital Fund Management, owned by Alexander Mamut
Website www.waterstones.com

Waterstones, formerly Waterstone's, is a British book retailer that operates 275 stores[3] and employs around 3,500 staff in the UK and Europe as of February 2014.[4] Established in 1982 by Tim Waterstone, after whom the company was named, the bookseller expanded rapidly until being sold in 1993 to W H Smith.[5] Bought again in 1998 by Waterstone, EMI & Advent International,[6] the company was taken under the umbrella of HMV Group, which later merged the Dillons and Ottakar's brands into the company.[5]

Following several poor sets of results for the group, HMV put the chain up for sale. In May 2011, it was announced that A&NN Capital Fund Management, owned by Russian billionaire Alexander Mamut, had bought the chain and appointed James Daunt as managing director.[7]

As well as the Waterstones brand, the company owns the London bookseller Hatchards,[8] and Irish shop Hodges Figgis.[8] An average sized Waterstones store sells a range of approximately 30,000 individual books,[2] as well as stationery and eBook readers. The bookseller has concession agreements with Costa Coffee, Paperchase and Starbucks in some stores and since 2012, has introduced its own Café W brand.[9] On May 23, 2016, Waterstones announced it had sold its ebook business to Rakuten Kobo Inc., and as of June 14, 2016, users must access their ebooks via Kobo's ebook site.[10]

History and developments[edit]

Early versions of store signage were gold in colour

Formation & WHSmith: 1982–1998[edit]

The chain was founded by Tim Waterstone after he was fired by WHSmith.[11] Waterstone had failed to establish WHSmith in the United States.[12] Taking the £6000 redundancy payout, he set up his first store in Old Brompton Road, Kensington with the ambition of creating a 'different breed of bookshop', using techniques he had seen in the United States.[11] He used literary authors in front of store displays and employed highly literate staff.[13]

The model proved successful and the chain set about expanding its store portfolio. By 1989 however, WHSmith had taken a controlling stake in the chain.[13] WHSmith took over full control in 1993 for £9 million.[14] Under WHSmith, Waterstones pursued international expansion, opening its first US store in Boston in 1991,[6] as well as further domestic expansion – opening its 100th UK store in a former chapel in Reading.[6]

The chain was part of the eventual dismantling of the Net Book Agreement, when in 1991, following a promotion by then rivals Dillons, the company decided to pursue its own discounting promotion on selected titles.[15] By 1997, the agreement had collapsed and been declared illegal.[16]

HMV Group: 1998–2011[edit]

Following an attempt by Tim Waterstone in 1997 to buy the entire WHSmith group,[17] WHSmith sold the Waterstones chain for £300 million to HMV Media plc (now HMV Group) – a joint venture between EMI and Advent International.[6] This included high street brands HMV and rival Dillons, creating an international entertainment retailer. Waterstone was appointed chairman of the group but stood down in 2001, citing "concerns for the way the company was being run".[14] He was replaced by Alan Giles.[18] A year later, all Dillons stores were rebranded as Waterstones, with some sold to rival Ottakar's making the brand defunct. The chain had also begun pulling out of its US overseas venture.[19]

Waterstones launched the Waterstones Books Quarterly magazine in 2001, containing book reviews and author interviews. In the same year the booksellers' online operation: Waterstones.co.uk was franchised to Amazon.com, with the company expressing a desire "to concentrate on its high street and campus stores". The move resulted in the loss of 50 jobs.[20] In 2003, Waterstones announced it was supporting Dyslexia Action as its chosen charity, helping to raise awareness and understanding for dyslexia.[21]

Waterstones logo until 2010

In 2006 Giles stepped down from his position and was replaced by Gerry Johnson as managing director of Waterstones[22] and Simon Fox as group CEO.[23] In April 2006 following two bids by Permira for the group, Tim Waterstone attempted to buy back the company from HMV for £256 million,[24] but later withdrew his offer specifying the conditions set by HMV were "too punitive" to accept.[25] A strategic review in September saw Waterstones pull out of its franchise agreement with Amazon to re-launch its online business, Waterstones.com, independently.[26] The chain also began to pilot a loyalty programme in South West England and Wales. The scheme was successful, launching nationally as The Waterstones Card across its entire store portfolio.[27]

Waterstones piloted a brand refresh exercise in selected stores, beginning with Manchester's Arndale Centre in 2007.[28] On 19 November 2007, the chain closed its first branch on Old Brompton Road.[29] Following a consultation, the company's supply chain was overhauled in 2008 with the implementation of a 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) warehouse and distribution centre, located in Burton-upon-Trent. Existing direct-to-store deliveries from suppliers were replaced by a centralised warehouse capable of receiving merchandise and sorting an estimated 70 million books per year and 200 staff were made redundant by the process.[30][31] In September 2008, Waterstones began selling the Sony Reader in an agreement which saw the booksellers' branches and Sony Centre stores stock the reader exclusively for two weeks after its release. Waterstones.com began to supply eBooks in the .epub format.[32] In November 2009, Waterstones moved into second-hand bookselling in a partnership with Alibris setting up an online reselling tool called Waterstones Marketplace, part of Waterstones.com.[33]

A re-branding saw the logo change from Baskerville to FS Alberta Pro until 2012

In January 2010, HMV Group announced that Waterstones like-for-like sales over the Christmas period were down 8.5 per cent on the previous year. This culminated in the resignation of managing director Gerry Johnson with immediate effect.[34] He was replaced by development director Dominic Myers, who was managing director of the British academic bookselling chain Blackwells until 2005.[35] Myers joined HMV in 2006 to oversee the integration of Ottakar's into the chain. In response to the decline in sales, he implemented a three-year plan in which branches were tailored to their local market alongside a "rejuvenation"[36] of the company brand and an increase in range. As part of these changes, Waterstones implemented new branding in May 2010, developed by agency VentureThree.[37] The company also moved to support the Rainbow Trust, which provides support to children with life-threatening and terminal illnesses and their families, in the same year.[38]

After an announcement that profits would be at the lower end of analysts' forecasts due to falling sales and a share price fall of 20%, HMV Group indicated its intention to close a number of Waterstones branches in January 2011.[39][40] These stores closures, including two in Dublin, Republic of Ireland[41] and nine others across the United Kingdom occurred in February 2011.[42] Further branch closures in Luton, Dorking, Lancaster University, Harrods, Gateshead and Norwich Arcade were completed by the end of 2011.[43]

Alexander Mamut & James Daunt: 2011–present[edit]

In May 2011 HMV Group announced the sale of Waterstones to A&NN Capital Fund Management, a fund controlled by Russian businessman Alexander Mamut for £53 million.[44] The takeover was welcomed by publishers as "a step forward to re-establishing a proper physical presence".[45] On 29 June 2011, the sale of Waterstones was completed and approved by the vast majority of shareholders at an emergency general meeting.[7] Mamut appointed James Daunt, founder of Daunt Books, as managing director[46] and a Board of Directors was announced in October 2011 including Miranda Curtis as Chairman.[47] In September 2011, the bookseller announced that it intended to drop its 3-for-2 deal on books after a decade in place.[48] The offer was replaced with a 'bespoke offer', based on branches choosing their own pricing structures from available discounts.[49]

In January 2012, the company announced that it would be moving away from the branding developed in 2010 by agency VentureThree,[37] and reverting to its original logo.[50] This involved the removal of the apostrophe from its name, saying it would be "a more versatile and practical spelling". This decision received media coverage, in which the company was subject to criticism. John Richards, of the Apostrophe Protection Society, said that the change was "just plain wrong" and "grammatically incorrect"[51] while the move sparked outrage on Twitter, involving debate on whether the move was grammatically incorrect or not.[51] James Daunt expressed "Waterstones without an apostrophe is, in a digital world of URLs and email addresses, a more versatile and practical spelling".[52] Linguist David Crystal on his blog added: " ... if Waterstone's wants to become Waterstones, that's up to the firm. It's nothing to do with expressing possession or plurality or anything to do with meaning."[53]

In the same month, Waterstones confirmed plans to open a Russian language bookshop in its Piccadilly branch, intending to stock 5000 titles with the shop being entirely staffed of Russian-speaking booksellers.[54] The concession, named The Russian Bookshop, opened in March 2012.[55]

Following a decision in late-2011 to scrap an e-reading offer in-branch,[56] it was announced in May 2012 that Waterstones would be selling the Amazon Kindle across its estate. James Daunt launched the new agreement with Amazon stating that Waterstones would be offering "e-reading services and offer Kindle digital devices" throughout the company's branches and on its website, with an intention to "make the Kindle experience better".[57] This announcement was received with surprise across the book industry as it had been suggested that Waterstones was developing a partnership with Barnes & Noble to launch the Nook in the UK, or that the company was developing its own device, but Daunt 'ultimately rejected' other avenues as Waterstones 'would have been out of the market' before their implementation.[58]

Sutton, Surrey/Greater London branch, with Café W signage

It was also announced in May 2012 that the company would begin a refurbishment plan, with Mamut 'investing tens of millions of pounds' to fund the refit of a planned 100 stores before the end of the year. The plan saw the introduction of wi-fi into shops,[59] reorganisation of shop sections and space[60] dedicated areas for Kindle devices, and a number of own-brand coffee shops called Café W.[61] The Café W brand was trialled in the Sutton branch, with an expressed aim for around 130 shops over a 3-year period to be fitted with a café.[62] The announcement also noted the introduction of a 'click-and-collect' service.[60]

The Amazon Kindle officially launched in-branch on 25 October 2012 with an 'outdoor and press advertising campaign' promoting the launch, with the Kindle Fire and Kindle Paperwhite model going on sale for the first time in the UK along with older models.[63] The Kindles were tailored with Waterstones screensavers, which led to some complaints and customers attempting to return their devices. In response, the company issued a statement that they believed "...the screensaver does not constitute advertising and differs substantially to the advertising-supported Kindles available to the US market... We apologise that this change was made without consultation, and hope it does not detract from or alter your reading experience."[64]

The release of the Kindle coincided with a relaunch of the company's brand in the same month, pushing the message that the chain was the "nation's leading bookshop" and producing an exclusive anthology, the Waterstones Red Anthology, to help promote the shops.[65]

By the end of 2012, the Waterstones estate had shrunk to 288 stores,[66] with "commercial reasons" given for the closure of branches in Bromsgrove,[67] Stevenage,[67] Watford,[66] Fleet Street,[66] High Holborn[66] and Epsom[68] among others, with staff being redeployed where possible. In 2012, Daunt stated that future expansion was being considered, based on the performance of the company.[61] In 2013, Waterstones partnered with the University of Derby to launch a professional qualification programme for its staff.[69] By 2014, the chain began to open new stores, with locations in Ringwood and Blackburn.[4] In July 2014 the company opened the Southwold Bookshop, its first branch to be without Waterstones branding.[70]

Takeovers[edit]

Dillons[edit]

Acquired in 1995 by the Thorn EMI group, Dillons was the UK's second largest bookseller behind Waterstones and was the bookselling arm of EMI's retail division, which included HMV.[17] Following the demerger of Thorn and EMI in 1996, the retail arm was divested from the EMI portfolio within a year and spun off into the HMV Media Group, an investment venture between EMI Group and Advent International private equity group.[6] This venture included HMV, Dillons and Waterstones (the latter bought from W H Smith for £300 million), combining to make an international entertainment retailer of over 500 stores.[17] Following a rebuffed takeover attempt in 1997 of W H Smith,[17] Tim Waterstone became part of the deal and by May 1998, following the £801 million deal completion,[71] became chairman of the group, with CEO Alan Giles retaining overall control.[citation needed] All Dillons stores were incorporated within the Waterstones brand by 1998.[72]

Ottakar's[edit]

Northallerton High Street branch

In September 2005 HMV Group began attempts to buy rival book chain Ottakar's. This alarmed publishers and authors[73] who hoped the Office of Fair Trading would refer the takeover bid to the Competition Commission. In March 2006, the Competition Commission cleared Waterstones for takeover of the Ottakar's, stating the takeover would "not result in a substantial lessening of competition", and is "not likely to affect book prices, range of titles offered or quality of service." Through extensive research they also found that "contrary to widespread perception, Waterstones, like Ottakar's, operates a book-buying system which mixes central and local input on stock selection."[74]

On 31 May 2006, Waterstones announced that it had successfully negotiated the takeover of Ottakar's. HMV chief executive Alan Giles said: "A combined Waterstones and Ottakar's business will create an exciting, quality bookseller, able to respond better to the increasingly competitive pressures of the retail market." Ottakar's chairman Philip Dunne said: "Over the last year the book market has undergone a significant change with new levels of competition from the supermarkets and online retailers impacting all specialist booksellers and in particular those with insufficient scale to compete on equal terms."[75]

Following the takeover, HMV announced that they would be rebranding every branch of Ottakar's as a Waterstones. In July 2006, a conversion programme was initiated and within four months, every Ottakar's store had been relaunched as a Waterstones and had seen the loss of 100 jobs.[76]

Books Etc[edit]

In August 2008, the now defunct Borders chain agreed to sell eight Books Etc. stores to Waterstones for an undisclosed sum. The takeover, which represented 34,000 sq ft of retail space and incurred no staff losses, increased Waterstones' presence within London to nearly 50 stores, 'crucially [in] areas that are not represented by Waterstones bookshops'. The stores, located in Fleet Street, London Wall, Holborn, Wandsworth, Uxbridge, Finchley Road, and Canary Wharf were rebranded and merged into the Waterstones chain by September 2008.[77]

Ethical standards[edit]

Tax[edit]

Tim Waterstone and James Daunt have been critical of tax avoidance by Amazon.com in the British press.[78][79] Amazon has received sustained scrutiny for the amount of its overall sales that are reported by its UK subsidiary, in comparison to those 'processed offshore in Luxembourg to avoid UK tax'.[80] In the 2012-13 financial year, Amazon paid £3.2 million in tax on sales of £4.2 billion and received £2.5 million in grants from the government.[81] In the same period, it was revealed that Waterstones paid £11.9 million in tax, despite an operating loss of £25.4 million and sales of £410.4 million.[82][83]

In a report on tax avoidance in the book industry, the magazine Ethical Consumer argued that A&NN Capital Fund Management, Waterstones' parent company, was located in Bermuda and this 'was likely to be for tax avoidance purposes'.[84] In response to this, Waterstones issued a clarification on their website reading ‘As a UK registered and domiciled business, Waterstones fulfils all its tax obligations. This will include both the payment and reporting of all necessary UK taxes, as set out under UK tax legislation.’[85] In the 2013-14 financial period, the first full year under A&NN, Waterstones reported sales to Companies House of £398.5 million and an operating loss of £12.2 million.[86]

Environmental impact[edit]

Waterstones has worked with the British Safety Council to consider its environmental impact, including factors beyond its carbon footprint. After a 2008 audit, the Council awarded Waterstone’s three out of a possible five stars for environmental impact.[87]

Awards[edit]

Waterstones maintains and supports various literary awards, including the Waterstones Children's Laureate,[88] the Waterstones Children's Book Prize,[89] the Waterstones 11,[90] The Guardian First Book Award [91] and the Pushkin House Russian Book Prize.[92] The company has also received various industry and consumer awards.

British Book Industry Awards[edit]

The Bookseller Industry Awards, formerly the Bookseller Retail Awards, are run by the trade magazine The Bookseller.

In 2008, the company "was lauded for the success of its loyalty card, Writer's Year promotion, online growth and its Get Selling bookseller training."[93]

  • Headline Bookselling Company of the Year[93]
  • High Street Retailer of the Year[93]
  • Nielsen Book Marketing Campaign of the Year[93]

In 2009, the company took away awards for High Street retailing and in praise of the Liverpool One branch Manager Ian Critchley, who was "applauded by the judges for his "outstanding" work in launching the new shop"[94]

  • High Street Retailer of the Year[94]
  • Wiley Manager of the Year[94]

In 2010, Bookseller Clare Boothby was recognised for her accomplishments at her branch in Dorking[95]

  • Sue Butterworth Young Bookseller of the Year[95]

In 2011, Waterstones was recognised for its expertise in children's bookselling[96]

  • Usbourne Children's Bookseller of the Year[96]
Interior of Reading Broad Street branch

Customer satisfaction[edit]

At the beginning of 2008, Waterstones.com was awarded a silver badge for the Best Books Website category at the BT Online Excellence Awards.[97]

In a survey of 96 British chains in January 2009, Waterstones scored 69% for a Which? customer satisfaction survey on "products, price, staff and shopping environment and whether they would recommend the shop to a friend" – placing the chain in joint eight position.[98] In May 2011, another survey commissioned by Which? on customer satisfaction of 100 High Street brands showed that Waterstones had maintained its position in the top 10 shops with a score of 77%, placing it in seventh position.[99]

Waterstones also fared well in an online survey conducted for the consumer show Secret Shopper on Channel 4, hosted by Mary Portas. Out of 101 High Street brands, Waterstones 'emerged as an early frontrunner'[100] and has maintained its top position since.[101]

In 2012, Waterstones won the inaugural "Sports Book Retailer of the Year" category of the British Sports Book Awards.[102]

Children's Book Prize[edit]

Waterstones continued the Ottakar's Children's Book Prize under its own brand and since 2005, the Waterstones Children's Book Prize has attempted "to uncover hidden talent in children's writing" by awarding authors with no more than two previously published books (adult or children's fiction).

Waterstones is also the main sponsor of The Waterstones Children's Laureate, previously sponsored by Ottakar's. The 2011–2013 role saw the position carry the Waterstones branding, with the company stating it was 'up weighting [its] activity' and 'supporting the role in stores and online in different ways throughout the year and beyond.'[112]

The Waterstones 11[edit]

Set up in 2011, the Waterstones 11 was created to promote debut literary fiction from new authors being published in the year ahead.[113] Books were chosen from a list of 100 submitted by publishers, and were announced in January 2011 with in-store and online support, as well as a media campaign for the final 11.[114] The inaugural 11 included the Orange Prize Winner The Tiger's Wife by Téa Obreht, Man Booker Prize nominee Pigeon English, by Stephen Kelman and the Edinburgh International Book Festival First Book Award winner When God Was a Rabbit, by Sarah Winman.[113] The last list was announced in January 2013,[115] as it was scrapped in January 2014.[116]

Locations[edit]

London Piccadilly flagship branch
High Street Kensington branch, near the original Old Brompton Road branch

Waterstones has academic and high street stores in Europe including the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland (with one store in Cork and previously with stores in Dublin and Drogheda[117]), and in the Netherlands and Belgium (including Amsterdam and Brussels). Some branches in the company are located in buildings of architectural and historical interest.

Flagship superstores

Its flagship store on Piccadilly, formerly the Simpsons of Piccadilly department store and notable for its 1930s-Modernist architecture, is the largest shop in the Waterstones estate and claimed to be the largest bookstore in Europe.[118] The main academic branch, formerly the flagship store of Dillons, is located on Gower Street, between University College London and the Student Central, and promoted as Europe's largest academic bookstore.[119] Aside from these branches, Waterstones operates a number of large stores which are set over multiple floors. Waterstones refer to these stores as 'superstores':[2]

  • Piccadilly, London (formerly Simpsons of Piccadilly) – flagship branch with six floors and an estimated 8 1/2 miles of shelving.[120] In 2012, the head office of the company was moved to the store.[121] Waterstones also owns the large Hatchards bookshop on the same road.
  • Gower Street, London – academic branch with five floors and 5 miles of shelving[122]
  • High Street, Birmingham, trading on six floors. Formerly Times Furniture company.
  • Deansgate, Manchester – three floors, with over 100,000 books in stock.[123]
  • Milsom Street, Bath – three floors, with over 55,000 books in stock.[124]
  • La Scala Cinema,[125] Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow – five floors, set in a former cinema[126]
  • Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham – four floors, with concessions[127]
Large stores

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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