Iran Signs Major Gas Deal WIth France's Total

- Iran has signed a deal with French energy firm Total to develop a major offshore gas field, Tehran's first major contract with a Western energy firm since the lifting of international sanctions. - 11/8/16

The Tangled Politics Of Caspian Energy

- The Caspian seabed contains some of the largest reserves of oil and natural gas in the world. And if one adds the hydrocarbon wealth present onshore in the Caspian littoral countries -- Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Russia -- the volumes are staggering. - 11/7/16

Iran, the US, and the Persian Gulf

- Despite current tensions, cooperation between Tehran and Washington is possible. -Sina Azodi, Diplomat - 11/7/16

Armenia, Iran Sign Deal To Increase Gas Imports, Power Flows

- Armenia is looking to increase imports of natural gas from neighboring Iran after the two countries signed an agreement earlier this week. Armenia currently imports up to 500 million cubic meters of Iranian gas annually through a pipeline built in 2008. By comparison, Russian gas supplies to the South Caucasus country total around 2 billion cubic meters. - 11/3/16

The billion-dollar gold rush to tap into Iranian oil

- The chase is on for some of the most prized oil and gas assets in the world, following the lifting of sanctions on Iran earlier this year. The historic deal paved the way for the country to rebuild its lost production capacity and fight for market share. -CNBC - 11/3/16

Iran's oil sales to Europe top 700,000 bpd

- Iran exported more than 700,000 barrels per day (bpd) of crude oil to Europe in October, but Asia remained the country's main customer, a senior official says. "Iran's crude oil exports averaged 2.44 million barrels per day in October," director general for international affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) Mohsen Qamsari said in Tehran on Wednesday. - 11/2/16

Iran supports measures aimed at stabilizing oil market: President Rouhani

- Iran's President Hassan Rouhani says the Islamic Republic supports any measures aimed at restoring stability to global oil markets. "Iran supports any measure in line with the stabilization of the oil market, fair prices and equitable quota for the producers," Rouhani said in a meeting with visiting Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro in Tehran on Saturday. - 10/23/16

French firm Total to invest $2B in Iran's petchem industry

- Iran says it expects the French energy giant Total to invest as much as $2 billion in its petrochemical industry. Adel Salimnejad, the managing director of Iran's Persian Gulf Holding Company, told the domestic media that Total's investment will be made in an olefin project. - 10/22/16

Baku wants Iran to develop power plants in Azerbaijan

- Azerbaijan has called on Iran to expedite the implementation of a plan which envisages the joint construction of power plants by the two countries. Etibar Pirverdiyev, the head of Azerenergy JSC which is the largest electrical power producer in Azerbaijan, said the joint construction of new power plants by Azerbaijan and Iran will enhance energy stability and export potential of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. - 10/21/16

Iran says talking to 16 firms over oil projects

- Iran says it is negotiating with 16 international energy companies over investing in the exploration and development of oil and gas projects that it recently put out on tender. Gholam-Reza Manouchehri, the deputy head of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) for engineering and development affairs, told reporters that all the projects which were put out on tender earlier this week are feasible even with oil at $40 a barrel. - 10/20/16

Iran Kicks Off Tender To Develop Oil, Gas Projects

- Iran says it will begin taking applications on October 17 for an unspecified number of oil and natural gas projects, as the country hopes to attract foreign investors back to its energy sector after years of sanctions. - 10/16/16

Iran's oil output at 3.6 mb/d: OPEC

- The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) says Iran's oil production has reached a new record high of 3.665 million barrels per day (mb/d). OPEC in a monthly report said it had recorded Iran's new oil production capacity for September. - 10/15/16

Iran Is Stuck With China to Finance Its Oil Dreams

- Amid the snake-infested marshlands on Iran's border with Iraq, the control room monitoring North Azadegan oil field is manned entirely by Chinese technicians. In central Tehran, hundreds of Chinese pour out at noon from the telecommunications company Huawei to its canteen. There are now so many Chinese expatriates here, some say they outnumber all other nationalities combined. -MarcChampion, Bloomberg - 10/14/16

Iran, Germany to cooperate on Zayanderud river restoration

- Deputy energy minister announced that Iran and Germany have reached agreement over saving Zayanderud river. A fresh round of talks between Iran and Germany over water and power industries kicked off in Tehran upon arrival of a delegation of Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research headed by State Secretary Georg Schutte and attended by President of German Research Foundation Peter Hrsg V Strohschneider and head of Germany's Max Planck Society Martin Stratmann. - 10/10/16

Iran Agrees On New Model Energy Contract, Hopes To Boost Foreign Investment

- Iran's state oil producer, National Iranian Oil Co. (NIOC), has signed a new model investment contract with an Iranian firm. The contract with the Persia Oil and Gas Industry Development Company is seen as a template for contracts that Tehran hopes will attract foreign investors back to Iran's oil and natural gas sectors and boost production after years of economic sanctions. - 10/5/16

Iran's oil exports hit pre-sanctions high

- Reports say Iran has already been able to increase its oil exports to levels that existed before sanctions were imposed on the country in 2011. Reuters in a report on Monday quoted unnamed oil market sources as saying that Iran's total crude oil and condensate sales likely reached around 2.8 million barrels per day (bpd) in September. - 10/4/16

Oil firms present proposals for Iran projects

- Iran's media say the country has received the first wave of proposals by major international companies to develop oil and gas projects within the new format of oil contracts recently approved by the administration of President Hassan Rouhani. - 10/3/16

Iran-Europe nuclear cooperation growing: Atomic Organization Chief

- Iran's nuclear chief says cooperation with Europe in the area of nuclear technology is on the rise, more than a year after a landmark nuclear deal was inked between Tehran and six world powers. Head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Ali Akbar Salehi made the remarks after visiting a nuclear hospital in Vienna, Austria, on Thursday. - 9/30/16

OPEC Agreement Overcomes Saudi-Iran Rift, Spurs Rally On Global Markets

- OPEC's agreement to mend an internal rift between Saudi Arabia and Iran and curb production surprised global markets and sparked powerful rallies from Wall Street to Hong Kong. Oil analysts said the deal was a major breakthrough as it included a major concession by Saudi Arabia to let Iran keep increasing its production to levels that prevailed before international sanctions. - 9/29/16

Oil Prices Plunge As Saudi-Iran Split On Output Freeze Resurfaces

- Oil prices plunged anew as signs of discord reemerged between Iran and Saudi Arabia over an oil production freeze being pushed by the Saudis and Russia. At a meeting of the OPEC oil cartel in Algeria on September 27, Iran rejected an offer by the Saudis to cut their oil production if Tehran agreed to freeze its output at its current level of 3.6 million barrels a day, OPEC officials said. - 9/28/16

Iran's gas exports up 3.4% in first half of 2016

- Iran's gas exports reached near 4 billion cubic meters in the first six months of the current Iranian calendar year (March 20-September 21), registering a 3.4 percent rise compared to the same period in the preceding year, Shana quoted a gas official as saying on Tuesday. - 9/28/16

Saudis offer oil production cut deal if Iran freezes output

- Saudi Arabia has reportedly announced that it is ready to reduce its oil production provided that Iran agrees to cap its own output over the remaining months to the end of 2016. Reuters has quoted unnamed sources as saying that the Saudi offer, which is yet to be accepted or rejected, was presented to Tehran earlier this month. - 9/24/16

Iran parliament endorses new oil contract

- Iran's parliament has given the go-ahead to the government to put a new oil contract model into effect, the Ministry of Petroleum's Shana news agency reported on Saturday. The new formula, which has drawn criticism from some politicians and experts, was reviewed by a parliamentary panel but not voted by lawmakers. - 9/17/16

UK blocks Iran's gas revenues over sanctions

- The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) says Britain has blocked the revenues it has been paid from selling the natural gas of a field it jointly owns with BP in the North Sea. - 9/15/16

4 injured as fire breaks out at petrochemical plant in southern Iran

- Fire has erupted at a petrochemical plant in the southern Iranian province of Bushehr, injuring four people, one of whom is in critical condition. The blaze engulfed the pressure control station at a facility belonging to the Mobin Petrochemical Co. at around 11:00 local time in the province's Asaluyeh County on Wednesday. The incident came in the wake of at least three fires at petrochemical and oil installations in recent months. - 9/14/16

Iran studying Europe gas export plans

- Alireza Kameli, the managing director of the National Iranian Gas Export Company (NIGEC), says Iran is studying various options for exports of natural gas to Europe thus again reviving an ambitious plan that had been previously shelved due to sanctions as well as technical problems. - 9/12/16

Iran, China finalize deal on $1.2b refinery project

- China's Sinopec and Iran's Oil Ministry have finalized an agreement regarding the development project of Iran's Abadan refinery, Mehr news agency reported on Saturday. Based on the report, according to Iranian Deputy Oil Minister for Refining and Distribution of Oil Products Abbas Kazemi, the first phase of the $1.2 billion project will start in the near future. - 9/12/16

Iran breaks ground on two nuclear power plants to be built with Russian help

- "According to the timetable envisaged, the first and second units will be constructed respectively over 108 and 126 months with the cooperation of Russia's State Atomic Energy Corporation (Rosatom)," Iranian nuclear chief Ali Akbar Salehi said while attending a groundbreaking ceremony to mark the launch of construction of the two new nuclear power plants. - 9/11/16

Iranian Minister Says Tehran Backs OPEC Moves Toward Stability

- Iran's oil minister says Tehran would support any decision by OPEC that would add stability to the international oil market. Bijan Namdar Zangeneh made his comments on September 6 after talks in Tehran with OPEC head Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Iranian state TV reported. - 9/7/16

Russian President Putin urges compromise on Iran oil production

- Russian President Vladimir Putin has said a potential oil output freeze deal among oil-exporting countries should involve some compromise on Iran's production levels. "I think that from the point of view of economic expediency and logic, it would be right to find some sort of compromise" on the Iranian output level, Putin told Bloomberg. - 9/2/16

Iran to start building two new nuclear plants on September 10: Salehi

- Head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) says the Islamic Republic will begin the construction of two nuclear power plants in cooperation with Russia within the next few days. "Operations to build two new nuclear power plants in Bushehr will start on September 10," Ali Akbar Salehi said late Wednesday, adding that it will take 10 years for the power plants to be completed. - 9/1/16

India firm raises Iran oil imports, pays over $500M of debt

- Iran's crude sales to Indian Oil Corp. (IOC) has risen four folds, reflecting the country's success in raising exports in order to claw back its market share after the lifting of sanctions. - 8/31/16

Iran draws closer to OPEC's number 2 position

- Minister of Petroleum Bijan Zangeneh says Iran's oil exports have risen to 2.1 million barrels per day (bpd), bringing the country closer to its former position as the second biggest OPEC producer. "Our crude oil and condensate exports have now reached 2.5 million barrels per day and crude oil (exports) have solely hit 2.1 million barrels per day," Zangeneh told the state television on Monday night. - 8/30/16

Iran, Russia ink oil rig deal worth $1 billion

- Iran's Tasdid Offshore and Onshore Development Company and Russia's OJSC Krasnye Barrikady Shipyard signed a deal worth $1 billion to cooperate in building jack-up rigs in Iran, Tasnim news agency reported on Saturday. - 8/29/16

Iran Confirms It Will Join OPEC Talks To Support Oil Prices

- Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Zanganeh confirmed that Iran will take part in an OPEC meeting next month in Algeria to discuss ways to support global oil prices. Zanganeh's remarks to the ministry's Shana news service on August 25 helped spur a jump in oil prices, with premium crude rising 62 cents to $49.67 a barrel in London trading. - 8/26/16

Iran softens to oil production freeze?

- Iran has been ramping up output since the lifting of sanctions in January to reclaim its lost market share, dismissing demands to join the freeze initiative. On Tuesday, Reuters cited unnamed sources as saying that Iran was sending "positive signals" that it might get behind the push to curb production. - 8/24/16

NIOC, Chinese CNPCI sign new deal on southern Iranian oil field

- Chinese CNPCI has been given a chance to participate Masjed Soleiman oil field recovery rate for the second time after an aborted deal in 2011. - 8/23/16

Iran to award two key oil deals to China

- Gholam-Reza Manouchehri, the deputy director for engineering and development affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), has been quoted by the media as saying that China's CNPC will be awarded the development of the second phase of North Azadegan project. Manouchehri added that the second company - Sinopec - will be awarded the development of the second phase of Yadavaran project. - 8/22/16

Iran pitches huge gas reserves for Asia markets

- Iran is pitching its massive gas sector for trade with Asia where it sees a better market for exports than Europe. "Gas prices are more attractive in East Asia than in Europe," Deputy Petroleum Minister for trade and international affairs Amir-Hossein Zamaninia has said. - 8/21/16

Turkey Says It Wants To Buy More Gas From Iran

- Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu says Ankara wants to buy more natural gas from Iran and that the two sides have discussed pricing issues. - 8/12/16

Iran to attract $30B for power projects

- Iran's Energy Minister Hamid Chitchian says the country has devised serious plans to overhaul its power industry within the next five years, adding that those plans need a collective investment of $30 billion to be materialized. - 8/12/16

One Killed, Three Injured In Gas Pipeline Explosion In Southern Iran

- At least one person was killed and three others injured in an Iranian gas pipeline explosion early on August 6 near the town of Genaveh in the southern province of Bushehr, Iranian news agencies reported. - 8/6/16

Iran's South Pars Gas Field: Phase 18 platform installation completed

- The platform 18B of Iran's South Pars gas field was fixed on its jacket in the phase 18 of the giant gas field in the Persian Gulf on Tuesday, Shana reported. The operation of loading the 2,300-ton platform from Bandar-Abbas yard was conducted by Iran Shipbuilding and Offshore Industries Complex Co. (ISOICO) on June 23. - 8/4/16

Iranian Cabinet Adopts New Oil-Contract Model To Woo Foreign Investors

- Iran's government has approved a new oil contract model designed to attract foreign investors in its energy industry following the easing of sanctions in January. The contract model was approved at a cabinet meeting on August 3, local media reported. - 8/4/16

Top Oil Market Embraces Iran Once Again as Asia Imports Jump

- The Persian Gulf state boosted exports to major oil consumers in Asia during the first half of this year, after international sanctions that restricted its supplies were eased in January. Japan's purchases increased 28 percent, India bought 63 percent more, South Korea's imports more than doubled while shipments into China gained 2.5 percent during the six months, government and shipping data compiled by Bloomberg show. -Heesu Lee, Bloomberg - 7/28/16

Tehran, Yerevan reach new gas deal

- Iran's oil minister has announced that on the basis of a new agreement between Tehran and Yerevan, Iranian gas will be transferred to Georgia through Armenia. Speaking to reporters on the sidelines of a meeting with the visiting Armenian Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Levon Yolyan, Iran's Bijan Zanganeh said transit of Iranian gas via Armenia marked the main axis of the session. - 7/26/16

Europeans keen to invest in Iran's renewable energy sector: EWEA Chief

- Giles Dickson, the CEO of the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), said that renowned European companies are keen to invest in Iran's renewable energy sector, especially in wind energy sphere. Dickson made the remarks in an exclusive interview with the Tehran Times on the sidelines of the 4th Iran Wind Energy Conference which was held in Tehran on Tuesday. - 7/20/16

Iran Plans First Tender to Draw $12 Billion Green Investment

- Iran is planning its first tender for utility-scale renewable-energy projects by year end as it begins a green power build out that could draw $12 billion of investment by the time it's complete. -Bloomberg - 7/17/16

Iran says it has regained 80% of its lost oil market share

- Mohsen Qamsari, the director of international affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), has told Bloomberg that Iran's success to regain a major share of its lost market has been materialized through the country's ability to export about 2 million barrels of crude oil per day. - 7/12/16

Iran Explores Joining Project To Harness Energy From Nuclear Fusion

- Laban Coblentz, spokesman for the ITER project, told AP that a high-level Iranian delegation led by nuclear chief Ali Akbar Salehi and Vice President for Science and Technology Sorena Sattari visited St. Paul Lez Durance in southern France on June 30-July 1, where a fusion-harnessing device is being built. - 7/9/16

Iran plant blaze not act of sabotage: Minister of Petroleum

- Iranian Minister of Petroleum Bijan Zangeneh says a raging blaze at a petrochemical plant in southwest Iran has not been caused as a result of an act of sabotage. The blaze started with an explosion in a key tower of the plant - the tallest in the Middle East. There have also been conflicting reports on the number of casualties. - 7/8/16

Exclusive: As Iran's oil exports surge, international tankers help ship its fuel

- More than 25 European and Asian-owned supertankers are shipping Iranian oil, data seen by Reuters shows, allowing Tehran to ramp up exports much faster than analysts had expected following the lifting of sanctions in January. -Reuters - 6/6/16

Iran sees no deal on oil output freeze: Oil Minister

- Minister of Petroleum Bijan Zangeneh says Iran will continue to ramp up oil production until it returns to levels before sanctions cut its exports. As he arrived in Vienna ahead of Thursday's meeting of OPEC ministers, Zangeneh said a return to individual producer output quotas is the only way to manage the oil market. - 6/2/16

Oil Prices Soar Over $50 A Barrel For First Time In 2016

- The price of premium crude oil has surged over $50 a barrel for the first time this year in Asian trading, giving a boost to the economies of oil producers from Russia and Kazakhstan to Iran and Iraq. - 5/27/16

Can OPEC Agree on Oil Production Policy?

- The fall in the price of oil from $115/barrel in mid-2014 to $27/barrel this year has had a devastating impact on petro-states all over the world. Whereas the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the world's top oil producer and exporter, cut production in the 1980s to raise oil prices, officials in Riyadh have been determined to avoid a repeat of this experience, which cost Saudi Arabia market share. Yet the kingdom has paid a major price for this geopolitically motivated oil production policy... -Alex Stout - 5/26/16

Iran's oil exports at highest level since 2012

- The latest market figures show that oil exports in April reached the highest level in over four years - a yet another indication that the country is regaining the share of the market it lost as a result of the sanctions at a faster pace than expected. - 5/19/16

IMF Warns Iran Not To Rely Only On Oil Revenue To Boost Economy

- A top International Monetary Fund official warned Iran not to count on a big jump in oil revenue to boost its economy, but said it should seek other opportunities to re-engage with the global economy. "I speak here today at a pivotal moment for Iran's economy," said IMF Deputy Managing Director David Lipton in a speech at the Central Bank of Iran on May 17 during a two-day visit to Tehran. - 5/18/16

Saudi Energy Policies Unlikely to Shift Under New Minister

- Saudi Arabia's energy policies are unlikely to change despite the fact that longtime energy minister, Ali al-Naimi, was removed on May 7 and Khalid al-Falih appointed as his successor. -Sara Vakhshouri, LobeLog - 5/11/16

The Viability Of Central-South Asian Energy Projects

- The groundbreaking ceremony for the Central Asia-South Asia electricity transmission project, known as CASA-1000, is scheduled for May 12 in the Tajik capital, Dushanbe. The leaders of Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Pakistan are coming to join Tajik President Emomali Rahmon for the event. -Bruce Pannier, RFE - 5/9/16

Iran backs any move to stabilize oil market: Zangeneh

- Minister of Petroleum Bijan Zangeneh says Iran will support any initiative to stabilize the oil market after recent talks in Qatar failed to freeze production. Zangeneh told reporters on the sidelines of a meeting with his South African counterpart in Tehran on Saturday that the meeting between OPEC and non-OPEC producers in Doha was a "good step." - 4/23/16

Iranian crude output to reach pre-sanctions level by July

- A deputy to the Iranian petroleum minister says the country's crude oil production will reach pre-sanctions levels of 2011 within a couple of months. Tehran has expressed concern over market oversupply and low oil prices but also reiterated its right to regain pre-sanctions market level. - 4/20/16

Oil Price Falls In Asian Trading After Doha Talks Fail

- Russia's Energy Minster Aleksandr Novak said at the end of the April 17 Doha meeting that the Kremlin was not optimistic about an agreement to freeze production because of "heated debates" at the conference and "Iran's position." - 4/18/16

Iran sends OPEC governor to Doha oil freeze talks

- Iranian Petroleum Minister Bijan Zangeneh will not attend upcoming talks between OPEC and non-OPEC producers in Doha to find a solution to tumbling oil prices, but will send Iran's OPEC governor to the meeting. - 4/16/16

India vows to invest $20bn in development of Iran's Chabahar port

- India says it is ready to invest $20 billion in the development of Iran's southeastern Chabahar port - a move that would enable New Delhi to dodge Pakistan and establish a strategic connectivity to Afghanistan as well as the Central Asia - 4/11/16

Norway to launch Iran's first FLNG plan

- Iran says it is working on a plan with a Norwegian company to build a floating facility to liquefy natural gas in the Persian Gulf. NIOC chief Rokneddin Javadi said last October that LNG has returned to Iran's energy agenda, stressing that the country has devised serious plans to launch its first liquefaction project by April 2018. - 4/8/16

Russia, OPEC Said Likely To Freeze Oil Output Without Iran

- Russia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries can reach an agreement to freeze oil production, even if Iran doesn't join in, a top OPEC official told Bloomberg News. Kuwaiti OPEC governor Nawal al-Fezaia's prediction of an output freeze excluding Iran in an interview with Bloomberg helped send oil prices soaring more than 5 percent on world markets on April 6 and 7. - 4/7/16

Explainer: Why The Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis Matters

- This week's Nagorno-Karabakh crisis might strike most people as nothing more than another minor conflict in a remote, faraway place. But the role of the Caucasus in the global energy trade and the potential for full-scale hostilities between Azerbaijan and archrival Armenia or its clients drawing in major regional powers are reason enough to keep a close eye on whether the April 5 cease-fire holds. -Charles Recknagel, RFE - 4/6/16

Saudi attempting to slow Iran oil surge: Report

- A new report points to Saudi Arabia's attempts to hinder Iran's efforts to regain its market share of the global oil trade. The Financial Times report on Monday said Saudi Arabia has been banning vessels that transport Iranian crude from entering their waters. - 4/5/16

Iran oil exports surpass 2 million bpd

- Iran has sharply raised oil exports since the lifting of sanctions in January, with the sales of crude and condensate standing over 2 million barrels per day, Minister of Petroleum Bijan Zangeneh says. "Iran's exports of oil and gas condensate are now at more than 2 million barrels per day," the minister told the Shana news agency in Tehran on Sunday. - 4/4/16

Iran says regained lost oil market share

- Iran says it has already been able to regain the share of the oil market that it had lost as a result of multiple years of draconian sanctions. Iran's Oil Minister Bijan Zangeneh says this has been materialized as a result of an increase in the country's production and exports of crude oil as well as gas condensate. - 3/17/16

Oil Prices Plummet On Fear Iran Will Torpedo Output Freeze Plan

- The price of premium crude fell 3 percent on March 14 and dropped further to under $40 a barrel in early trading March 15 after Russian Energy Minister Aleksandr Novak said that Tehran would not immediately join in a production freeze this year, but might join after raising its output back to levels that prevailed before economic sanctions. - 3/15/16

Iran Rejects Russia-Saudi Oil Freeze Proposal

- Iran has said it will not freeze its oil production, a blow to a proposal by Russia and Saudi Arabia to freeze global output to help turn around a plunge in oil prices. Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh told Iran's Press TV on March 13 that other oil-producing countries should "leave us alone." - 3/13/16

Russian, Iranian Ministers To Discuss Oil-Output Freeze

- Russian Energy Minister Aleksandr Novak will meet with Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Zanganeh on March 14 in Tehran to discuss how an oil-output freeze might apply to Iran, officials say. - 3/11/16

Iran exports 32 tons of heavy water to US

- Iran on Tuesday announced that it had exported 32 tons of heavy water to the United States in what could be a landmark progress in the commercialization of the country's nuclear energy program. - 3/9/16

Iran says oil exports rose by 30%

- Iran said on Tuesday that its oil exports had increased by 30 percent last month. The country's Oil Minister Bijan Zangeneh has been quoted by the media as saying that exports increased to 1.75 million barrels per day (bpd) during the Iranian month of Bahman, which runs from January 21 to February 19. - 3/2/16