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I am going to publicly disclose a critical vulnerability I have found during my research in PayPal, This vulnerability enabled me to completely bypass the
CSRF Prevention System implemented by PayPal, The vulnerability is patched very fast and PayPal paid me the maximum bounty they give ;).
1- Reusable CSRF
Token:
The CSRF token “that authenticate every single request made by the user” which can be also found in the request body of every request with the parameter name “Auth” get changed with every request made by user for security measures, but after a deep investigation I found out that the CSRF Auth is Reusable for that specific user email address or username, this means If an attacker found any of these CSRF Tokens, He can then make actions in the behalf of any logged in user.
Hmm, it seems interesting but still not exploitable, as there is no way for an attacker to get the “Auth” value from a victim session.
2- Bypassing the CSRF Auth System:
The CSRF Auth verifies every single request of that user, So what If an attacker “not logged in” tries to make a “send money” request then PayPal will ask the attacker to provide his email and password, The attacker will provide the “
Victim Email” and ANY password, Then he will capture the request, The request will contain a Valid CSRF Auth token Which is Reusable and Can authorise this specific user requests. Upon Further
Investigation, We have found out that an Attacker can obtain the CSRF Auth which can be valid for ALL users, by intercepting the
POST request from a page that provide an Auth Token before the Logging-in process, check this page for the magical CSRF Auth “https://www.paypal.com/eg/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_send-money”. At this
point the attacker Can CSRF “almost” any request on behalf of this user.
Through examination of the password change process, I have found that an attacker can NOT
Change the victim password without answering the
Security Questions set by user, Also the user himself can NOT change the security questions without entering the password!
3- ByPassing the Security Questions Change:
Screen Shot 2014-08-13 at 12.20.52 AM
The initial process of “setting” security questions is not password protected and is reusable
After further investigation, I have noticed that the request of setting up the security questions “which is initiated by the user while signing up” is not password-protected, and it can be reused to reset the security questions up without providing the password, hence,
Armed with the CSRF Auth, an attacker can CSRF this process too and change the victim’s
Security questions.
At this point, An attacker can conduct a targeted
CSRF attack against PayPal users and take a full control over their accounts. Hence, An attacker can CSRF all the requests including but not limited to:
1- Add/Remove/Confirm
Email address
2-Add fully privileged users to business account
3- Change Security questions
4- Change Billing/
Shipping Address
5- Change Payment methods
6- Change user settings(Notifications/
Mobile settings) ………… and more.
To automate the whole process, I have coded a
Python interactive server to demonstrate how an attacker can exploit this vulnerability in a real-life scenario attack.In
2007, PayPal
Europe was granted a
Luxembourg banking license, which, under
European Union law, allows it to conduct banking business throughout the EU.[89] It is therefore regulated as a bank by Luxembourg's banking supervisory authority, the
Commission de
Surveillance du Secteur Financier (
CSSF).[90][91][92] All of the company's
European accounts were transferred to PayPal's bank in Luxembourg in July 2007.[93] Prior to this move, PayPal had been registered in the
United Kingdom as PayPal (Europe) Ltd, an entity which was licensed as an
Electronic Money Issuer with the
UK's Financial Services Authority (
FSA) from 2004. This ceased in 2007, when the company moved to Luxembourg.[94]
In
India, as of
January 2010, PayPal has no cross-border money transfer authorization. In
The New York Times article "India's
Central Bank Stops Some PayPal Services",
Reserve Bank of India spokesman Alpana
Killawalla stated: "Providers of cross-border money transfer service need prior authorization from the
Reserve Bank under the Payment and
Settlement Systems Act, PayPal does not have our authorization."[95] PayPal is not listed in the "Certificates of Authorisation issued by the Reserve Bank of India under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 for
Setting up and Operating Payment System in
India".[96] PaisaPay is an
Indian sister service to PayPal, and is also owned by eBay.[97] PaisaPay makes possible payments from abroad by PayPal account holders to Indian sellers on eBay.in.
In
Australia, PayPal is licensed as an Authorised Deposit-taking Institution (
ADI) and is thus subject to
Australian banking laws and regulations.Criticism[edit]
See also: Criticism