Blood gas

A blood gas test is a blood test that measures blood gas tension values as indicators of ventilation, respiration, and oxygenation. The source of the blood is reflected in the name of each test; arterial blood gases come from arteries, venous blood gases come from veins and capillary blood gases come from capillaries.

Values measured

pH — The acidity or basicity of the blood.

PaCO
2 — The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.

PaO
2 — The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

HCO−
3 — The level of bicarbonate in the blood.

BE — The base-excess of bicarbonate in the blood.

Purposes for testing

Acidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Lactic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Abnormal results

Abnormal results may be due to a wide range of diseases, including poisoning and trauma as well as lung, kidney, or metabolic diseases. Head or neck injuries or other injuries that affect breathing can also lead to abnormal results.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Seifter JL. Acid-base disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 119

Arterial blood gas

An arterial blood gas (ABG) test is a blood gas test of blood from an artery; it is thus a blood test that measures the amounts of certain gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) dissolved in arterial blood. An ABG test involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and syringe and drawing a small volume of blood. The most common puncture site is the radial artery at the wrist, but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or other sites are used. The blood can also be drawn from an arterial catheter. An ABG test measures the blood gas tension values of arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂), arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO₂), and acidity (pH). In addition, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) can be determined. Such information is vital when caring for patients with critical illness or respiratory disease. Therefore, the ABG test is one of the most common tests performed on patients in intensive care units (ICUs). In other levels of care, pulse oximetry plus transcutaneous carbon dioxide measurement is an alternative method of obtaining similar information less invasively.

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