New Mexico

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the U.S. state of New Mexico. For other uses, see New Mexico (disambiguation).
State of New Mexico
Flag of New Mexico State seal of New Mexico
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Land of Enchantment
Motto(s): Crescit eundo (English: It grows as it goes)
Map of the United States with New Mexico highlighted
Official language (see text)
Spoken languages
  • English 69.69%
  • Spanish 28.45%
  • Navajo 3.5%
  • other 4.09%[1]
Demonym New Mexican
Capital Santa Fe
Largest city Albuquerque
Largest metro Albuquerque metropolitan area
Area Ranked 5th
 • Total 121,589 sq mi
(315,194 km2)
 • Width 342 miles (550 km)
 • Length 370 miles (595 km)
 • % water 0.2
 • Latitude 31° 20′ N to 37° N
 • Longitude 103° W to 109° 3′ W
Population Ranked 36th
 • Total 2,085,109 (2015 est)[2]
 • Density 17.2/sq mi  (6.62/km2)
Ranked 45th
Elevation
 • Highest point Wheeler Peak[3][4][5]
13,167 ft (4013.3 m)
 • Mean 5,700 ft  (1,740 m)
 • Lowest point Red Bluff Reservoir on Texas border[4][5]
2,844 ft (867 m)
Before statehood New Mexico Territory
Admission to Union January 6, 1912 (47th)
Governor Susana Martinez (R)
Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez (R)
Legislature New Mexico Legislature
 • Upper house Senate
 • Lower house House of Representatives
U.S. Senators
U.S. House delegation
(list)
Time zone Mountain: UTC −7/−6
ISO 3166 US-NM
Abbreviations NM
Website www.newmexico.gov
New Mexico state symbols
Flag of New Mexico.svg
NewMexico-StateSeal.svg
Living insignia
Bird Greater roadrunner
Fish Rio Grande cutthroat trout
Flower Yucca
Grass Blue grama
Mammal American black bear
Reptile New Mexico whiptail
Tree Two-needle piñon
Inanimate insignia
Colors Red and yellow
Food Chili peppers
Fossil Coelophysis
Gemstone Turquoise
Motto Crescit eundo
Nickname The Land of Enchantment
Song "O' Fair New Mexico"
State route marker
New Mexico state route marker
State quarter
New Mexico quarter dollar coin
Released in 2008
Lists of United States state symbols

New Mexico (Spanish: Nuevo México [ˈnweβo ˈmexiko]; Navajo: Yootó Hahoodzo [jò:txó hàhò:tsò]) is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, and the sixth-least densely populated of the 50 United States.

Inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years before European exploration, New Mexico was claimed in the colonial era as part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, it was part of independent Mexico before becoming a U.S. territory and eventually a U.S. state. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists who have lived in the area for more than 400 years. It has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans as a proportion of the population after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona.[6] The major Native American nations in the state are Navajo, Pueblo, and Apache peoples. The demography and culture of the state are shaped by these strong Hispanic and Native American influences and expressed in the state flag. Its scarlet and gold colors are taken from the royal standards of Spain, along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia, a Pueblo-related tribe.[7]

New Mexico, or Nuevo México in Spanish, is often incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the nation of Mexico. However, Spanish explorers recorded this region as New Mexico in 1563, and again in 1581. They believed it contained wealthy Indian cultures similar to those of the Aztec Empire, and the names of both regions are derived from its dominant people, the Mexica.[8][9][10] Mexico, formerly a part of New Spain, adopted its name centuries later in 1821, after winning independence from Spanish rule. New Mexico was a part of the independent Mexican Empire and Federal Republic of Mexico for 27 years, 1821 through 1848. During the colonial period, the two had developed as neighboring Spanish-speaking communities under Spanish rule and with relatively independent histories.

Geography[edit]

Further information: List of counties in New Mexico
See also: Delaware Basin
Wheeler Peak in the Sangre de Cristo Range
Chaco Canyon
Carlsbad Caverns
White Sands National Monument
Rio Grande Gorge
Shiprock

The state's total area is 121,412 square miles (314,460 km2).[11] The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and 2.2 miles (3.5 km) west of 103° W longitude with Texas.[12] On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with Arizona runs along the 109° 03' W longitude.[11] The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel. The 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the northwestern corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a large state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about 250 square miles (650 km2).

The New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the north. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, and Gila. The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States.[13]

The U.S. government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as national forests, including:[14]

Areas managed by the National Park Service include:[15]

Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state.

Climate[edit]

Köppen climate types of New Mexico

The climate of New Mexico is generally semiarid to arid, though areas of continental and alpine climates exist, and its territory is mostly covered by mountains, high plains, and desert. The Great Plains (High Plains) are located in Eastern New Mexico, similar to the Colorado high plains in eastern Colorado. The two states share similar terrain, with both having plains, mountains, basins, mesas, and desert lands. New Mexico's average precipitation rate is 13.9 inches (350 mm) a year. The average annual temperatures can range from 64 °F (18 °C) in the southeast to below 40 °F (4 °C) in the northern mountains.[11] During the summer, daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 °F (38 °C) at elevations below 5,000 feet (1,500 m), the average high temperature in July ranges from 97 °F (36 °C) at the lower elevations down to 78 °F (26 °C) at the higher elevations. Many cities in New Mexico can have temperature lows in the teens. The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 °F (50 °C) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Loving on June 27, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature is −50 °F (−46 °C) at Gavilan on February 1, 1951.[16]

Flora and fauna[edit]

Greater roadrunner (the state bird of NM)

New Mexico contains extensive habitat for many plants and animals, especially in desert areas and piñon-juniper woodlands. Creosote bush, mesquite, cacti, yucca, and desert grasses, including black grama, purple three-awn, tobosa, and burrograss, cover the broad, semiarid plains of the southern portion of the state. The northern portion of the state is home to many tree species such as ponderosa pine, aspen, cottonwood, spruce, fir, and Russian olive, which is an invasive species. Native birds include the greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus, the state bird of New Mexico)[17] and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).[18] Other fauna present in New Mexico include black bears, cougars, jaguars, coyotes, porcupines, skunks, Mexican gray wolves, deer, elk, Plains bison, collared peccary, bighorn sheep, squirrels, chipmunks, pronghorns, western diamondbacks, kangaroo rats, jackrabbits, and a multitude of other birds, reptiles, and rodents. The black bear native to New Mexico, Ursus americanus amblyceps, was formally adopted as the state's official animal in 1953.[19]

History[edit]

Main article: History of New Mexico
Ancestral Pueblo territory shown in pink over New Mexico

The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the Clovis culture of Paleo-Indians.[20]:19 Later inhabitants include American Indians of the Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo peoples cultures.[21]:52 By the time of European contact in the 16th century, the region was settled by the villages of the Pueblo peoples and groups of Navajo, Apache, and Ute.[20]:6,48

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition at Compostela in 1540–1542 to explore and find the mystical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola as described by Fray Marcos de Niza.[21]:19–24 The name Nuevo México was first used by a seeker of gold mines named Francisco de Ibarra, who explored far to the north of Mexico in 1563 and reported his findings as being in "a New Mexico".[22] Juan de Oñate officially established the name when he was appointed the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico in 1598.[21]:36–37 The same year, he founded the San Juan de los Caballeros colony, the first permanent European settlement in the future state of New Mexico,[23] on the Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo.[21]:37 Oñate extended El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, Royal Road of the Interior, by 700 miles (1,100 km) from Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, to his remote colony.[24]:49

The settlement of Santa Fe was established at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains, around 1608.[24]:182 The city, along with most of the settled areas of the state, was abandoned by the Spanish for 12 years (1680–92) as a result of the successful Pueblo Revolt.[25] After the death of the Pueblo leader Popé, Diego de Vargas restored the area to Spanish rule.[21]:68–75 While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded Albuquerque in 1706 from existing surrounding communities,[21]:84 naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque.[26]

Province of New Mexico when it belonged to Mexico in 1824

As a part of New Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence.[21]:109 The Republic of Texas claimed the portion east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836, when it incorrectly assumed the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. Texas' only attempt to establish a presence or control in the claimed territory was the failed Texan Santa Fe Expedition. Their entire army was captured and jailed by Hispanic New Mexico militia.

At the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still ruled by France, which sold it in 1803 to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States assigned this portion of New Mexico as part of the Louisiana Territory until 1812; that year Louisiana was admitted as a state. The US then reclassified this area as part of the Missouri Territory.

The independent Republic of Texas also claimed this portion of New Mexico. By 1800, the Spanish population had reached 25,000, but Apache and Comanche raids on Hispanic settlers were common until well into the period of U.S. occupation.[27]

1848 cession of land[edit]

Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico ceded its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the American Southwest and California, to the United States of America.[21]:132 The United States vowed to accept the residents' claims to their lands and to accept them as full citizens with rights of suffrage. This acquisition of territory and residents resulted in Mexicans legally being classified as white, since at that time, in most of the Southern United States, only whites could vote. Nevertheless, Texas and other western states raised barriers to voting and political participation by ethnic Mexicans, including barring them from serving on juries.

After Texas was admitted as a state to the Union, it continued to claim the northeastern portion of present-day New Mexico. Finally, in the Compromise of 1850, Texas ceded these claims to the United States of the area in New Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande, in exchange for $10 million.[21]:135

Congress established the separate New Mexico Territory in September 1850. [28] It included most of the present-day states of Arizona and New Mexico, and part of Colorado. When the boundary was fixed, a surveyor's error awarded the Permian Basin, which included the city of El Paso, to the State of Texas. New Mexico dropped its claims to the Permian in a bid to gain statehood in 1911.

In 1853, the United States acquired the mostly desert southwestern boot heel of the state and southern Arizona below the Gila River in the Gadsden Purchase. It wanted to control lands needed for the right-of-way in order to encourage construction of a transcontinental railroad.[21]:136

Civil war effects in New Mexico
New Mexico territory included Arizona, 1860
Territories now divided, 1866

New Mexico played a role in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Both Confederate and Union governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. In 1861, the Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own Arizona Territory and waged the ambitious New Mexico Campaign in an attempt to control the American Southwest and open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass in 1862. However, the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas, and Confederate troops marched under the Arizona flag until the end of the war. Additionally, more than 8,000 troops from New Mexico Territory served the Union.[29]

In the late 19th century, the majority of officially European-descended residents in New Mexico were ethnic Mexicans, many of whom had deep roots in the area from early Spanish colonial times. Politically, they still controlled most of the town and county offices through area elections, and wealthy sheepherder families commanded considerable influence. The Anglo-Americans tended to have more ties to the territorial governor and judges, who were appointed by officials out of the region. The two groups struggled for power and the future of the territory. The Anglo minority was "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing."[30] Anglo-Americans made distinctions between the wealthy Mexicans and poor, ill-educated laborers.

20th century to present[edit]

Homesteader and his children in Pie Town, New Mexico, 1940

Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912.[21]:166

European-American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes, most of whose members lived on reservations at the beginning of the 20th century. Although Congress passed a law in 1924 that granted all Native Americans with US citizenship, as well as the right to vote in federal and state elections, New Mexico was among several states that restricted Indian voting by raising barriers to voter registration. Their constitution said that Indians who did not pay taxes could not vote, in their interpretation disqualifying those Native Americans who lived on reservations (but only the land was tax free.)[31]

A major oil discovery in 1928 brought prosperity to the state, especially Lea County, New Mexico and the town of Hobbs. It was named for James Hobbs, a homesteader there in 1907.[32] The Midwest State No. 1 well, begun in late 1927 with a standard cable-tool drilling rig, revealed the first signs of oil from the Hobbs field on June 13, 1928. Drilled to 4,330 feet and completed a few months later, the well produced 700 barrels of oil per day on state land. The Midwest Refining Company's Hobbs well produced oil until 2002. The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it "the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico's history".[33]

During World War II, the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured at Los Alamos, a site developed by the federal government specifically to support a high-intensity scientific effort to rapidly complete research and testing of this weapon. The first bomb was tested at Trinity site in the desert between Socorro and Alamogordo on what is now White Sands Missile Range.[21]:179–180

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1850 61,547 —
1860 93,516 51.9%
1870 91,874 −1.8%
1880 119,565 30.1%
1890 160,282 34.1%
1900 195,310 21.9%
1910 327,301 67.6%
1920 360,350 10.1%
1930 423,317 17.5%
1940 531,818 25.6%
1950 681,187 28.1%
1960 951,023 39.6%
1970 1,017,055 6.9%
1980 1,303,302 28.1%
1990 1,515,069 16.2%
2000 1,819,046 20.1%
2010 2,059,179 13.2%
Est. 2015 2,085,109 1.3%
Source: 1910–2010[34]
2015 estimate[2]

Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both the First and Second World Wars. Veterans were disappointed to return and find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting. In 1948, after veteran Miguel Trujillo, Sr. of Isleta Pueblo was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote, he filed suit against the county in federal district court. A three-judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico's provisions that Indians who did not pay taxes (and could not document if they had paid taxes) could not vote.[31]

Judge Phillips wrote:

Any other citizen, regardless of race, in the State of New Mexico who has not paid one cent of tax of any kind or character, if he possesses the other qualifications, may vote. An Indian, and only an Indian, in order to meet the qualifications to vote must have paid a tax. How you can escape the conclusion that makes a requirement with respect to an Indian as a qualification to exercise the elective franchise and does not make that requirement with respect to the member of any race is beyond me.

[31]

New Mexico has benefited greatly from federal government spending on major military and research institutions in the state. It is home to three Air Force bases, White Sands Missile Range, and the federal research laboratories Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The state's population grew rapidly after World War II, growing from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000.[35] Both residents and businesses moved to the state; some northerners came at first for the mild winters; others for retirement.

In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers to generate revenues for reinvestment in economic development and welfare of their peoples.

In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico include microelectronics, call centers, and Indian casinos.[36]

Demography[edit]

See also: List of settlements in New Mexico by population and New Mexico locations by per capita income
New Mexico Population Density Map

Population[edit]

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New Mexico was 2,085,109 on July 1, 2015, a 1.26% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2] The 2000 United States Census recorded the population of New Mexico to be 1,819,046; ten years later the 2010 United States Census recorded a population of 2,059,179, an 11.7% increase.[37]

Of the people residing in New Mexico, 51.4% were born in New Mexico, 37.9% were born in a different US state, 1.1% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 9.7% were foreign born.[38]

As of May 1, 2010, 7.5% of New Mexico's population was reported as under 5 years of age, 25% under 18, and 13% were 65 or older; women make up around 51% of the population.[39]

As of 2000, 8% of the residents of the state were foreign-born.[39]

Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanic ancestry, at 47% (as of July 1, 2012). This classification covers people of very different cultures and histories, including descendants of Spanish colonists with deep roots in the region, and recent immigrants from a variety of nations in Latin America, each with their own cultures.

According to the United States Census Bureau Model-based Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates, the number of persons in poverty has increased to 400,779 (19.8% of the population) persons in 2010 from 2000. At that time, the estimated number of persons in poverty was recorded at 309,193 (17.3% of the population). The latest available estimates for 2014 estimate the number of persons in poverty at 420,388 (20.6% of the population).[37]

Cities, towns, and counties[edit]

See also: List of settlements in New Mexico and List of counties in New Mexico
 
Largest cities or towns in New Mexico
Source:[40]
Rank Name County Pop.
Albuquerque
Albuquerque
Las Cruces
Las Cruces		 1 Albuquerque Bernalillo 556,495 Rio Rancho
Rio Rancho
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
2 Las Cruces Dona Ana 101,324
3 Rio Rancho Sandoval / Bernalillo 91,956
4 Santa Fe Santa Fe 69,976
5 Roswell Chaves 48,611
6 Farmington San Juan 45,854
7 Clovis Curry 39,508
8 Hobbs Lea 36,041
9 Alamogordo Otero 31,500
10 Carlsbad Eddy 27,653

Race and ancestry[edit]

Race/Ethnicity in New Mexico (2010)[41]
White 68.4%
• Non-Hispanic white 40.5%
• White Hispanic 28.1%
American Indian 9.4%
Black/African American 2.1%
Asian 1.4%
Pacific Islander 0.1%
Other 15.0%
Two or more races 3.7%
Hispanic/Latino 46.3%

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 48% of the total 2015 population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, the highest of any state. The majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim to be descendants of Spanish colonists who settled here during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. They speak New Mexican Spanish and/or English at home.[39]

The state also has a large Native American population, second in percentage behind that of Alaska.[39][42] The 2015 racial composition of the population was estimated to be:

New Mexico Racial Breakdown of Population
Racial composition 1970[43] 1990[43] 2000[44] 2010[45]
White 90.1% 75.6% 66.7% 68.6%
Native 7.2% 8.9% 9.5% 9.4%
Black 1.9% 2.0% 1.9% 2.1%
Asian 0.2% 0.9% 1.1% 1.4%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 – – 0.1% 0.1%
Other race 0.6% 12.6% 17.0% 15.0%
Two or more races – – 3.6% 3.7%

According to the United States Census Bureau, 1.5% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed-race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups.[39] In 2008, New Mexico had the highest percentage (47%) of Hispanics (of any race) of any state,[39] with 83% native-born and 17% foreign-born.[46]

According to estimates from the United States Census Bureau's 2006–2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimate,[47] New Mexico's population was 1,962,226. The number of New Mexicans of different single races were: White, 1,375,334 (70.1%); Black, 43,931 (2.2%); American Indian or Alaskan Native, 182,136 (9.3%); Asian, 26,767 (1.4%), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 854 (0.1%), and 273,778 (14.0%) of some other race. There were 59,415 (3.0%) of two or more races. There were 873,171 (44.5%) Hispanics or Latino (of any race).

According to the 2000 United States Census,[48]:6 the most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were:

Languages[edit]

Languages Spoken in New Mexico
English only 64%
Spanish 28%
Navajo 4%

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 28.76% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 4.07% speak Navajo.[49] Speakers of New Mexican Spanish dialect are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.[50] New Mexican Spanish is an archaic form of 17th century Castilian Spanish.[51]

Official language[edit]

The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish;[52] this requirement was renewed twice, in 1931 and 1943.[53] Nonetheless, the constitution does not declare any language as "official."[54] While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English. Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages.[53] Others, such as Juan Perea, claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953.[55] In either case, Hawaii is the only state that remains officially bilingual in the 21st century.[56]

With regard to the judiciary, witnesses have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury-duty as do speakers of English.[54][57] In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to provide for bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students are hispanophone.[54]

In 1995, the state adopted an official bilingual song, "New Mexico – Mi Lindo Nuevo México".[58]:75,81 In 1989, New Mexico became the first state to officially adopt the English Plus resolution,[56] and in 2008, the first to officially adopt a Navajo textbook for use in public schools.[59]

San Miguel Chapel in Santa Fe. Oldest church structure in the U.S., built in 1610.
Religions in New Mexico
Roman Catholic 42%
Protestant 28%
• Mainline 8%
• Evangelical 20%
• Other Protestant 2%
LDS (Mormon) 3%
Jewish 2%
Buddhist 2%
Other religion 3%
Unaffiliated 22%

Religion[edit]

According to Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), the largest denominations in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 684,941; the Southern Baptist Convention with 113,452; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 67,637, and the United Methodist Church with 36,424 adherents.[60] According to a 2008 survey by the Pew Research Center, the most common self-reported religious affiliation of New Mexico residents are mentioned in reference[61]:100

Catholic Church hierarchy[edit]

Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three dioceses, one of which is an archdiocese:[62] Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Diocese of Gallup, Diocese of Las Cruces.

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of New Mexico
See also: New Mexico locations by per capita income
New Mexico State Quarter circulated in April 2008.

Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are important drivers of the state economy. State government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies.

Economic indicators[edit]

In 2010 New Mexico's Gross Domestic Product was $80 billion and an estimated $85 billion for 2013.[63] In 2007 the per capita personal income was $31,474 (rank 43rd in the nation).[64] In 2005 the percentage of persons below the poverty level was 18.4%.[65] The New Mexico Tourism Department estimates that in Fiscal Year 2006 the travel industry in New Mexico generated expenditures of $6.5 billion.[66] As of April 2012, the state's unemployment rate was 7.2%.[67] During the Late 2000s Recession New Mexico's unemployment rate peaked at 8.0% for the period June–October 2010.[68]

Oil and gas production[edit]

New Mexico is the third leading crude oil and natural gas producer in the United States. The Permian Basin (part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field) and San Juan Basin lie partly in New Mexico. In 2006 New Mexico accounted for 3.4% of the crude oil, 8.5% of the dry natural gas, and 10.2% of the natural gas liquids produced in the United States.[69] In 2000 the value of oil and gas produced was $8.2 billion.[70]

Federal government[edit]

The F-22 Raptor is flown by the 49th Fighter Wing at Holloman AFB.

Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. In 2005 the federal government spent $2.03 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state. This rate of return is higher than any other state in the Union.[71]

Many of the federal jobs relate to the military; the state hosts three air force bases (Kirtland Air Force Base, Holloman Air Force Base, and Cannon Air Force Base); a testing range (White Sands Missile Range); and an army proving ground and maneuver range (Fort Bliss – McGregor Range). A May 2005 estimate by New Mexico State University is that 11.65% of the state's total employment arises directly or indirectly from military spending.[72] Other federal installations include the technology labs of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories.

Economic incentives[edit]

Albuquerque Studios, built in 2007 for rising demand of film production in the state.

New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions. Most of the incentives are based on job creation.[73]

New Mexico law allows governments to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses to promote job creation. Several municipalities have imposed an Economic Development Gross Receipts Tax (a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT) that is used to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas.[74]

The state provides financial incentives for film production.[75][76] The New Mexico Film Office estimated at the end of 2007 that the incentive program had brought more than 85 film projects to the state since 2003 and had added $1.2 billion to the economy.[77]

State taxes[edit]

Main article: Taxation in New Mexico

Since 2008, personal income tax rates for New Mexico have ranged from 1.7% to 4.9%, within four income brackets.[78] As of 2007, active-duty military salaries are exempt from state income tax.[79]

New Mexico imposes a Gross Receipts Tax (GRT) on many transactions, which may even include some governmental receipts. This resembles a sales tax but, unlike the sales taxes in many states, it applies to services as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser, however legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as an excise tax. GRT is imposed by the state and there may an additional locality component to produce a total tax rate.[80] As of July 1, 2013 the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125% to 8.6875%.[81]

Property tax is imposed on real property by the state, by counties, and by school districts. In general, personal-use personal property is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is 1/3 of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 mills is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.[82]

Transportation[edit]

Santa Fe Trail in Cimarron, New Mexico.

New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade and migration. The builders of the ruins at Chaco Canyon also created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement.[83] Chaco Canyon's trade function shifted to Casas Grandes in the present-day Mexican state of Chihuahua, however, north-south trade continued. The pre-Columbian trade with Mesoamerican cultures included northbound exotic birds, seashells and copper. Turquoise, pottery, and salt were some of the goods transported south along the Rio Grande. Present-day New Mexico's pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot. The north-south trade route later became a path for colonists with horses arriving from New Spain as well as trade and communication. The route was called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.[84]

The Santa Fe Trail was the 19th century US territory's vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States.[85] All with termini in Northern New Mexico, the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the Old Spanish Trail are all recognized as National Historic Trails. New Mexico's latitude and low passes made it an attractive east-west transportation corridor.[86] As a territory, the Gadsden Purchase increased New Mexico's land area for the purpose of the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad, that of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Another transcontinental railroad was completed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails but brought on a population boom. Early transcontinental auto trails later crossed the state bringing more migrants. Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports. Today, New Mexico's Interstate Highways approximate the earlier land routes of the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the transcontinental railroads.

Road[edit]

See also: Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction § New Mexico, and List of New Mexico highways
New Mexico highways.

New Mexico has had a problem with drunk driving, but that has lessened. According to the Los Angeles Times, for years the state had the highest alcohol-related crash rates in the U.S., but ranked 25th in alcohol-related fatal crash rates, as of July 2009.[87]

The automobile changed the character of New Mexico, marking the start of large scale immigration to the state from elsewhere in the United States. Settlers moving West during the Great Depression and post-World War II American culture immortalized the National Old Trails Highway, later U.S. Route 66. Today, the automobile is heavily relied upon in New Mexico for transportation.

New Mexico had 59,927 route miles of highway as of 2000, of which 7,037 receive federal-aid.[88] In that same year there were 1,003 miles (1,614 km) of freeways, of which 1000 were the route miles of Interstate Highways 10, 25 and 40.[89] The former number has increased with the upgrading of roads near Pojoaque, Santa Fe and Las Cruces to freeways. The highway traffic fatality rate was 1.9 fatalities per million miles traveled in 2000, the 13th highest rate among U.S. states.[90] Notable bridges include the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos. As of 2001, 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structurally deficient" or "structurally obsolete".[91]

Rural and intercity public transportation by road is provided by Americanos USA, LLC, Greyhound Lines and several government operators.

The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail operation train that runs along the Central Rio Grande Valley.

Urban mass transit[edit]

See also: Category:Bus transportation in New Mexico

The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail system serving the metropolitan area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It began operation on July 14, 2006.[92] The system runs from Belen to downtown Santa Fe. Larger cities in New Mexico typically have some form of public transportation by road; ABQ RIDE is the largest such system in the state.[93]

Rail[edit]

See also: List of New Mexico railroads
The Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad

There were 2,354 route miles of railroads in the year 2000, this number increased with the opening of the Rail Runner's extension to Santa Fe.[94] In addition to local railroads and other tourist lines, the state jointly owns and operates a heritage narrow-gauge steam railroad, the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railway, with the state of Colorado. Narrow gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state, from Farmington to Santa Fe.[95]:110 No fewer than 100 railroads of various names and lineage have operated in the jurisdiction at some point.[95]:8 New Mexico's rail transportation system reached its height in terms of length following admission as a state; in 1914 eleven railroads operated 3124 route miles.[95]:10

Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s.[96] The first railroads incorporated in 1869.[95]:9 The first operational railroad, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), entered the territory by way of the lucrative and contested Raton Pass in 1878. It eventually reached El Paso, Texas in 1881 and with the Southern Pacific Railroad created the nation's second transcontinental railroad with a junction at Deming. The Southern Pacific Railroad entered the territory from the Territory of Arizona in 1880.[95]:9, 18, 58–59[96] The Denver & Rio Grande Railway, who would generally use narrow gauge equipment in New Mexico, entered the territory from Colorado and began service to Española on December 31, 1880.[95]:95–96[96] These first railroads were built as long-distance corridors, later railroad construction also targeted resource extraction.[95]:8–11

Freight[edit]

New Mexico is served by two class I railroads, the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad. Combined, they operate 2,200 route miles of railway in the state.[94]

Passenger[edit]

Downtown Santa Fe train station

A commuter rail operation, the New Mexico Rail Runner Express, connects the state's capital, its largest city, and other communities.[97] The privately operated state owned railroad began operations in July 2006.[92] The BNSF Railway's entire line from Belen to Raton, New Mexico was sold to the state, partially for the construction of phase II of this operation, which opened in December 2008.[98] Phase II of Rail Runner extended the line northward to Santa Fe from the Sandoval County station, the northernmost station under Phase I service. The service now connects Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, and Valencia counties. The trains connect Albuquerque's population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day. The section of the line running south to Belen is served less frequently.[99] Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week.[100]

The railway station in Tucumcari

With the rise of rail transportation many settlements grew or were founded and the territory became a tourist destination. As early as 1878, the ATSF promoted tourism in the region with emphasis on Native American imagery.[101]:64 Named trains often reflected the territory they traveled: Super Chief, the streamlined successor to the Chief;[101] Navajo, an early transcontinental tourist train; and Cavern, a through car operation connecting Clovis and Carlsbad (by the early 1950s as train 23–24),[95]:49–50[102]:51 were some of the named passenger trains of the ATSF that connoted New Mexico.

Passenger train service once connected nine of New Mexico's present ten most populous cities (the exception is Rio Rancho), while today passenger train service connects two: Albuquerque and Santa Fe.[97] With the decline of most intercity rail service in the United States in the late 1960s, New Mexico was left with minimal services. No less than six daily long-distance roundtrip trains supplemented by many branch line and local trains served New Mexico in the early 1960s. Declines in passenger revenue, but not necessarily ridership, prompted many railroads to turn over their passenger services in truncated form to Amtrak, a state owned enterprise. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation, began operating the two extant long-distance routes in May 1971.[95][101][102] Resurrection of passenger rail service from Denver to El Paso, a route once plied in part by the ATSF's El Pasoan,[102]:37 has been proposed over the years. As early as the 1980s former Governor Toney Anaya proposed building a high-speed rail line connecting the two cities with New Mexico's major cities.[103] Front Range Commuter Rail is a project to connect Wyoming and New Mexico with high-speed rail.[104]

Amtrak's Southwest Chief passes through daily at stations in Gallup, Albuquerque, Lamy, Las Vegas, and Raton, offering connections to Los Angeles, Chicago and intermediate points.[105] The Southwest Chief is a fast Amtrak long distance train, being permitted a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h) in various places on the tracks of the BNSF Railway.[106] It also operates on New Mexico Rail Runner Express trackage. The Southwest Chief is the successor to the Super Chief and El Capitan.[102]:115 The streamliner Super Chief, a favorite of early Hollywood stars, was one of the most famous named trains in the United States and one of the most esteemed for its luxury and exoticness—train cars were named for regional Native American tribes and outfitted with the artwork of many local artists—but also for its speed: as few as 39 hours 45 minutes westbound.[101]

A sign in Southern New Mexico indicating "The Future site of the New Mexico Spaceport"

The Sunset Limited makes stops three times a week in both directions at Lordsburg, and Deming, serving Los Angeles, New Orleans and intermediate points.[107] The Sunset Limited is the successor to the Southern Pacific Railroad's train of the same name and operates exclusively on Union Pacific trackage in New Mexico.

Aerospace[edit]

See also: List of airports in New Mexico

The Albuquerque International Sunport is the state's primary port of entry for air transportation.

Upham, near Truth or Consequences is the location of the world's first operational and purpose-built commercial spaceport, Spaceport America.[108][109][110] Rocket launches began in April 2007.[110] It is undeveloped and has one tenant, UP Aerospace, launching small payloads.[111] Virgin Galactic, a space tourism company, plans to make this their primary operating base.[109][112]

Government and politics[edit]

Governor Susana Martinez (R)

Government[edit]

Main article: Government of New Mexico

The governmental structure of New Mexico is established by the Constitution of New Mexico. The executive branch of government is fragmented as outlined in the state constitution. The executive is composed of the Governor and other statewide elected officials including the Lieutenant Governor (elected on the same ticket as the Governor) Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Commissioner of Public Lands. The governor appoints a cabinet that leads agencies statutorily designated under his/her jurisdiction. The New Mexico Legislature consists of the House of Representatives and Senate. The judiciary is composed of the New Mexico Supreme Court and lower courts. There is also local government, consisting of counties, municipalities and special districts.

Politics[edit]

See also: Elections in New Mexico and Political party strength in New Mexico

Current Governor Susana Martinez (R) and Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez (R), were first elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Terms for both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor expire in January 2019. Governors serve a term of four years and may seek re-election for one additional term (limit of two terms). Other constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2019, include Secretary of State Dianna Duran (R),[113] Attorney General Hector Balderas (D),[114] State Auditor Timothy Keller (D),[115] State Land Commissioner Aubrey Dunn (R),[116] and State Treasurer Tim Eichenberg (D).[117]

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of December 1, 2014[118][119]
Party Number of Voters Percentage
  Democratic 600,644 46%
  Republican 402,347 32%
  Unaffiliated 247,629 19%
  Minor parties 39,674 3%
Total 1,290,294 100%

Currently, the New Mexico State Legislature has split majorities, with Democrats controlling the Senate and the House of Representatives being controlled by Republicans. There are 24 Democrats and 18 Republicans in the Senate, and 37 Republicans and 33 Democrats in the House of Representatives.

New Mexico's members of the United States Senate are Democrats Martin Heinrich and Tom Udall. Democrats Michelle Lujan Grisham, and Ben R. Luján represent the first and third congressional districts, respectively, and Republican Steve Pearce represents the second congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. See New Mexico congressional map.

Gubernatorial election results
Year Republican Democratic
2014 57.34% 288,549 42.66% 214,636
2010 53.29% 321,219 46.55% 280,614
2006 31.18% 174,364 68.82% 384,806
2002 39.05% 189,074 55.49% 268,693
1998 54.53% 271,948 45.47% 226,755
1994 49.81% 232,945 '39.92%' 186,686
1990 45.15% 185,692 54.61% 224,564
1986 53.05% 209,455 46.95% 185,378

New Mexico is considered a swing state, whose population has favored both Democratic and Republican presidential candidates in the past. The current governor is Susana Martinez (R), who succeeded Bill Richardson (D) on January 1, 2011 after he served two terms as governor from 2003 to 2011. Before Richardson, Gary Johnson served as governor from 1995 to 2003. Johnson served as a Republican, but in 2012 he ran for President from the Libertarian Party. Governors in New Mexico are limited to two terms. In previous presidential elections, Al Gore carried the state (by 366 votes) in 2000; George W. Bush won New Mexico's five electoral votes in 2004, and the state's electoral votes were won by Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012. Since achieving statehood in 1912, New Mexico has been carried by the victor in every presidential election except 1976 and 2000.[120]

Democratic strongholds in the state include the Santa Fe Area, various areas of the Albuquerque Metro Area (such as the southeast and central areas, including the affluent Nob Hill neighborhood and the vicinity of the University of New Mexico), Northern and West Central New Mexico, and most of the Native American reservations, particularly the Navajo Nation. Republicans have traditionally had their strongholds in the eastern and southern parts of the state, the Farmington area, Rio Rancho, and Albuquerque's Northeast Heights and the newly developed areas in the Northwest mesa. While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly 200,000, New Mexico voters have historically favored moderate to conservative candidates of both parties at the state and federal levels.

Presidential elections results
Year Republican Democratic
2012 42.84% 335,788 52.99% 415,335
2008 41.78% 346,832 56.91% 472,422
2004 49.8% 376,930 49.1% 370,942
2000 47.85% 286,417 47.91% 286,783
1996 42% 232,751 49% 273,495
1992 43% 212,617 51% 261,617
1988 51% 270,341 46% 244,49
1984 59% 307,101 39% 201,769
1980 55% 250,779 36% 167,826
1976 50% 211,419 48% 201,148
1972 60% 235,606 36% 141,084

On major political issues, New Mexico abolished its death penalty statute, though not retroactively, effective July 1, 2009. This means individuals currently on New Mexico's Death Row can still be executed, and those convicted of capital crimes before July 1, 2009 may still be sentenced to capital punishment under the pre-existing death penalty statute. On March 18, 2009, then Governor Bill Richardson signed the law abolishing the death penalty in New Mexico following the assembly and senate vote the week before, thus becoming the 15th U.S. state to abolish the penalty.[121]

On gun control, New Mexico arguably has some of the least restrictive firearms laws in the country. State law pre-empts all local gun control ordinances. Unlike states with strong gun control laws, a New Mexico resident may purchase any firearm deemed legal under federal law. There are no waiting periods under state law for picking up a firearm after it has been purchased, and there are no restrictions on magazine capacity. Additionally, New Mexico allows open carry of a loaded firearm without a permit, and is "shall-issue" for concealed carry permits.

Before December 2013 New Mexico law neither explicitly allowed nor prohibited same-sex marriage. Policy concerning the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level; that is, some county clerks issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, while others did not. In December 2013, the New Mexico Supreme Court issued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriage at the statewide level.

Education[edit]

The New Mexico Public Education department is situated in Santa Fe.

Due to its relatively low population in combination with numerous federally funded research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders of any state in 2000.[122] Despite this the state routinely ranks near the bottom in surveys of quality of primary and secondary school education.[123]

New Mexico has a higher concentration of persons who do not finish high school or have some college without a degree than the nation as a whole. For the state, 23.9% of people over 25 years of age have gone to college but not earned a degree.[37] This is compared with 21.0% of the nation as a whole according to United States Census Bureau 2014 American Community Survey estimates.[124] Los Alamos County has the highest number percent of post secondary degree holders of any county in New Mexico with 38.7% of the population (4,899 persons) estimated by the 2010-2014 American Community Survey.[125]

Primary and secondary education[edit]

See also: List of high schools in New Mexico

The New Mexico Public Education Department oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools.

Colleges and universities[edit]

New Mexico Military Institute

Main article: List of colleges and universities in New Mexico

Major state universities[edit]

Four campus libraries
Zimmerman Library at The University of New Mexico
Zuhl Library at New Mexico State University
Walkway outside Golden Library at Eastern New Mexico University
Donnelly Library at New Mexico Highlands University

Culture[edit]

See also: List of people from New Mexico, New Mexican cuisine, and New Mexico wine
Symbols of the Southwest: a string of chili peppers (a ristra) and a bleached white cow's skull hang in a market near Santa Fe

With a Native American population of 134,000 in 1990,[citation needed] New Mexico still ranks as an important center of Native American culture. Both the Navajo and Apache share Athabaskan origin. The Apache and some Ute live on federal reservations within the state. With 16 million acres (6,500,000 ha), mostly in neighboring Arizona, the reservation of the Navajo Nation ranks as the largest in the United States. The prehistorically agricultural Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state.

Almost half of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin; many are descendants of colonial settlers. They settled in the northern portion of the state. Most of the Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state. Also 10-15% of the population, mainly in the north, may contain Hispanic Jewish ancestry.[citation needed]

There are many New Mexicans who also speak a unique dialect of Spanish. New Mexican Spanish has vocabulary often unknown to other Spanish speakers. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language adopts numerous Native American words for local features, and contains much Anglicized vocabulary for American concepts and modern inventions.

Albuquerque has the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, the National Hispanic Cultural Center, and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, as well as hosts the famed annual Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta every fall.

Art and literature[edit]

The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives today are the Mimbres Indians, whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 CE. See Mimbres culture. Many examples of this work can be seen at the Deming Luna Mimbres Museum[126] and at the Western New Mexico University Museum.[127]

A large artistic community thrives in Santa Fe, and has included such people as Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, John Connell and Steina Vasulka. The capital city has several art museums, including the New Mexico Museum of Art, Museum of Spanish Colonial Art, Museum of International Folk Art, Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, SITE Santa Fe and others. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual Santa Fe Indian Market, which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world. Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe Opera which presents five operas in repertory each July to August, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival held each summer, and the restored Lensic Theater a principal venue for many kinds of performances. Santa Fe is also home to Frogville Records, an indie record label. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of Zozobra, a 50 ft (15 m) marionette, during Fiestas de Santa Fe.

The interior of the Crosby Theater at the Santa Fe Opera; viewed from the mezzanine.

Art is also a frequent theme in Albuquerque, New Mexico's largest city. The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events, art showcases, and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the 53 acre facility. New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico. Popejoy Hall hosts singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare.[128] Albuquerque also has the unique and memorable KiMo Theater built in 1927 in the Pueblo Revival Style architecture. The KiMo presents live theater and concerts as well as movies and simulcast operas.[129] In addition to other general interest theaters, Albuquerque also has the African American Performing Arts Center and Exhibit Hall which showcases achievements by people of African descent[130] and the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center which highlights the cultural heritage of the First Nations people of New Mexico.[131]

New Mexico still holds strong to its Spanish heritage. Old Spanish traditions such zarzuelas and flamenco are very popular in New Mexico.[132][133] World-renowned flamenco dancer and native New Mexican María Benítez founded the Maria Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts "to present programs of the highest quality of the rich artistic heritage of Spain as expressed through music, dance, visual arts and other art forms." There is also the Festival Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque held each year in which both native Spanish and New Mexican flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico.

In the mid-20th century there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. Among the more notable authors were: Angélico Chávez, Nina Otero-Warren, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Aurelio Espinosa, Cleofas Jaramillo, Juan Bautista Rael, and Aurora Lucero-White Lea. As well, writer D. H. Lawrence lived near Taos in the 1920s at the D. H. Lawrence Ranch where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes.

New Mexico's strong Spanish, Native American, and Wild West frontier motifs have provided material for many authors in the state including internationally recognized Rudolfo Anaya and Tony Hillerman.[134]

Silver City, in the southwestern mountains of the state, was originally a mining town, and at least one nearby mine still operates. It is perhaps better known now as the home of and/or exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise.[135] Another former mining town turned art haven is Madrid, New Mexico.[136] It was brought to national fame as the filming location for the movie Wild Hogs in 2007. The City of Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system that is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program.[137] Las Cruces also has a variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors alike.[138]

Aside from the aforementioned Wild Hogs, other movies filmed in New Mexico include Sunshine Cleaning and Vampires.

Sports[edit]

The New Mexico Stars play in the Santa Ana Star Center

Professional sports teams based in New Mexico include the Albuquerque Isotopes (Pacific Coast League Triple-A baseball affiliate of the MLB Colorado Rockies). New Mexico is home to several baseball teams of the Pecos League: Santa Fe Fuego, Roswell Aliens and the White Sands Pupfish. The Duke City Gladiators of the CIF are an indoor football team that plays their home games at the Tingley Coliseum.

Collegiate athletics in New Mexico involve various University of New Mexico Lobos and New Mexico State Aggies teams in many sports.

Olympic gold medalist Tom Jager, who is an advocate of controversial high-altitude training for swimming, has conducted training camps in Albuquerque (elevation 5,312 ft (1,619.1 m)) and Los Alamos (7,320 ft (2,231 m)).[139]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Most spoken languages in New Mexico in 2010". MLA Data Center. Retrieved November 4, 2012. 
  2. ^ a b c "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015" (CSV). U.S. Census Bureau. December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015. 
  3. ^ "Wheeler". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 
  4. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 
  5. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  6. ^ Norris, Tina; Vines, Paula L.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M. (February 2012). "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). Census 2010 Brief. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 1, 2012. 
  7. ^ "New Mexico State Flag – About the New Mexico Flag, its adoption and history from". Netstate.Com. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  8. ^ Weber, David J. (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 79. 
  9. ^ Sanchez, Joseph P. (1987). The Rio Abajo Frontier, 1540–1692: A History of Early Colonial New Mexico. Albuquerque: Museum of Albuquerque History Monograph Series. p. 51. 
  10. ^ Stewart, George (2008) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: NYRB Classics. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-59017-273-5. There was Francisco de Ibarra, a great seeker after gold mines. In 1563 he went far to the north ... when he returned south, Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico. Doubtless, like others, he stretched the tale, and certainly the land of which he told was well south of the one now so called. Yet men remembered the name Nuevo México, though not at first as that of the region which Coronado had once conquered. 
  11. ^ a b c "CLIMATE OF NEW MEXICO". New Mexico State University. Retrieved March 20, 2010. 
  12. ^ "MAPS". NM Partnership. Retrieved September 17, 2014. 
  13. ^ "Rivers of the World". USGS. Retrieved May 22, 2010. 
  14. ^ "Find a Forest by State". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved March 20, 2010. 
  15. ^ "New Mexico". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008. 
  16. ^ "All-Time Climate Extremes for NM". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2011. 
  17. ^ Merriam Bailey, Florence (1928). Birds of New Mexico. The University of Michigan. 
  18. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). "Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo". GlobalTwitcher.com. Retrieved April 2, 2010. 
  19. ^ New Mexico; New Mexico Compilation Commission (1966). New Mexico statutes, 1953, annotated. 2. Indianapolis: A. Smith Co. p. 68. OCLC 28494004. Retrieved July 31, 2011. 
  20. ^ a b Murphy, Dan (2000). New Mexico, the distant land: an illustrated history. photo research by John O. Baxter (2000 ed.). Sun Valley, CA: American Historical Press. ISBN 978-1-892724-09-0. 
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Simmons, Marc (1988). New Mexico: An Interpretive History (New ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1110-5. 
  22. ^ Stewart, George (2008) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: NYRB Classics. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-59017-273-5. There was Francisco de Ibarra, a great seeker after gold mines. In 1563 he went far to the north...when he returned south, Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a New Mexico. Doubtless, like others, he stretched the tale, and certainly the land of which he told was well south of the one now so called. Yet men remembered the name Nuevo México, though not at first as that of the region which Coronado had once conquered. 
  23. ^ "Cuarto Centenario: 400 Years of New Mexico Culture and History". New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. 1999. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008. 
  24. ^ a b Simmons, Mark (1991). The Last Conquistador: Juan De Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2368-0. 
  25. ^ Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico. Source: C. W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773, vol. III [Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1937] pp. 327–35.
  26. ^ "The Founding of Albuquerque – The Albuquerque Museum". City of Albuquerque. Retrieved October 12, 2008. 
  27. ^ New Mexico (state). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
  28. ^ "Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase as Recognized Today". Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase. Library of Congress. December 2001. Retrieved December 6, 2008. 
  29. ^ "American Civil War Research Database statistics". Civilwardata.com. March 4, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  30. ^ Charles Montgomery, "Becoming 'Spanish-American': Race and Rhetoric in New Mexico Politics, 1880-1928", Journal of American Ethnic History Vol. 20, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 59-84 (published by University of Illinois Press for Immigration and Ethnic History Society); accessed via JSTOR, 20 July 2016
  31. ^ a b c Willard Hughes Rollings, "Citizenship and Suffrage: The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830-1965", Nevada Law Journal Vol. 5:126, Fall 2004; accessed 18 July 2016
  32. ^ "New Mexico Oil Discovery". Retrieved July 7, 2014. 
  33. ^ Wells, Bruce. "New Mexico Oil Discovery". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Retrieved June 8, 2014. 
  34. ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 
  35. ^ "Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990". Population and Housing Unit Counts (PDF). 1990 Census of Population and Housing. CPH-2-1. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. pp. 26–27. ISBN 99946-41-25-5. Retrieved July 3, 2008. 
  36. ^ Reynis, Lee A.; Marshall J. Vest (2005). "The Southwest Heartland: The Good, the Bad & the Ugly" (PDF). University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. p. 12. Retrieved October 12, 2008. 
  37. ^ a b c "New Mexico | Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM". bber.unm.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-28. 
  38. ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk
  39. ^ a b c d e f g "New Mexico QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2010. 
  40. ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas (July 1, 2013). "New Mexico (USA): State, Major Cities, Towns & Places". City Population. Retrieved July 1, 2013. 
  41. ^ "2010 Census Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2011. 
  42. ^ "Alaska QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2010. 
  43. ^ a b "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2014. 
  44. ^ Population of New Mexico: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts[dead link]
  45. ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2014. 
  46. ^ Demographic Profile of Hispanics in New Mexico, 2007. Pew Hispanic Center.
  47. ^ "US Census 2006–2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  48. ^ Brittingham, Angela; de la Cruz, G. Patricia (June 2004). "Table 3. Largest Ancestries for the United States, Regions, States, and for Puerto Rico: 2000" (PDF). Ancestry: 2000; Census 2000 Brief. US Census Bureau. Retrieved November 8, 2008. 
  49. ^ "MLA Language Map Data Center: Most spoken languages in New Mexico". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  50. ^ "The Spanish language in New Mexico and southern Colorado". Archive.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  51. ^ Rubén Cobos. A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2003
  52. ^ Crawford, John (1992). Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 62. 
  53. ^ a b Cobarrubias, Juan; Fishman, Joshua A (1983). Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 195. 
  54. ^ a b c Constitution of the State of New Mexico. Adopted January 21, 1911.
  55. ^ Perea, Juan F. Los Olvidados: On the Making of Invisible People. New York University Law Review, 70(4), 965-990. 
  56. ^ a b Joseph, John Earl (2006). Language and Politics. Edinburgh University Press. p. 63. 
  57. ^ Roberts, Calvin A. (2006). Our New Mexico: A Twentieth Century History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 23. 
  58. ^ "State Symbols". New Mexico Blue Book 2007–2008. New Mexico Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2009. 
  59. ^ Felicia Fonseca (July 31, 2008). "New Mexico first state to adopt Navajo textbook". Seattle Times. Retrieved October 29, 2011. 
  60. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Retrieved November 27, 2013. 
  61. ^ Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 25, 2008. 
  62. ^ "ARCHDIOSF.ORG". Retrieved April 11, 2010.  There is one Eastern Catholic parish in the state, which is under the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix.
  63. ^ "GDP by State". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved September 9, 2011. 
  64. ^ "Per Capita Personal Income by State". University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. April 4, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  65. ^ "Persons Below Poverty by New Mexico County". University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. January 18, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  66. ^ "Travel Economic Impact Model" (PDF). New Mexico Tourism Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008. 
  67. ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". 
  68. ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Retrieved May 11, 2012. 
  69. ^ "EIA State Energy Profiles: New Mexico". US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. October 9, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2008. 
  70. ^ "Oil & Gas Program". New Mexico Institute of Technology, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. Retrieved October 9, 2008. 
  71. ^ "Federal Spending Received Per Dollar of Taxes Paid by State, 2005". Tax Foundation. October 9, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2008. 
  72. ^ Dr. Chris Erickson; Erin Ward (May 2005). "Economic Impact of the Closure of Cannon Air Force Base". New Mexico Business Outlook. New Mexico State University. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  73. ^ "Business Assistance: Incentives". State of New Mexico Economic Development Department. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  74. ^ Domrzalski, Dennis (September 19, 2003). 28 New Mexico towns tap into $45M in incentives. New Mexico Business Weekly. OCLC 30948175. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  75. ^ "Governor Signs Film Production Tax Incentives". New Mexico Economic Development Department. March 4, 2002. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2007. 
  76. ^ "New Mexico's Film Incentives". New Mexico Film Office. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  77. ^ Hay, Kiera (December 10, 2007). State's Incentives Keep Film Industry Growing. Albuquerque Journal. OCLC 9392114. Retrieved June 2, 2008. 
  78. ^ "Personal Income Tax Rates" (PDF). State of New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department. August 25, 2008. p. 3. Retrieved September 4, 2008. [dead link]
  79. ^ "Governor Richardson Announces New Laws to Take Effect; New State laws go into effect June 15, 2007" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the Governor, State of New Mexico. June 14, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008. HB 436 Working Families Tax Credit...eliminates taxes on active duty military salaries. [dead link]
  80. ^ "Gross Receipts Taxes FAQ" (PDF). State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. August 6, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2008. 
  81. ^ [1] Archived October 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  82. ^ "Property Tax FAQ" (PDF). State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. August 7, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2008. 
  83. ^ Chaco Canyon Archived June 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  84. ^ Suina, Kim. "Indigenous trade". Digital History Project—Book of Migrations. New Mexico Office of the State Historian. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2009. 
  85. ^ Santa Fe Trail Association Archived March 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  86. ^ "Santa Fe National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  87. ^ Los Angeles Times, New Mexico turns a corner on drunk driving, July 7, 2009, by Kate Linthicum, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/07/nation/na-new-mexico-dwi7
  88. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-2: New Mexico Public Road Length, Miles by Ownership 2000 [2]
  89. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-1: New Mexico Public Road Length, by Functional System [3]
  90. ^ "U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 2-1: Highway Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates: 2000". Bts.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  91. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-5: Highway Bridge Condition: 2001 [4]
  92. ^ a b Holmes, Sue Major (January 14, 2009). "Mass. firm sues state over Railrunner name". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 2, 2009. [dead link]
  93. ^ "ABQ RIDE – City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque. Retrieved April 12, 2010. 
  94. ^ a b U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Table 1-9: Freight Railroads in New Mexico and the United States: 2000 [5]
  95. ^ a b c d e f g h i Myrick, David F. (1970). New Mexico's Railroads—An Historical Survey. Golden, Colorado: Colorado Railroad Museum. ISBN 0-8263-1185-7. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70-116915. 
  96. ^ a b c "New Mexico and its Railroads". La Crónica de Nuevo México/New Mexico Office of the State Historian: Digital History Project—The Book of Mapping. Historical Society of New Mexico. August 1984. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2009. 
  97. ^ a b "Stations – New Mexico Rail Runner Express". Nmrailrunner.com. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  98. ^ Grimm, Julie Ann (December 17, 2008). "Delays, struck cow mark Rail Runner's first day, but riders optimistic". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved February 2, 2009. [dead link]
  99. ^ "New Mexico Rail Runner Express weekday schedule" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  100. ^ "Rail Runner schedule page". Nmrailrunner.com. April 12, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  101. ^ a b c d Richards, C Fenton Jr (2001). Santa Fe – The Chief Way. Second Printing, 2005. Robert Strein & John Vaughn. New Mexico Magazine. ISBN 0-937206-71-7. 
  102. ^ a b c d Dorin, Patrick C. (2004). Santa Fe Passenger Trains in the Streamlined Era. design and layout by Megan Johnson. USA: TLC Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-883089-99-9. 
  103. ^ Herron, Gary (December 22, 2008). "Media and politicians enjoy inaugural ride, public opening met with delays". The Observer. UK. Retrieved February 2, 2009. 
  104. ^ Proctor, Cathy (May 15, 2005). "Idea floated for Front Range rail line". 
  105. ^ "Southwest Chief passenger timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. October 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2009. 
  106. ^ Blaszak, Michael W. (2009). "Speed, Signals, and Safety". Fast Trains. Classic Trains Special Edition No. 7. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.: 47. ISBN 978-0-89024-763-1. 
  107. ^ "Sunset Limited passenger timetable" (PDF). Amtrak. January 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009. 
  108. ^ Ohtake, Miyoko (August 25, 2007). "Virgin Galactic Preps for Liftoff at World's First Commercial Spaceport". Wired Magazine (15:10). Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009. 
  109. ^ a b Robinson-Avila (December 31, 2008). "NM Spaceport, Virgin Galactic sign 20-year lease". New Mexico Business Weekly. Retrieved January 24, 2009. 
  110. ^ a b AFP (December 19, 2008). "First Commercial Spaceport Gets Green Light". Discovery Channel. Retrieved January 24, 2009. 
  111. ^ UP Aerospace does launches 'quickly and cheaply', DenverBiz Journal, October 2008 [6]
  112. ^ "News Release 03.04.2008 / Spaceport Sweden and Virgin Galactic". Retrieved June 26, 2008. 
  113. ^ "NM Secretary of State's Office official web site". Sos.state.nm.us. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  114. ^ "NM Attorney General's Office official web site". Ago.state.nm.us. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  115. ^ "NM State Auditor's Office official web site". Saonm.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  116. ^ "NM State Lands official web site". Nmstatelands.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  117. ^ "NM State Treasurer's Office official web site". Stonm.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  118. ^ "Voter Registration Statistics" (PDF). New Mexico Secretary of State Elections Bureau. Retrieved February 28, 2014. 
  119. ^ "New registration numbers" (PDF). Retrieved April 21, 2014. 
  120. ^ "New Mexico Presidential Election Voting History". 270towin.com. Retrieved April 21, 2014. 
  121. ^ Le Nouveau-Mexique abolit la peine de mort [archive] in Le Monde of March 19, 2009
  122. ^ "Venture Capitals". Wired. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  123. ^ "These Are The States With The Best And Worst School Systems, According To New Rankings". Huffington Post. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2015. 
  124. ^ "Data | Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM". bber.unm.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-28. 
  125. ^ "County Data | Bureau of Business and Economic Research UNM". bber.unm.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-28. 
  126. ^ "Deming Luna County Museum". Lunacountyhistoricalsociety.com. Retrieved April 21, 2014. 
  127. ^ "Western New Mexico University Museum". Wnmumuseum.org. Retrieved April 21, 2014. 
  128. ^ "Popejoy Hall". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  129. ^ "KiMo Theater". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  130. ^ "African American Performing Arts Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico". Aapacnm.org. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  131. ^ "Indian Pueblo Cultural Center". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  132. ^ "Zarzuela in New Mexico". Zarzuela.net. Retrieved June 10, 2012. 
  133. ^ [7] Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  134. ^ "New Mexico Authors Page". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  135. ^ "Silver City Art". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  136. ^ "Madrid Art". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  137. ^ "City of Las Cruces". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  138. ^ "Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau". Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  139. ^ "High Hopes: Altitude Training for Swimmers", by Michael Scott, SwimmingWorldMagazine.com magazine archives [8] (10-15-08)

Further reading[edit]

  • Beck, Warren. Historical Atlas of New Mexico 1969.
  • Chavez, Thomas E. An Illustrated History of New Mexico, 267 pages, University of New Mexico Press 2002, ISBN 0-8263-3051-7
  • Bullis, Don. New Mexico: A Biographical Dictionary, 1540–1980, 2 vol, (Los Ranchos de Albuquerque: Rio Grande, 2008) 393 pp. ISBN 978-1-890689-17-9
  • Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda, David R. Maciel, eds. The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico, University of New Mexico Press 2000, ISBN 0-8263-2199-2, 314 pp.
  • Gutiérrez, Ramón A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (1991)
  • Hain, Paul L., F. Chris Garcia, Gilbert K. St. Clair; New Mexico Government 3rd ed. (1994)
  • Horgan, Paul, Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History, 1038 pages, Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-585-38014-7, Pulitzer Prize 1955
  • Larson, Robert W. New Mexico's Quest for Statehood, 1846–1912 (1968)
  • Nieto-Phillips, John M. The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s, University of New Mexico Press 2004, ISBN 0826324231
  • Simmons, Marc. New Mexico: An Interpretive History, University of New Mexico Press 1988, ISBN 0-8263-1110-5, 221 pp, good introduction
  • Szasz, Ferenc M., and Richard W. Etulain, eds. Religion in Modern New Mexico (1997)
  • Trujillo, Michael L. Land of Disenchantment: Latina/o Identities and Transformations in Northern New Mexico (2010) 265 pp; an experimental ethnography that contrasts life in the Espanola Valley with the state's commercial image as the "land of enchantment."
  • Weber; David J. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (1973), primary sources to 1912

Primary sources:

  • Ellis, Richard, ed. New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader. 1971. primary sources
  • Tony Hillerman, The Great Taos Bank Robbery and other Indian Country Affairs, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1973, trade paperback, 147 pages, (ISBN 0-8263-0530-X), fiction

External links[edit]

Find more about
New Mexico
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Search Wiktionary Definitions from Wiktionary
Search Commons Media from Commons
Search Wikinews News from Wikinews
Search Wikiquote Quotations from Wikiquote
Search Wikisource Texts from Wikisource
Search Wikibooks Textbooks from Wikibooks
Search Wikivoyage Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Search Wikiversity Learning resources from Wikiversity

State Government[edit]

US Government[edit]

Directory[edit]

Tourism[edit]

  Utah  Colorado  Oklahoma
 Arizona  Texas
   New Mexico: Outline • Index  
 Sonora,  Mexico  Chihuahua,  Mexico
Preceded by
Oklahoma		 List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on January 6, 1912 (47th)		 Succeeded by
Arizona

Coordinates: 34°N 106°W / 34°N 106°W / 34; -106

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico&oldid=745591016"