Tutun

Pentru genul de plante, vedeți Nicotiana.

Parte a seriei despre
Tutun
Istorie
Istoria tutunului
Biologie
Nicotiana (Nicotiana tabacum) Bolile tutunului Tipuri de tutun
Impact social
Efectele asupra sănătății Prevalența consumului Publicitatea la țigări Politica tutunului Tabagism
Producție
Cultivarea tutunului Uscarea tutunului Industria tutunului Produse din tutun

Plantație de tutun în Chatham, Virginia, SUA

Plantație de tutun în Pinar del Río, Cuba

Tutunul sau tabacul este o plantă din genul Nicotiana, familia Solanaceae. În lume există peste 70 de specii de plante de tutun, principala din ele din punct de vedere comercial fiind Nicotiana tabacum.

Frunzele uscate de tutun sunt fumate în țigarete, trabucuri și pipe.

Folosirea tabacului este un factor de risc pentru multe boli, în special cele ce afectează inima, ficatul și plămânii și poate cauza apariția cancerului. Conform Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății, tutunul este singura cauză majoră a decesului prematur în lume.

Producători majori de tutun

Top 5 producători de tutun, 2012
Țara	Producție (tone)	Note
China	3.200.000
India	875.000	F
Brazilia	810.550
Statele Unite	345.837
Indonezia	226.700
Total în lume	7.490.661,35	A
Nu-s note = date oficiale, F = Estimarea OAA, A = mixte (include date oficiale, semioficiale sau estimări).

Consum de tutun per capita

Consum de tutun per capita (15+ ani) (grame, 2011)

Țara	Consum per capita
Cehia	2.328
Coreea de Sud	2.151
Germania	1.748
Elveția	1.690
Turcia	1.633
Statele Unite	1.374
Finlanda	1.221
Norvegia	1.073
Marea Britanie	969

Sursa:Helgi Library

Bibliografie

• „WHO REPORT on the global TOBACCO epidemic” (PDF). World Health Organization. 2008. http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf. Accesat la 1 ianuarie 2008. 
• „The Global Burden of Disease 2004 Update” (PDF). World Health Organization. 2008. http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. Accesat la 1 ianuarie 2008. 
• G. Emmanuel Guindon, David Boisclair (2003). „Past, current and future trends in tobacco use” (PDF). Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/pdf/Guindon-Past,%20current-%20whole.pdf. Accesat la 2 ianuarie 2008. 
• The World Health Organization, and the Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (2001). „Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century” (PDF). World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/WomenMonograph.pdf. Accesat la 2 ianuarie 2009. 
• „Surgeon General's Report — Women and Smoking”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2001/. Accesat la 3 ianuarie 2009. 
• Richard Peto, Alan D Lopez, Jillian Boreham, and Michael Thun (2006). „Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000: indirect estimates from national vital statistics” (PDF). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/SMK_All_PAGES.pdf. Accesat la 3 ianuarie 2009. 
• Smoke: A Global History of SmokingReaktion Books2004ISBN 978-1-86189-200-3 http://books.google.com/?id=mM5bYb_uVcwC. Accesat la 1 ianuarie 2009 
• „Cancer Facts and Figures 2004: Basic Cancer Facts”. American Cancer Society. http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2073777259-7269.html. Accesat la 21 ianuarie 2009. 
• Paul Lichtenstein, Ph.D., Niels V. Holm, M.D., Ph.D., Pia K. Verkasalo, M.D., Ph.D., Anastasia Iliadou, M.Sc., Jaakko Kaprio, M.D., Ph.D., Markku Koskenvuo, M.D., Ph.D., Eero Pukkala, Ph.D., Axel Skytthe, M.Sc., and Kari Hemminki, M.D., Ph.D. (2000) Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer — Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland343New England Journal of Medicine http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/343/2/78. Accesat la 21 ianuarie 2009 
• Environmental causes of human cancers. European Journal of Cancer. 2001. 
• Janet E. Ash, Maryadele J. O'Neil, Ann Smith, Joanne F. Kinneary (1 iunie 1997) [1996]. The Merck Index (ed. 12). Merk and Co.. ISBN 0-412-75940-3 
• Benedict, Carol. Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 1550-2010 (2011)
• Breen, T. H. (1985). Tobacco Culture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00596-6. Source on tobacco culture in 18th-century Virginia pp. 46–55
• Burns, Eric. The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007.
• W.K. Collins and S.N. Hawks. "Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" 1st Edition, 1993
• Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, the Native Crop. Louisiana Life.
• Gately, Iain. Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8021-3960-4.
• Graves, John. "Tobacco that is not Smoked" in From a Limestone Ledge (the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco) ISBN 0-394-51238-3
• Grehan, James. Smoking and "Early Modern" Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries). The American Historical Review, Vol. III, Issue 5. 2006. 22 March 2008 online
• Hahn, Barbara. Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617-1937 (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2011) 248 pages; examines how marketing, technology, and demand figured in the rise of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco, a variety first grown in the inland Piedmont region of the Virginia-North Carolina border.
• Killebrew, J. B. and Myrick, Herbert (1909). Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. Orange Judd Company. Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243)
• Murphey, Rhoads. Studies on Ottoman Society and Culture: 16th-18th Centuries. Burlington, VT: Ashgate: Variorum, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7546-5931-0 ISBN 0-7546-5931-3
• Price, Jacob M. “Tobacco Use and Tobacco Taxation: A battle of Interests in Early Modern Europe”. Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology. Jordan Goodman, et al. New York: Routledge, 1995 166-169 ISBN 0-415-09039-3
• Poche, L. Aristee (2002). Perique tobacco: Mystery and history.
• Tilley, Nannie May The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860–1929 ISBN 0-405-04728-2. Source on flea beetle prevention (pp. 39–43), and history of flue-cured tobacco
• Rivenson A., Hoffmann D., Propokczyk B. et al. Induction of lung and pancreas exocrine tumors in F344 rats by tobacco-specific and areca-derived N-nitrosamines. Cancer Res (48) 6912–6917, 1988. (link to abstract; free full text pdf available)
• Schoolcraft, Henry R. Historical and Statistical Information respecting the Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1851–57)
• Shechter, Relli. Smoking, Culture and Economy in the Middle East: The Egyptian Tobacco Market 1850–2000. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2006 ISBN 1-84511-137-0

Legături externe

• International Tobacco Growers' Association
• Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Sheet - Wild tobacco
• Ottoman Back Archives and Research Centre
• Questions on European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products (i.e. snus)
• Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco
• Timeline of tobacco history
• The European tobacco growers website
• The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library
• UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection
• CDC - Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet
• TobReg - WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation
• - Statistics and general information about the effects of secondhand-smoke
• Medicinal history http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079499/