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A seedless fruit is a fruit developed to possess no mature seeds. As consumption of seedless fruits is generally easier and more convenient, they are considered commercially valuable.

Most commercially produced seedless fruits have been developed from plants whose fruits normally contain numerous relatively large hard seeds distributed throughout the flesh of the fruit.^[1][2][3]

Biology[link]

The term "seedless fruit" is biologically somewhat contradictory, since fruits are usually defined (in a botanical sense) as mature ovaries containing seeds.

Seedless fruits can develop in one of two ways: either the fruit develops without any fertilization (parthenocarpy), or pollination triggers fruit development, but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds (stenospermocarpy). Seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants, whose three sets of chromosomes prevent meiosis from taking place and thus the plants cannot produce fertile gametes. Such plants can arise by spontaneous mutation or by hybridization between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same or different species. Some species, such as pineapple and cucumber, produce seedless fruit if not pollinated, but do produce seeded fruit if pollination occurs.

Lacking seeds, and therefore the capacity to propagate via the fruit, the plants are generally propagated vegetatively from cuttings, by grafting, or in the case of bananas, from "pups" (offsets). In such cases, the resulting plants are genetically identical clones. By contrast, seedless watermelons are grown from seeds. These seeds are produced by crossing diploid and tetraploid lines of watermelon, with the resulting seeds producing sterile triploid plants. Fruit development is triggered by pollination, so these plants must be grown alongside a diploid strain to provide pollen.

One disadvantage of most seedless crops is a significant reduction in the amount of genetic diversity in the species. As genetically identical clones, a pest or disease that affects one individual is likely to be capable of affecting every clone of that individual. For example, the vast majority of commercially produced bananas are cloned from a single source, the Cavendish cultivar, and those plants are currently threatened worldwide by a newly discovered fungal disease to which they are highly susceptible. Triploid plants with seedless fruits can also be produced using endosperm culture for the regeneration of triploid plantlets from endosperm tissue via somatic embryogenesis.

Varieties[link]

Common varieties of seedless fruits include watermelons, grapes and bananas. Additionally, there are numerous seedless citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons and limes.

See also[link]

• Parthenocarpy
• Stenospermocarpy

References[link]

External links[link]

• Growing Seedless Watermelon
• Endomorph culture

Bobby Lee (born September 17, 1972)^[1] is an American actor and comedian best known as a cast member on MADtv from 2001 to 2009 and for his roles in the films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle and Pineapple Express.

Early career and family life[link]

Lee, the oldest of two sons, was born in San Diego, California to Jeanie and Robert Lee.^[2][3] Lee attended Poway High School in Poway, California.^[3] He is Korean American. His parents owned clothing stores in both Escondido and Encinitas, California. At 18 years of age Lee moved out of his parents' home and took jobs in restaurants and coffee shops in the San Diego area,^[4] while also attending Palomar College for a brief period.^[3] In 1994 the coffee shop for which he was working closed. “I just went next door to get a job,” he said, “which was The Comedy Store in San Diego” (also known as the La Jolla Comedy Store).^[4] After a few months of working odd jobs at the club he decided to try stand-up during one of their amateur nights.^[4] Within a year of doing regular comedy sets he got offers to open for both Pauly Shore and Carlos Mencia.^[3][4] Lee also went on to work regularly at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles, a comedy club owned by Pauly Shore's mother Mitzi.^[3]

Lee has admitted in several interviews that his parents had hoped he would continue on with the family business and were less-than supportive of his comedic pursuits at first.^[3][4][5] During a podcast interview conducted by fellow actor and comedian Joe Rogan on Feb 1, 2011, Lee stated that during the first few years he did stand-up his parents barely spoke to him, however after his appearance on the The Tonight Show with Jay Leno his father called him and apologized for not supporting his comedy career.^[6]

Lee's parents currently live in Phoenix, Arizona.^[3][5] Lee is known to have included his family in some of his work: His younger brother has appeared in several non-speaking roles on MADtv and his entire family has appeared in a skit on the show.^[5] Lee also pitched a sitcom to Comedy Central in 2007 about a Korean family which was to star his very own family.^[5]

[edit] MADtv

In 2001, Lee joined the cast of MADtv,^[4][5] making him the show's first cast member of Asian descent. Some of Lee's recurring characters included:

• Kim Jong-il as the host of the imaginary Kim Jong-il Show
• Journalist Connie Chung
• Bae Sung the hapless interpreter
• Tank, an Asian-American "Street Tuner" character in the style of the film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
• Xing Lao "Johnny" Gan, host of Many Shows! With Johnny Gan and Pongo
• "The Blind Kung-fu Master"
• Dr. Poon Ji-Sum, a character on the Korean soap opera parody Taedo-Attitudes and Feelings, Both Desirable and Sometimes Secretive
• Haidiki "The Average Asian"
• John McCain
• Yamanashi, a character appearing in the skit, "Coach Hines".

Lee remained with the cast until the series' cancellation in 2009.^[4]

Other projects and appearances[link]

Lee appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Apr 26, 2002^[1][7] He played a delivery boy in the 2003 mockumentary Pauly Shore Is Dead.^[8] Lee also played the part of Kenneth Park in the 2004 film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle^[9] and in the 2011 film A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas.^[10]

In 2005, Lee and fellow Korean American comics Steve Byrne, Ken Jeong and Kevin Shea starred in the stand-up comedy tour and accompanying film titled Kims of Comedy—a Korean-American version of the touring act and film Kings of Comedy.^[11] That same year he appeared on Mind of Mencia as an Asian CSI agent in the episode titled "Episode #1.6" which aired Aug 10,^[12] as well as playing a Korean bookie named Sung in the episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm titled "The Korean Bookie" which aired on Nov 27.^[13]

Lee appeared on Mind of Mencia once again in 2006 in role a gay pirate in an episode titled "Stereotype Olympics" which aired Jul 23. He also appeared in the 2007 film Pineapple Express as an Asian drug-gangster named Bobby.^[14]

Lee appeared in the American comedy film directed by Harvey Glazer and written by Trace Slobotkin in 2007 called Kickin' It Old Skool with cast including Jamie Kennedy, Maria Menounos, Michael Rosenbaum, and Vivica A. Fox.

Lee appeared in the 2009 music video for Eminem's single "We Made You", playing both the character of Sulu from Star Trek as well as an Inuit.^[15][16] That same year he appeared on The League in an episode titled "The Usual Bet".^[17]

In 2010 he became a frequent round table panelist on the late night comedy talk show Chelsea Lately,^[18] and also appeared in music video for "2 Different Tears", a single by South Korean girl group, the Wonder Girls.^[19]

In 2011, he was featured in Taio Cruz' music video for "Hangover".

In January 2012, he started work on his own YouTube channel, and later in mid-March, he also appeared on Ray William Johnson's channel as well.

In May 2012, Lee appeared in the Sasha Baron Cohen film The Dictator as Mr. Lao, a Chinese diplomat.^[1][20][21]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bobby Lee at the Internet Movie Database
• Official MADtv Website