A Lancaster launch of the national NUS campaign “Why is my Curriculum White?” will be held next week at which all staff and students are welcome and encouraged to attend. Please circulate widely to colleagues and friends. Watch the UCL campaign video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dscx4h2l-Pk

 

I am saddened by the untimely death of my colleague and friend Professor John Urry. I have worked alongside John for 17 years at Lancaster. He was my mentor when I was appointed as a lecturer in 1998 and he has been the warmest, kindest and most encouraging colleague. His death will leave a gaping hole in the Sociology Department; it is impossible to imagine our staff meetings, postgraduate conferences and research events without his smiling presence. John told me that he never intended to retire as he had too much to do. A champion of civic freedom, environmental and social justice issues, John was an anti-elitist in an age increasingly dominated by global elites (the ‘offshore class’ as he called them).  He was a public sociologist, he loved twitter and he used this and other platforms to express criticism of the corrosion of democratic accountability and the erosion of the welfare state. These concerns were reflected in his recent work on inequalities, such as the global wealth gap, the concealment of wealth in tax havens (Offshoring), the inequality effects of climate change and ‘mobility-generated inequalities’. He understood that in order to confront climate change, rich societies urgently need to ‘power down’, but deepening economic inequalities make this almost impossible – therefore more equal societies are a fundamental requirement of post-oil, degrowth human futures. However, John was never a pessimist and one of his many legacies will be his enduring belief in the ability of technology, when harnessed to a sociological imagination, to tackle the most pressing social problems and bring about democratising forms of social change. I am going to miss his optimism most of all.

 

John and I at our joint Societies Beyond Oil and Revolting Subjects book launch in Lancaster, 2013.

reblogged from a guest post i did for justiceforlb.org @justiceforlb, with thanks to Dr George Julian for formatting and editing, and Sara Ryan for feedback.

Connor Sparrowhawk, the erosion of accountability and the administrative grotesque

by Imogen Tyler and Jenna Loyd, also published on Open Democracy

This is my family.

Baba, mama, baby all washed up on the shore. This is 28 shoeless survivors and thousands of bodies.

Bodies Syrian, Bodies Somali, Bodies Afghan, Bodies Ethiopian, Bodies Eritrean. Bodies Palestinian.

Jehan Bsesio, ‘No Search, No Rescue’, 2015.

Ursula Le Guin’s dystopian novel The Dispossessed (1974) is set on a moon called Anarres, where an anarchist community established itself after breaking away from the capitalist mother-planet Urras. During a history lesson, children in Anarres are shown archival film footage of a beach on Urras, which speaks to the horrific visual iconography of contemporary Europe. The film’s voiceover provides a commentary upon the images in the film:

“Bodies of children dead of starvation and disease are burned on the beaches. On the beaches of Tius, seven hundred kilometres away … women kept for the sexual use of male members of the propertied class lie on the sand all day until dinner is served to them by people of the unpropertied class”.  A close-up of dinnertime; soft mouths champing and smiling, smooth hands reaching out for delicacies wetly mounded in silver bowls. Then a switch back to the blind blunt face of a dead child, mouth open, empty, black, dry. “Side by side,” the quiet voice … said. (Ursula Le Guin, The Dispossessed, 1974).

Reading the news this summer has involved negotiating similarly jarring images: people desperately paddling towards Mediterranean beaches on overloaded dinghies while tourists sunbathe amidst the flotsam of failed crossings, and the growing piles of discarded lifejackets. In contemporary Europe, previously segregated images of tourists and migrants are now captured within the same visual frame. ‘It is surreal’, Greek photojournalist Yannis Behrakis commented, witnessing the ‘migrants arriving on the beach each day among tourists and posh hotels’.

This year alone, we know that at least 500,000 people have made their way to Europe by perilous sea-crossings, and an estimated 3000 of these have drowned en route. Let’s be clear, the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ is actually a crisis of international borders, neocolonialism, and imperialism. European border-control policies turn voyages to safety, freedom, and opportunity into treacherous and sometimes fatal journeys. As one British journalist notes “They were murdered. Actually, they were massacred. The policy stipulated they should be left to die. So they died”.

British news media perspectives on these Mediterranean beach scenes have swayed between apparently distinct poles of xenophobia and humanitarianism. For example, newspapers have featured many stories about family holidays ruined by ‘thousands of boat people from Syria and Afghanistan’ who have turned the Greek islands into ‘disgusting hell hole[s]’.

As families…relax on sun loungers on the beach, just a yards away scores of migrants have set up camp, sleeping on cardboard boxes with rubbish strewn everywhere. Anne Servante, a nurse from Manchester, had come to Kos expecting a relaxing break with her husband Tony, a retired plumber. Instead her summer break has turned into a nightmare as penniless migrants who are in Greece to claim asylum sit outside their restaurant and watch them eat.

In this story, we are directed to read the figures of ‘Anne’ and ‘Tony’ as respectable, hard-working people, while ‘the boat people’ and ‘penniless migrants’ living in a ‘rubbish strewn’ camp are rendered as ‘human waste’. This kind of language classifies and devalues, drawing distinctions between those whose lives are of value and those who are dispensable.

Alongside this genre of racist reportage, there are stories of ‘humanitarian tourist heroes’, like Sandra Tsiligeridu, ‘a former Greek model’, who rescued a Syrian man, Mohammed Besmar, on her way back from a snorkelling trip. Tsiligeridu ‘was cruising back to the Greek holiday island of Kos with family and friends […] when she spotted something out of place in the sea up ahead. A pair of hands appeared to be waving at her from the deep-blue waters of the Aegean Sea’. These adventure stories are concerned with relating the redemption of the European saviour. Journalists report Tsiligeridu as saying, “‘Before I met Mohammed I was angry and sad at the scenes I saw on television. I asked myself “Why do they come here?” “Now I understand the value of human life”. As Teju Cole wryly notes, ‘the white savior supports brutal policies in the morning, founds charities in the afternoon, and receives awards in the evening’.

These two genres of reporting (humanitarian/saviour and racist/xenophobia) often appear alongside each other in the same newspapers. Flipsides of the same coin they both represent and shape European perspectives on the current crisis at the borders, in which migrants are imagined as alien others, whether ‘deserving refugees’ or ‘illegal migrants’. In both registers the agency, knowledge, and collective capacities of people who have been dispossessed from their homes and livelihoods from European-backed wars and destructive economic policies.

In response to overt and implicit anti-migrant racism in coverage of the life and death struggles taking place at Europe’s borders, there have been calls for more care in how this unprecedented exodus of people is described and represented. This has led to what one BBC news headline describes as a ‘battle over the words used to describe migrants’. In August, the Director of News at Al Jazeera issued a directive to journalists to stop using the term ‘migrants’ to describe people crossing into Europe, because it has ‘evolved from its dictionary definitions into a tool that dehumanises and distances’. Indeed, the consequence of the stigmatisation of the term “migrant” has been palpable in European news reporting, as Barry Malone, the online editor at Al Jazeera notes:

It is not hundreds of people who drown when a boat goes down in the Mediterranean, nor even hundreds of refugees. It is hundreds of migrants. It is not a person… It is a migrant. A nuisance.

The logic behind Al Jazeera’s decision is that the term ‘refugee’ has a specific international legal genealogy enshrined in the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. However, this rationale fails to recognise the fundamental erosion of both the legal status and popular meaning of the terms refugee and asylum-seeker in contemporary Europe, which has accompanied the tightening of legal migration channels. Since the 1990s European and other wealthy states have shirked their international obligations as signatories to the 1951 convention through creating new legal classifications that diminish refugee rights. For example, the small number of Syrian refugees which Britain has agreed to house will be granted ‘humanitarian protection status’ for five years, after which time they will either need to apply to remain longer, leave, or be forcibly deported. In other words, Britain is actually accepting no Syrian refugees at all.  As we write, it is unclear whether Germany will accept Syrians as refugees, or, like the UK, will also offer only time-limited protection and leave-to-remain.

Further, Europe and other wealthy countries in the world have implemented policies and programmes designed to keep refugees at bay so they cannot land to make asylum-claims. These include the proliferation of regional and transnational deterrence measures, such as the off-shoring of detention facilities and other nefarious arrangements with transit states, which ‘block safe and legal routes’ of travel in order to prevent people from arriving to make asylum-claims.  The Hungarian government, for example, ‘has invested more than 100 million euros on razor-wire fencing and border controls’ transforming itself into what Amnesty International describe as ‘a refugee protection free zone’.

In September the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) launched a #WordsMatter campaign in response to what the BBC is calling  ‘battle over the words used to describe migrants’.  In a film to accompany the campaign, celebrities explain the UNHCR distinction between a refugee and a migrant hinges on ‘choice’: a migrant chooses to move, while a refugee has no choice, is fleeing persecution. While the campaign is intended to destigmatise the term refugee, like the depictions of vacationing Europeans encountering refugees, the UN video depicts refugees as passive: they are both invisible and voiceless in this film, ventriloquized by celebrity talking heads. The false distinction between refugees who are ‘forced to leave’ and migrants who have ‘chosen’ to cross borders renders refugees ‘as dependent, apolitical non-agents’. The insistence on distinct differences between classes of people on the move mystifies the ‘historical forces, politics, power, hegemony, economic exploitation and colonialism’ that dispossess people from their homes and livelihoods. (Hence the call of self-organising refugees in Kurdistan to ‘Forget the UN!’.)

We can see the impact of this distinction between deserving and undeserving migrants in the fragile political consensus that something must be done for Syrians (authentic refugees), whilst those who have made perilous journeys from ‘forgotten conflicts’ in Africa (Eritrea, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Gambia), South Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh), or the Western Balkans (Kosovo, Albania) are classified and criminalised as economic migrants. Hence the ‘growing concern among some migrants and aid officials that the new policies might unwittingly divide the migrants into two distinct classes—with two different kinds of welcomes’. What is actually happening is a more general ‘competitive downgrading of refugee protection standards’ in ways that sustain deeper global divides in wealth, rights, and well-being.

We should be wary of those who insist, in the words of British historian and journalist Tim Stanley, that ‘it is down to the state in which they have arrived to define what they are’. The ‘what’ in this sentence is chilling, a reminder of the ways in which the bureaucratic classification of people operates through what Alexander Wehelyie terms ‘racial assemblages’: the socio-political processes through which humanity is disciplined into ‘humans, non-quite-humans, and nonhumans’ (2014: 8).

The school children on Anarres are not shocked by the film they watch. It transpires that this is a tired lesson and they speculate amongst themselves about whether life on Urras is as ‘disgusting, immoral [and] excremental’ as their teachers would lead them believe. Yet, when the protagonist of The Dispossessed visits Urras as an adult, he discovers precisely the world of ‘commonplace horrors’ he was taught about as a child. So horrific is the inhumanity he witnesses, that he has no language, no words, with which to comprehend and describe it. The lesson here is that when the violence of inequality becomes ordinary, we can no longer comprehend it or imagine alternatives. For Europeans, photographs and television footage of migrant arrivals, of rescues at sea, of overloaded boats, discarded life-jackets, lost objects and dead children on Mediterranean beaches are rapidly becoming commonplace horrors.

The political response to build higher walls and fences, to build prisons and camps, and accelerate deportations will only exacerbate the vulnerabilities faced by 60 million displaced people, that is ‘1 in every 122 humans is now either a refugee, internally displaced, or seeking asylum’ (UNHCR, June 2015). The movement of people is not the problem, the violence of global apartheid is the problem. Global apartheid more accurately describes the refugee crisis we are witnessing. Global apartheid, a language of apart-ness, relies on stigmatization and racialization to produce seemingly natural differences between ‘them’ and ‘us’. This language operates in tandem with practices of physical segregation, fortification and militarization of boundaries, detention and expulsion.

In conclusion then, we need to fight for refugee rights, but, taking a cue from the political allegories of Le Guin’s science fiction we also need to nurture more radical alternative perspectives on this crisis in order to see its strangeness and its horror. As Yanis Varoufakis put in on a recent television debate about the refugee crisis in Europe, ‘looked at from space…borders are an absurdity’ (BBC Question Time, 24 Sep 2015).

No Justice, No Peace: From Tottenham to Baltimore

Imogen Tyler, Lancaster University and Jenna Loyd, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

(first published http://theconversation.com/from-tottenham-to-baltimore-policing-crisis-starts-race-to-the-bottom-for-justice-40914)

West Baltimore, 8.39 am April 12: Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old black man, stood on the street talking with friends. Police officers approached on bicycles and made “eye contact” with Gray, who then attempted to leave. The police chased him and video footage shot on neighbours’ mobile phones shows police holding Gray face-down on the pavement. One witness described how an officer pressed a knee into Gray’s neck as he was handcuffed, while another bent his legs upwards: “They had him folded up like he was a crab or a piece of origami”.

By the time the police van arrived with Gray at the Western District police station some 45 minutes later “he could not talk and he could not breathe”, according to a police officer quoted in the Baltimore Sun report. It was only then that police called medics who transferred him to hospital. Doctors determined that Gray had three fractured vertebrae and a damaged larynx, his spinal cord 80% severed at his neck. Gray died of his injuries a week later on April 19.

“No Justice, No Peace” has echoed through the streets as thousands of people have protested Gray’s death. Protest marches on April 25 and walk-outs of students on April 27 were followed by what some call rioting, others unrest or rebellion. Officials and mainstream news coverage have decried property destruction, including burning of police cars, and theft.

Baltimore’s mayor, Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, declared that “violence will not be tolerated” and the governor of Maryland, Larry Hogan, called city residents “lawless gangs of thugs roaming the streets” before declaring a state of emergency, suspending habeas corpus, implementing a 10pm curfew, and deploying National Guard troops.

Crisis over policing

Gray’s death at the hands of the police was the latest to provoke protest. Natalie Finegar, the deputy district public defender said that it was a “daily occurrence” for her clients to describe some sort of mishandling by the police. These range from “jump outs” where officers spring from patrol cars and shake down a suspect, to serious assaults. The city of Baltimore has paid out more than US$5.7m in undue force lawsuits between 2008 and 2011.

According to Baltimore resident Kane Mayfield the conflict has:

been mis-characterised pretty much by mainstream sensationalists who come down here to soak up the angel dust of civil unrest and sell it to white America. It’s fun. I get it. You know? Look at them. Black rage. It’s nice.

But property destruction is not equivalent to death – particularly in a context where so many black people are killed and harmed by police with near impunity. It is telling that there are no comprehensive data on homicides by police in the US. A partial snapshot from recent FBI data reveals a white police officer killed a black person in a “justifiable homicide” about twice a week between 2005-2012.

Anger over police treatment of black suspects.
EPA/Andrew Gompert

The protests communicate a legitimation crisis over policing in the United States. A cycle of renewed dissent against state racial violence has become increasingly visible since July 2013, following the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the murder of Trayvon Martin. “Black Lives Matter”, “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot”, “I Can’t Breathe” and “Shut It Down” have become protest slogans after the killings of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and Eric Garner in New York City.

Stop-and-search

Across the Atlantic, “No Justice, No Peace“ was also the cry of protesters gathered to hear a verdict of “lawful killing” in the case of the police shooting of Mark Duggan in London, 2011.

Duggan’s death sparked the most extensive riots in recent British history. As with recent events in the US, the English summer riots of 2011 raised serious concerns about policing within inner-city communities. The findings of the 2011 Guardian-LSE research project, Reading the Riots: Investigating England’s summer of disorder, suggested that the riots were motivated by a sense of “poverty, injustice and a visceral hatred of the police”. Some 73% of people they interviewed said they had been stopped and searched by the police at least once in the previous year.

Time and again, anger over perceived misuse of “stop-and-search” has been one of the causes of rioting in Britain. In 1981, riots in Brixton sparked three months of rioting by black, Asian and white youths across most of the country’s inner-cities. The Brixton uprising was triggered by Operation Swamp 81, which saw the police employ ancient vagrancy legislation, called “sus laws” (suspected person) laws’, in a mass stop-and-search operation.

Britain’s SUS laws in action – to often if you are black or ethnic minority.
David Parry/PA Wire

The Scarman Report into the causes of the 1981 riots stated that the black population of Brixton had been subject to “disproportionate and indiscriminate” policing. Sus laws were repealed yet stop-and-search substantially increased.

An estimated 1m stop and searches are carried out in the UK each year and in 2009-2010, according to the Equality and Human Rights Commission: “Black people were stopped 23.5 times more frequently than white people and Asian people 4.5 times more frequently.

In 2014, a revised code of conduct on stop-and-search was introduced; recent figures show a 12% reduction, but more radical reform is required.

Race to the bottom

Stop-and-search is a day-to-day expression of violent relationships between police and communities. People interviewed by StopWatch detail the enduring stigma affected by these policing practices. Police harassment of black citizens communicates authoritative messages about the place of ethnic minorities in society.

Racial discrimination intersects with other inequalities: poverty, rising economic inequality (between the richest and the poorest and between ethnic groups), joblessness (in 2012 the unemployment rate for black youths in the UK was 55.9%, double that of their white peers), high levels of incarceration, inadequate housing, unequal access to education and healthcare.

Fifty years since the civil rights movement and the ostensible end of state-sanctioned discrimination, austerity and welfare retrenchment has created even deeper divides. A recent special issue of Feminist Review on the politics of austerity details the multiple ways in which “divides of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality and class” are intensifying. The UK and US are relying on the same forms of policing to resolve the resulting economic and political conflicts. Racial and economic inequality fuelled the riots in London 2011 and the same thing has sparked the unrest we see in Baltimore and other US cities today.

Imogen Tyler is Senior Lecturer at Lancaster University.
Jenna Loyd is Assistant professor at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

This article was originally published on The Conversation.
Read the original article.

Professor Sarah Green: Comments on Imogen Tyler’s Sociological Review Annual Lecture “Classificatory Struggles: Class, Culture and Inequality in Neoliberal Times”

20 February 2015

[You can hear my lecture here and Sarah’s spoken response here as well. The full and extended text the lecture was based upon will be published as an article in a forthcoming issue of the Sociological Review, thanks to Sarah for letting me print her response to my lecture here and for her thoughtful engagement with my work]

My immediate thoughts after reading Imogen Tyler’s text for this lecture was: of course. It’s obvious, now that you mention it. The pornography of Benefits Street is about blaming the poor, or more accurately, particular individuals who are poor; blaming them for the problems created for them by the rich. We all know, – don’t we? – that the poor continue to be shafted, in full view of the nearest television screen.

Yes, we know. We do. But few mention this obvious and self-evident point; most act as if they didn’t know – which is an act of cynicism, like the one Navaro-Yashin observed in her study of Turkish people’s attitudes towards their always already corrupt governments (Navaro-Yashin 2002). The practice of statecraft in Turkey, as well as people’s responses to it, Navaro-Yashin says, is about cynicism that never becomes unconscious through constant repetition, as Zizek thinks it does; Navaro-Yashin argues cynicism in this case is a conscious, practical solution to a practical problem. People act as if they didn’t know the state is corrupt because – well, because acting in any other way is likely to land you in trouble. As Tyler mentioned, everyone, or almost everyone in the UK, is living a more precarious life these days than they used to do. This adds a twist to the famous comment that Upton Sinclair is credited with making many years ago:

“It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it.”

Tyler tracks an intensification of that kind of difficulty in people’s lives, that provocation for people to be cynical: the strong sense of precarity that most people feel nowadays makes it sensible, or at least safer, or so it seems, for many to just walk on by, looking anywhere, especially at the television screen, so as to avoid looking at what is staring at them in the face.

Tyler also notes that the effort to remove all the names attached to this obvious shafting – class, inequality, oppression – has been palpable, and as Tyler outlines, for some politicians such as Tony Blair, it was an explicit effort, right in the open, no disguise or hiding needed. Tyler points out that the emperor is wearing no clothes: many would like pretend that he is wearing clothes, to act as if they did not know he is naked; it is easier that way. But she also notes that she is not the only one doing the pointing: there are some people out there, many even, who are holding up signs, in an act of rage, or frustration or a sense of humiliation, trying to get attention, trying to say: this is not a joke; this is not entertainment; this is not a points-wins-prizes situation; this is our lives.

Tyler’s paper implies that in this media-saturated world, it is perhaps a little more difficult than it once was to distinguish television from people’s lives; sometimes, you need signs to tell you, held out for the cameras to see: if it’s on television, it’s real, in a strange inversion of what we all thought, once, was the way to tell the difference. She is right, along with Bev Skeggs, to point to the importance of television, and to the importance of how the relationship between television and the world beyond it has changed. Quite a few years ago, in the mid-1990s, Marc Augé talked about supermodernity – the word ‘neoliberalism’ was not very popular at the time (Augé 1995). Supermodernity, Augé said, created non-places, places that are the same here as they are somewhere else – McDonalds, airports, motorways, soap operas. He also said, in The War of Dreams, published as long ago as 1999, that the distinction between the media and everyday life has become more complicated. He spoke of:

“a culture dissolving in quotations, copies and plagiarism, of an identity losing itself in images and reflections, of a history which is swallowed up in the here-and-now of a here-and-now which is itself indefinable (modern, postmodern?) because we perceive it only piecemeal, without any organising principle which can enable us to give meaning to the cliches, advertising commercials and commentaries which stand in for our reality.” ((Augé 1999: 10).

It is good to remember that in the pre-broadband age, these thoughts about fragmentation were already in the air, so that it was perhaps not the internet that ushered them in, but something else – perhaps it was what Tyler has identified as a kind of unholy alliance between big business, the dream factories of film and television, and governments. And most people got shafted. They really did.

As I was reading Tyler’s text, I couldn’t help thinking about Greece. That’s not only because of the headlines at the moment; it’s also because Greece is one of my places, one of the places in which I have both lived and that I study for my own research. The bizarre turn of events in Greece over the last five or six years appears a bit like a massively exaggerated version of what Tyler has been describing for the UK: poverty pornography on a national scale, a whole frigging country of scroungers and benefits cheats, being treated by the rest of Europe like the single road in Birmingham depicted in Benefits Street. It’s non-stop entertainment, the story about Greece, with the added value of having larger than life national stereotypes depicted across the screen – the Germans, the French, the bureaucrats in Brussels, the Nordic countries, the Spanish – they’ve all got their bit parts, and everyone can choose the ones they love to hate most. Thinking about the current situation in Greece through the lens of Tyler’s paper made me think of Russian dolls; it made me think that perhaps the phenomenon she’s describing for the UK is just a miniature version of what is happening in Greece in relation to the whole Eurozone. The paper challenged me to make that connection, to make me see the relationship between the cynicism and the entertainment in how the media have been reporting the financial crisis. Before listening to Tyler’s account, I had mostly been thinking about how the financial crisis has shifted the moral axis of Europe from the old Cold War one of West versus East to the neoliberal one of North versus South. Embedded within both those spatial distinctions was always, of course, inequality; there was always an implied moral and economic difference between West and East, and then more recently, between North and South.

Tyler’s lecture provoked me to consider two questions about this. First, how does class struggle work between countries rather than within them? And second, what is the relationship between inequality and location, and how does that relate to the discussion about class? The first question is relatively easy to answer with the help of some post-colonial research, and with more recent research on the dynamics of migration, such as Bridget Anderson’s work as described in Us and Them. Anderson points out that the contemporary story of what makes an upstanding, decent and respectable citizen needs lots of examples of its opposite – the feckless and indecent citizen, who stretches easily from the undeserving poor citizen at one end of the spectrum to the undeserving and undocumented foreign migrant at the other. The moral story is the same: in order to be a moral and upstanding citizen, you need to pay your bills and, perhaps more acutely than at any other time in history, you need to pay for the right to be legitimately standing on a piece of the earth, to be located in one place rather than another. Just as I was intrigued by the way the financial crisis was initially provoked by sub-prime mortgages, which highlighted how people get pushed into impossible efforts to get a foothold on a place to live, I was intrigued by the fact that the Channel 4 program about benefits cheats was about a street. This was not only people who had misbehaved and refused to be dressed in the appropriate manner in their bodies: they had also messed up their street. It used to be beautiful, now it was a rubbish dump. Literally. There has always been an open secret in the UK about the relation between class and location: north-south England, west-east London, Britain had gated communities way before that phrase existed.

That brings me back to the apparent anachronism of words like class struggle and inequality, the sense that such words are from a different century. On the one hand, Tyler’s argument is that no, these words entirely describe conditions today, and the effort to separate the idea of inequality from the idea of class was all part of the whitewashing that has been going on for quite some time now. But she also acknowledges that the kinds of class struggles and inequalities that these words were originally coined to describe have changed: the neoliberal context has generated versions of them that are not the same as the ones that were there before. So Tyler rightly, in my view, argues that the endless attempts to define class, to classify class, and to make class a matter of identities, is a hiding to nothing, for in those terms, the entity keeps morphing, turning into something else. And in any case, that is beside the point: if you focus on class as identity, you turn it into a cultural artefact, a matter of cultural heritage, even; and that misses the most important point that class-as-inequality and class-as-struggle-against-inequality still very much exists, even if what that means in practice has morphed into something other than what it was when Marx and Engels were writing about it.

The thread I am pulling on here – quite tentatively at the moment – is to suggest that the relationship between what Tyler calls class, inequality and struggle is somehow even more intensely involving territory and real estate than it ever was (though it always was, and Marx of course made a very big deal of that). In Tyler’s approach, class identifies something structured, rather than personal or individual going on; inequality names the effects of that structuring; and struggle notes that it is not a done deal, that people are fighting against the pressure to accept that the emperor is wearing a shiny new suit. There is contingency; there is always the possibility that it could be different.

As an aside here, Bourdieu’s complaint against earlier structural approaches that Tyler draws upon was that sociologists were treating models of people’s practices as if they contained a power that was really capable of determining people’s behaviour – whereas Bourdieu insisted that people determine people’s conditions, and that social structures are just conceptual models invented by sociologists. This leaves a space for struggle within the field of practice, as Tyler points out. But it also questions the idea of the determining force of structures.

The point I’m making here, of course, is the question of how class fits into inequality. Bourdieu argued that earlier scholars such as Durkheim and even Lévi-Strauss were mistaking their own models for what determined people’s behaviour, and that this had a doubly bad effect. On the one hand, it missed the point that the world in which people live is an unequal world, that it contains its own structuring structures, that it contains power dynamics that were weirdly not part of these earlier sociologists’ models of social life. And on the other hand, these earlier models apparently dictated how people should behave, which also left no room for struggle. As Tyler points out, Bourdieu wanted to note that practice, and the implicit contingency of practice – that the outcome is not known in advance, which means there is a space for struggle – was a key part of Bourdieu’s approach. What is slightly less clear is how the inequality that class names fits into the structured part of this story. I have the sense that there is something distinctive about the way the whole debate has played out in recent years, and that this has something to do with territory and location.

Just a couple of other final points. The first one concerns the internet, and its relation to television. Marc Augé also argued, way back in 1999, that the difference between all the ‘virtual worlds’ that anthropologists had already been studying for decades – dream worlds, spirit possession worlds, worlds of the deities and so on – and the worlds created by new media technologies is that there is no connection anymore between what Augé called ‘individual imagination and memory’ and ‘collective imagination and memory’. He suggests that the other dream worlds that anthropologists have studied for decades are anchored into the world of experience through ‘collective imagination and memory’. It is that which is missing in the new media technologies, he says: there is just the fictional creation, unmediated by some coherent collective context. And that creates the sense of an unstable, isolated self; a self that is unconnected to anything else. Of course, he was writing before the advent of social media, before the recreation of social connectivity through the internet. And that social media element raises a question: does the social media element of the Internet work in the same way as television? Social media possibly, at least for now, has some wiggle room in which people can create their own dream worlds, in which people can much more effectively express the struggle that Tyler notes than on television.

If there is one thing I appreciated most about this paper is the explicitly political character of the approach. That the analysis of class is a political analysis that is concerned with inequality should not be something that anyone needs to point out, but as Tyler outlines, the politics seems to have dropped out of these concepts in recent years. This is important in a wider sense, for this depoliticising effect has occurred across a range of social theories, even while they claim to continue to be political. For example, we are living in an era of trying to bring hard science back into the social sciences, especially via the analysis of big data and the return to Darwin and a variety of other earlier scientists in some versions of social theory.

Tyler’s paper is a timely reminder that many social theories have always had political intent: theories based in natural science never did.

Finally, one tiny question: while I understand the concept of neoliberalism, I have often wondered why some aspects of what is happening today have not been named neoconservatism. Many of the actions that Tyler describes seem very far from liberal to me.

References

Augé, Marc. 1995. Non-places: introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity (trans.) John Howe. London: Verso.

—. 1999. The War of Dreams: Studies in Ethno Fiction (trans.) Liz Heron. London: Pluto Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2014. “Objectification Objectified.” In Anthropology in theory: issues in epistemology, edited by Henrietta L. Moore and Todd Sanders, 151-162. Second Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.

Navaro-Yashin, Yael. 2002. Faces of the state: secularism and public life in Turkey. Princeton, N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Feminist Activisms: Feminist Media and Cultural Studies Summer school/ MA course, Centre for Gender and Women’s Studies, Lancaster University 19^th-22^nd May 2015

Enroll online here http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/sociology/event/5178/

Campus Map http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/maps/campus.pdf

Programme At a Glance

Tues 19^th May Faraday SR3

9–‐10 Registration and welcome

10–‐1 Session 1: Introduction to feminist media and cultural studies: with Anne-Marie Fortier and Maureen Mcneil

1–‐2 Lunch (self–pay)

2–‐5 Session 2: Media Activisms: A workshop with Debra Ferreday

7.30 Dinner location The Borough (Lancaster city centre, £20 per head, self-pay)

Wed 20 May Faraday SR3

10-1: Session 3: Think before you pink? Feminist health activism: a workshop led by Celia Roberts with Vicky Singleton

Lunch 1-2 (catered)

2-5: Session 4: Opening up (In)Security: Feminist activism against wars on the Other led by Lucy Suchman and Imogen Tyler

7:30: Documentary Screening: ‘Women, Art, Revolution’ at the Gregson Community Centre, Lancaster City Centre (introduced by Imogen Tyler) 

Thurs 21 May Charles Carter A17

10-1 – Session 4: Feminist Art activism: Imogen Tyler and Rosemary Betterton

1-2: lunch

2-4:- Session 5: student essays/ small group work discussions

Travel to Manchester

17.00 – 19.00: Sarah Schulman, Public Lecture

Friday 22 May County Main SR2

10-1: Session 6: summary workshop/ key ideas: Writing a Feminist Manifesto led by Celia Roberts, Vicky Singleton and Imogen Tyler

Lunch and end

DETAILED PROGRAMME WITH READINGS

Feminist Activisms: Feminist Media and Cultural Studies MA/Summer School

May 2015, Centre for Gender and Women’s Studies, Lancaster University

Tues 19^th May

9 -10: Registration and welcome

10-1: Session 1: Introduction to feminist media and cultural studies: Anne-Marie Fortier and Maureen McNeil

This session will introduce the course, with a special focus on the history and legacy of the ‘Birmingham school’ of cultural studies. After introducing cultural studies and the ‘cultural turn’ in social science, we focus on feminist politics and interventions in cultural studies, and link them to other paradigm shifts in social and cultural research. Staged as a ‘conversation’ between Anne-Marie Fortier and Maureen McNeil, we will travel through generations of feminist cultural studies – ‘where we’re from’, ‘where we’re at’, and where feminist cultural studies might go. We will identify some key themes and issues in the history of feminist cultural studies. We will also draw from our own work as illustrations of cultural studies research.

Required readings:

Franklin, Sarah, Celia Lury and Jackie Stacey (1991/2004) ‘Feminism and cultural studies: pasts, presents, futures’, in  S. Franklin, Sarah, C. Lury and J. Stacey (Eds) Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies, London & New York: Routledge: pp. 1-4, 11-14 (extracts)

Optional reading (but recommended): 

Bennett, Tony, Lawrence Grossberg, and Meaghan Morris (Eds) (2005) New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Malden, MA : Blackwell.

Brunsdon, Charlotte (1996) ‘A thief in the night: stories of feminism in the 1970s at CCCS’, in D. Morley, and C. Kuan-Hsing (eds) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge: pp. 276-286.

Chabram-Dernersesian, Angie (1992) ‘I throw punches for my race, but I don’t want to be a man: writing US – Chicano-nos (Girl/Us)/Chicanas – into the movement script’, in L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, P.A. Treichler (Eds) Cultural Studies: A Reader. London and New York: Routledge: pp. 81-95.

Chen, Kuan-Hsing (1998) Trajectories: Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge

De Lauretis, Theresa (1986) ‘Feminist Studies/Critical Studies: Issues, Terms and Contexts’, in Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Fortier, Anne-Marie (1996) ‘Troubles in the Field. The Use of Personal Experiences as Sources of Knowledge’, Critique of Anthropology 16(3): 303-323. Reprinted in a slightly amended version in (1998) ‘Gender, ethnicity and fieldwork: a case study’, in C. Seale (ed.), Researching society and culture. London, Sage: 48-57.

Franklin, Sarah, Celia Lury and Jackie Stacey (Eds) (1991/2004) Off-Centre:

Fortier, Anne-Marie (2000) Migrant Belongings, Oxford: Berg.

Evans, Mary (Ed.) (2000) Feminisms: Critical Concepts in Literary & Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.

Brundson, Charlotte (2000) The Feminist, the Housewife, and the Soap Opera. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press

Brunsdon, Charlotte (1993) ‘Identity and feminist television criticism’, Media, Culture & Society 15(2): 309-320.

Bobo, Jacqueline (Ed.) (2001) Black Feminist Cultural Criticism, Oxford: Blackwell

Additional readings

Thornham, Sue (2000) ‘Conclusion: Narratives of displacement’, in Feminist Theory and Cultural Studies: Stories of Unsettled Relations, London: Arnold: pp. 184-198.

Thornham, Sue (2000) ‘The 1970s: a new consciousness among women’, in Feminist Theory and Cultural Studies: Stories of Unsettled Relations, London: Arnold: 44-70. Feminism and Cultural Studies, London & New York: Routledge.

Gill, Rosalind (2007) Gender and the Media, Cambridge: Polity

Gill, Rosalind and Christina Scharff (Eds) (2011) New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism, And Subjectivity, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Grossberg, Lawrence, Nelson, Cary, Treichler, Paula A. (Eds) (1992) Cultural Studies: A Reader. London and New York: Routledge.Hall, Stuart (1988) The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left, London & New York : Verso

McNeil, Maureen (2007) Feminist Cultural Studies of Science and Technology,London: Routledge.

McRobbie, Angela (2000) Feminism and youth culture (2^nd ed.), London: Macmillan

Probyn, Elspeth (1993) Sexing the Self: Gendered Positions in Cultural Studies, London & New York: Routledge

McRobbie, Angela (1994) Postmodernism and Popular Culture, London & New York: Routledge. (see especially chapters 3 and 4).

Ross, Karen, (2012) The Handbook of Gender, Sex, and Media, Malden: Wiley Blackwell. Shiach, Morag (Ed.) (1999) Feminism and Cultural Studies, Oxford University Press.

Tierney, William G. (1997) Academic Outlaws: Queer Theory and Cultural Studies in the Academy, Thousand Oaks (Cal): Sage Publications

Thornham, Sue (2000) Feminist Theory and Cultural Studies: Stories of Unsettled Relations, London: Arnold.

Thornham, Helen and Elke Weissmann (eds) (2013) Renewing Feminisms: Radical Narratives, Fantasies and Futures in Media Studies, London: I.B. Tauris.

Skeggs, Beverley (ed.) (1995) Feminist Cultural Theory: Process and Production, Manchester UP.

Trinh T. Minh-ha (1991) When the Moon Waxes Red: Representation, Gender, and Cultural Politics, New York: Routledge

Weedon, Chris (1999) Feminism, Theory and the Politics of Difference, Basil Blackwell.

Turner, Graeme (2003) British Cultural Studies (Third Edition), London & New York: Routledge.

Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: a Vocabulary of Culture and Society(Revised edition). Fontana Press.

Winship, Janice (1987) Inside Women’s Magazines, London & New York: Pandora

Women’s Studies Group, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies(1978) Women Take Issue: Aspects of Women’s Subordination, London: Hutchinson.

Journals

• Cultural Studies
• Critical Methodologies
• International Journal of Cultural Studies
• Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies
• Cultural Critique
• Configurations
• Social Text
• Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society
• Feminist Media Studies
• European Journal of Cultural Studies
• Cultural Studies

1-2 Lunch (self-pay)

2-5pm Session 2:  Media Activisms: Debra Ferreday

This session will look at digital feminist activisms, to explore how activists are using social media to challenge cultures of violence. We will focus on two main areas of feminist campaigning: feminist responses to online trolling, and global feminist campaigns against sexual violence, with particular reference to Indian feminism. We will use this to reflect on our own experience as feminists, and to think about the ways in which digital media makes new forms of organisation possible, but also involves its own forms of oppression.

Required Readings:

Emma Jane (2014) ‘“Your a Ugly, Whorish, Slut” Understanding E-bile’ Feminist Media Studies 14, 4. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073#.VPWxjfmsV8E

Please be aware that this reading contains extremely graphic descriptions of sexual violence. If you prefer not to read these, please just prepare the Losch article.

Elisabeth Losch, ‘Hashtag Feminism and Twitter Activism in India’, Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 3, no. 12 (2014): 10-22. http://social-epistemology.com/2014/11/03/hashtag-feminism-and-twitter-activism-in-india-elizabeth-losh/

Additional readings

Nancy K. Baym (2006), “The Emergence of On-line Community”, S. Jones (Ed.) Cybersociety: communication and community, Newbury Park, CA: Sage., pp. 35–68

Radhika Gajjala (2013) ed. Cyberculture and the Subaltern: Weavings of the Virtual and Real, Lanham, Lexington Books.

Rapp et al (2010) ‘The Internet as a Tool for Black Feminist Activism: Lessons From an Online Antirape Protest’ Feminist Criminology  vol. 5 no. 3 244-262

Ann Travers (2003) ‘Parallel Subaltern Feminist Counterpublics in Cyberspace’ Sociological Perspectives vol. 46 no. 2 223-237

Kristyn Gorton , Joanne Garde-Hansen  (2013) F’rom Old Media Whore to New Media Troll’ Vol. 13, 2.  288-302

Lisa Nakamura and Peter Chow-White, eds., (2012) Race After the Internet, Routledge.

Susan Herring, Kirk Job-Sluder, Rebecca Scheckler & Sasha Barab (2002) Searching for Safety Online: Managing Searching for Safety Online: Managing “Trolling” in a Feminist Forum The Information Society: An International Journal Volume 18, Issue 5, 371-384

7.30 Dinner at the Borough – Lancaster City Centre

Wed 20 May

10-1: Session 3: Think before you pink? Feminist health activism: Celia Roberts and Vicky Singleton

The Women’s Health Movement has challenged the biomedicalisation of women’s bodies, collating and sharing women’s experiences of health and illness. As we consider the history of the Movement we will reflect upon how feminist activists have negotiated new relationships with biomedical professionals, the pharmaceutical industry, scientists and other activists.

Our case study will be breast cancer activism. We will look at how activists changed the experience of being diagnosed with and treated for breast cancer through cultural practices including art, lobbying, fund raising and awareness campaigns. We will watch a film, Pink Ribbon Inc., about the commercialisation of the pink ribbon and discuss the neo-liberal capture of feminist health politics.

Read: Murphy, Michelle (2012) Introduction, Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience, Duke University Press, 1-24

Additional resources

Clarke, Adele E. and Olesen, Virginia L. (eds) (1999) Revisioning Women, Health and Healing: Feminist, Cultural and Technoscience Perspectives Routledge: New York and London

Davis, Angela (1990) ‘Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: The Politics of Black Women’s Health’, in Evelyn C. White (ed) The Black Women’s Health Book, the Seal Press, Seattle, pp. 18-26

Davis, Kathy (2007) in The Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves: How Feminism Travels Across Borders, Duke University Press

Ehrenreich, Barbara and English Deidre (1978) For Her Own Good : 150 years of experts advice to women London: Pluto Press

Gibbon, Sahra (2007) Breast Cancer Genes and the Gendering of Knowledge, London: Palgrave Macmillan

Lorde, Audre, (1997) The Cancer Journals, San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books

Lorde, Audre (1988) ‘A burst of light: Living with cancer’ in A Burst of Light: essays by Audre Lorde, Firebrand Books: Ithaca, New York

Klawiter, Maren (2004) Breast cancer in two regimes: the impact of social movements on illness experience, Sociology of Health & Illness 26 (6)L 845–874 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2004.421_1.x/abstract;jsessionid=158E6619E3FFC05B3120E40183EEE82D.f01t02

Klawiter, Maren (2008) The Biopolitics of Breast Cancer: Changing cultures of disease and activism, University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis and London

http://msmagazine.com/blog/2011/10/31/how-audre-lorde-made-queer-history/ http://web.archive.org/web/20071218231238/http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/Pages/PrettyInPink.html

Martin, Emily (1989) The Woman in the Body: a cultural analysis of reproduction Milton Keynes: Open University Press

The Boston Women’s Health Collective (1973) Our Bodies, Our Selves, Simon and Shuster: New York.

Wilkinson, Sue (2000) Breast cancer: a feminist perspective, in Jane Ussher (ed) Women’s Health: Contemporary international perspectives, BPS Books, Leicester, pp. 230-237

Price, J & Shildrick, M (1999) Feminist Theory and the Body, Edinburgh: Edinburgh U.P

Alison Hann (1996) The Politics of Breast Cancer Screening, 1996, Avebury, Aldershot.

Gayle Sulik (2011) Pink Ribbon Blues: How breast cancer culture undermines women’s health, Oxford University Press

Sue Wilkinson and Celia Kitzinger, “Towards a Feminist Approach to Breast Cancer” in Sue Wilkinson and Celia Kitzinger (eds), Women and Health: Feminist Perspectives, 1994, Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 124- 140.

Krieger N. (2002) ‘Breast cancer: a disease of affluence, poverty, or both? The case of African American women,’ American Journal of Public Health; 92:611-613.

Bix, Amy Sue (1997) ‘Diseases chasing money and power: Breast cancer and AIDS activism challenging authority’ Journal of Policy History 9(1): 5-32.

Samantha King (2006) Pink Ribbon Inc.: Breast cancer and the politics of philanthropy, University of Minnesota Press

Wells, Susan (2010) Our Bodies, Ourselves and the work of writing, Stanford University Press.

 Websites

www.ourbodiesourselves.org/

www.WomensHealthResearch.org

www.womens–health.co.uk/     

www.bbc.co.uk/health/womens_health/

http://www.bcaction.org/

http://feministcurrent.com/6731/pinkwashing-the-trouble-with-breast-cancer-awareness-campaigns-an-interview-with-kim-irish-of-breast-cancer-action/

http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm

The National Breast Cancer Coalition website, http://www.natlbcc.org/

The UK Breast Cancer Coalition website, http://www.ukbcc.org. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073#.VPWxjfmsV8E

Lunch 1-2 (catered)

2-5pm : Session 4: Opening up (In)Security: Feminist activism against wars on the Other: Lucy Suchman with Imogen Tyler 

This session will focus on anti-drone and anti-war activism, but seeks to draw out also these activisms in relationship to broader wars against the Other. How can feminist analysis help us to understand the integrated circuits of remotely-controlled warfare and border controls?  What are the generative possibilities for combining street protests and other forms of resistance at the borders and from below, with journal publication in projects of social transformation?  Drawing from indicative cases of activism informed by feminist theory and practice, this session will examine diverse modes of intervention into contemporary regimes of militarism ‘abroad’ and border enforcement ‘at home’.

Readings

Thobani, Sunera (2007) White wars: Western feminisms and the ‘War on Terror’. Feminist Theory 8: 169-185.

Rachel V. Kutz-Flamenbaum (2007) ‘Code Pink, Raging Grannies, and the Missile Dick Chicks: Feminist Performance Activism in the Contemporary Anti-War Movement’ NWSA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, Feminist Activist Art (Spring, 2007), pp. 89-105 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4317232?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

see also

Tyler, Imogen (2013) ‘Naked Protest: The Maternal Politics of Citizenship and Revolt’ Citizenship Studies 17 (2): 211-226 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13621025.2013.780742#.VQl4701yapo and as a chapter in Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain (Zed, London) – discusses transnational inter-relations of protests in different border zones with reference to immigration detention, niger delta and code pink

Additional readings:

Benjamin, M. (2012). Drone Warfare: Killing by remote control. New York and London: OR Books.

Butler, Judith (20090 Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable?, (Verso)

Cockburn, Cynthia, and Dubravka Zarkov, eds. (2002) The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities, and International Peacekeeping. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

Davis, Angela (2003) Are Prisons Obsolete? (Seven Stories Press,)

Enloe, Cynthia (1989) Bananas, Beaches and Bases:  Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Univ. of California Press.

Enloe, Cynthia (2000) Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Feltz, Renee and Baksh, Stokley  (2012) “Business of Detention,” in Beyond Walls and Cages: Prisons, Borders, and Global Crisis, ed. Jenna M. Loyd, Matt Mitchelson, and Andrew Burridge (Athens: University of Georgia Press)

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson  (2007) Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California, 1st ed. (University of California Press).

Harvey, David (2005) The New Imperialism (Oxford  ; New York: Oxford University Press). See esp. Chapter 4: Accumulation by Dispossession.

Thomas Gregory (2012) Potential Lives, Impossible Deaths, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14:3, 327-347.

Jenna M. Loyd, Matt Mitchelson, and Andrew Burridge ‘Introduction: Borders, Prisons, and Abolitionist Visions’ Beyond Walls and Cages: Prisons, Borders, and Global Crisis, Edited by Jenna M. Loyd, Matt Mitchelson, and Andrew Burridge, UGA press.

Miller, Laura (1998) Feminism and the Exclusion of Army Women from Combat. Gender Issues 16: 33-64.

Mountz, A. and Loyd, J. (2014) ‘Transnational productions of remoteness: building onshore and offshore carceral regimes across borders, Geogr. Helv., 69, 389-398, doi:10.5194/gh-69-389-2014,.

Muhammad, Khalil Gibran  (2011) “Where Did All the White Criminals Go?: Reconfiguring Race and Crime on the Road to Mass Incarceration,” Souls 13, (1): 72–90, doi:10.1080/10999949.2011.551478.

Dylan Rodríguez (2008) ‘”I Would Wish Death on You…”Race, Gender, and Immigration in the Globality of the U.S. Prison Regime’ S&F online, 6(3): http://sfonline.barnard.edu/immigration/print_drodriguez.htm

 Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic Report Living Under Drones.  Available at http://www.livingunderdrones.org/

Smith, Evan and Marmo, Marinella (2014) Race, Gender and the Body in British Immigration Control: Subject to Examination (Palgrave)

Suchman, Lucy and Jutta Weber (forth) Human-Machine Autonomies.  Draft prepared for a collected volume coming out of the symposium ‘Autonomous Weapons Systems – Law, Ethics, Policy’, 24-25 April, European University Institute, Florence, available at https://www.academia.edu/10738030/Human-Machine_Autonomies_revised.

Weber, Cynthia (2014) Queer International Relations.  International Studies Review 16: 596-622.

Young, Iris Marion (2003) The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reflections on the Current Security State. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29: 1-25.

7:30pm: Documentary Screening: ‘Women, Art, Revolution’ at the Gregson Community Centre, Lancaster City Centre. Introduced by Imogen

 

Thurs 21 May

Session 5: Feminist Art Activism: Imogen Tyler with Rosemary Betterton

This week we will consider feminist art and art activism and its central role in feminist movements. What can art activism achieve?

Rosemary will begin with a talk about feminist art activism/ body art from the 1970s and 1980s in the UK. Imogen will focus on art that directly engages with sexual violence and rape culture. The material we will consider in this session is upsetting and sometimes graphic. Despite the difficulty with working through this material, the aim of the session is to explore and examine an incredibly rich and important feminist archive. The material produced by feminist artists and activists as they have sought to directly intervene in social myths about sexual violence and rape for over 40 years.

In 2002, in an essay titled ‘Toward a New Feminist Theory of Rape’ Carine M. Mardorossian argued that ‘Sexual violence has become the taboo subject of feminist theory today’. What Mardorissian claimed is that issues of sexual violence had become relegated to empirical social science, whilst feminist theoretical work on culture, visual culture and aesthetics had become increasingly detached from lived experiences of sexual violence, focusing on ‘more ambivalent expressions of male domination such as pornography and sexual harassment’. ‘Rape’ she concludes, ‘has become academia’s undertheorized and apparently untheorizable issue’. This session examines and troubles this claim through a focus on feminist art activism around sexual violence and rape produced over almost forty years, and in doing tracks a resurgence in anti-rape activism, which has accompanied a seeming intensification and proliferation of ‘rape culture’ within popular culture and the public sphere.

Artists work we will consider includes: Ana Mendieta, Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz, Sue Williams, Nancy Spero, Kiera Faber, Nan Goldin, Donna Ferrato, The Guerrilla Girls,  Girls, Emma Sulkowicz, Christen Clifford, art projects include ‘Myths of Rape’ (1977/2012) and activist projects such as the clothes line project, slutwalks and protests against the proliferation of “popular cultures of rape” through to online activism such as @countdeadwomen and @everydaysexism. This weaving together feminist art projects and feminist activism will allow us to to consider the ways in which feminist political aesthetics can contest, disrupt and activate alternative political imaginaries about sexual violence within public spaces.

Required Readings

Vivien Green Fryd ‘Suzanne Lacy’s Three Weeks in May: Feminist Activist Performance Art as “Expanded Public Pedagogy” NWSA Journal, 19 (1): 23-38.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4317229

Lacy, Suzanne. ‘‘Three Weeks in May’: Speaking Out on Rape, a Political Art Piece.’ Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 2, no. 1 (Spring 1977): 64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3346109?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Carole Stabile (short blog piece) (2014) ‘The Rusty Taste of Shame’ Ms Magazinehttp://msmagazine.com/blog/2014/02/14/the-rusty-taste-of-shame/

see also

Sharon Irish (2010) Suzanne Lacy: Spaces Between, University of Minnesota Press.

Extra Reading

Mary Jo Aagerstoun and Elissa Auther, `Considering Feminist Activist Art` NWSA Journal, 19 (1), Spring 2007, pp. vii-xiv

Additional Reading List

Feminist Art Background Reading

Goldin, Nan, David Armstrong, and Hans Werner Holzwarth, eds.(1996) I’ll Be Your Mirror. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art and Zurich: Scalo Publishers, 1996.

Hilary Robinson (ed) (2001), Feminism-Art-Theory: An Anthology 1968-2000,Oxford, John Wiley

Rosemary Betterton (2014) Maternal Bodies in the Visual Arts,  Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Rosemary Betterton (1987) Looking On: Images of Femininity in the Visual Arts and Media, London: Pandora Press

See Katy Deepwell (2011) ‘n.paradoxa’s 12 Step Guide to Feminist Art, Art History and Criticism’ [excellent overview of key literature on women art feminism –in West http://www.ktpress.co.uk/pdf/nparadoxaissue21.pdf

n.paradoxa:  international feminist art journal ‘Feminist Art Manifestos and Feminist Manifestos’

Feminist Art Activism: A chronological list of feminist art manifestos and feminist manifestos which have had an impact on the women’s art movement and the creation of feminist art. http://ktpress.co.uk/feminist-art-manifestos.asp and watch http://www.ica.org.uk/video/feminist-art-seminar-manifestos-feminist-art

Wack! Art and the Feminist Revolution (2007) website, exhibition and bookhttp://sites.moca.org/wack/

FORCE: Upsetting Rape Culture http://upsettingrapeculture.com/ see art actions http://upsettingrapeculture.com/artists.php

Media debates about whether Rape Culture exists—for example

Kitchens ,Caroline (2014) ‘Its Time to End ‘Rape Culture’ Hysteria’, Time Magazinehttp://time.com/30545/its-time-to-end-rape-culture-hysteria/

Katherine Krueger, (2013) “Letter Serves as Ugly Reminder of Rape Culture on Campus,” Badger Herald, November 5, http://​badgerherald.​com/​oped/​2013/​11/​05/​letter-serves-ugly-reminder-rape-culture-campus/​.

David Hookstead, (2013) “‘Rape Culture’ Does Not Exist,” letter to the editor, Badger Herald, November 4, http://​badgerherald.​com/​oped/​2013/​11/​04/​rape-culture-does-not-exist/​.

Feminism, Rape, Sexual Violence: Selected Readings (from across political & theoretical spectrum)

Alcoff, Linda, and Laura Gray (1993) “Survivor Discourse: Transgression or Recuperation?” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18(2):260–91.

Baumgardner, Jennifer (2000) “What Does Rape Look Like?” Nation, January 3, 20–23.

Baker, Carrie N. 2007. “The Emergence of Organized Feminist Resistance to Sexual Harassment in the United States in the 1970s.” Journal of Women’s History19(3):161–84.

Blocker, Jane. Where is Ana Mendieta? Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.

Buchwald, Emile, Pamela R. Fletcher and Martha Roth, eds. Transforming a Rape Culture, rev. ed., Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2005.

Baumgardner, Jennifer, and Amy Richards. (2000). Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

———. (2004). “Feminism and Femininity; or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Thong.” In All About the Girl: Culture, Power, and Identity, ed. Anita Harris, 59-68. New York: Routledge.

Black Women’s Blueprint. (2011). “An Open Letter from Black Women to the SlutWalk.” http://www.blackwomensblueprint.org/2011/09/23/

an-open-letter-from-black-women-to-the-slutwalk/.

Bourke, Joanna, (2007) Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present, London: Virago Press.

Bourke, Joanna, (2007) Rape: Sex, Violence, and History, London: Virago Press.

Susan Brownmiller (1975) Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape , New York: Simon and Schuster.

Emile Buchwald, Pamela R. Fletcher and Martha Roth, (2005) ‘Are We Really Living in a Rape Culture?’ in Transforming a Rape Culture, rev. ed., eds. Emile Buchwald, Pamela R. Fletcher and Martha Roth (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions.

Gavey, Nicola, (2005) Just Sex? The Cultural Scaffolding of Rape, Routledge.

Haag, Pamela (1996) “‘Putting Your Body on the Line’: The Question of Violence, Victims, and the Legacies of Second‐Wave Feminism.” differences 8(2):23–68.

Hannon, Elliott. 2011. “Indian Women Take SlutWalk to New Delhi’s Streets.” Time World, August 1. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2086142,00.html

Helliwell, Christine (2000) “‘It’s Only a Penis’: Rape, Feminism, and Difference.”Signs 25(3):789–816.

Hengehold, Laura (2000) “Remapping the Event: Institutional Discourses and the Trauma of Rape.” Signs 26(1):189–214.

Horeck, Tayna (2014) “#AskThicke: “Blurred Lines,” Rape Culture, and the Feminist Hashtag Takeover” Feminist Media Studies

Higgins, Lynn A. and Brenda R. Silver, eds. (1991) Rape and Representation. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lacy, Suzanne. (1977) ‘‘Three Weeks in May’: Speaking Out on Rape, a Political Art Piece.’ Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 2, (1): 64-70.

Lacy, Suzanne (2010) Leaving Art: Writings on Performance, Politics, and Publics 1974-2007. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.

LeeAnn Kahlor & Matthew S. Eastin (2011) ‘Television’s Role in the Culture of Violence Toward Women: A Study of Television Viewing and the Cultivation of Rape Myth Acceptance in the United States’ , Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55 (2): 215-231

Lesage, Julia (1978) “Disarming Film Rape” Jump Cut 19 (December): 14–16.

Marcus, Sharon (1992) “Fighting Bodies, Fighting Words: A Theory and Politics of Rape Prevention.” In Butler and Scott (eds) Feminist Theorise the Political: 385–404.

Mardorossian, Carine (2002) ‘Toward a New Feminist Theory of Rape’ Signs 27 (3): 743-775

Meyer, Michela (2014) “#Thevagenda’s War on Headlines: Feminist Activism in the Information Age” Feminist Media Studies

Mills, Jane (1995) “Screening Rape.” Index on Censorship 24(6):38–41.

Nguyen, Tram (2013) ‘From SlutWalks to SuicideGirls: Feminist Resistance in the Third Wave and Postfeminist Era’, WSQ: Women’s Studies Quarterly , 41 (3-4): 157-172.

Pearson, Lisa, ed. (2010) Torture of Women. Los Angeles: Siglio Press.

Projansky, Sarah. Watching Rape: Film and Television in Postfeminist Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2011.

Roth, Moira (1988) ‘Suzanne Lacy: Social Reformer and Witch.’ TDR 32( 1):  42-60.

Rothenberg, Diane (1988) ‘Social Art/Social Action’ TDR 32 (1): 61-70.

Poulami Roychowdhury (2013)”The Delhi Gang Rape”: The Making of International Causes” Feminist Studies, 39 (1): 282-292

Rentschler, Carrie A (2014) ‘Rape Culture and the Feminist Politics of Social Media’Girlhood Studies, 7 (1): 65-82.

Rentschler, Carrie A. (2015) ‘#Safetytipsforladies: Feminist Twitter Takedowns of Victim Blaming’ [online only at time of writing], Feminist Media Studieshttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14680777.2015.1008749#.VOsoUk0fz4g

Roiphe, Katie (1993) The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism on Campus. Boston: Little, Brown.

Saltzman, Lisa and Eric Rosenberg, eds. (2006) Trauma and Visuality in Modernity. Hanover, NH and London: University Press of New England.

Sielke, Sabine (2002) Reading Rape: The Rhetoric of Sexual Violence in American Literature and Culture, 1790-1990, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tanner, Laura E. (1994) Intimate Violence: Reading Rape and Torture in Twentieth-Century Fiction, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Sheila Schwartz, ed., (1993) The Subject of Rape: ISP Papers, No. 4 New York: Whitney Museum of Art.

Sommers, Christina Hoff. Researching the “Rape Culture” of America.

Rozee, Patricia. “Resisting a Rape Culture”. Rape Resistance.http://www.raperesistance.org/research/rape_culture.html

Steffes, Micah (2008). “The American Rape Culture”. High Plains Reader [online].

Ferrato, Donna (1991) Living with the Enemy. New York: Aperture Foundation.

Fryd, Vivien Green (2007) ‘Suzanne Lacy’s Three Weeks in May: Feminist Activist Performance Art as ‘Expanded Public Pedagogy.’’ NWSA Journal 19(1): 23-38.

Goldin, Nan, David Armstrong, and Hans Werner Holzwarth, eds. (1996) I’ll Be Your Mirror. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art and Zurich: Scalo Publishers.

Heiferman, Marvin, Mark Holborn, and Suzanne Fletcher, eds. (1986) The Ballad of Sexual Dependency. New York: Aperture Foundation, Inc.

Higgins, Lynn A. and Brenda R. Silver, eds. (1991). Rape and Representation. New York: Columbia University Press.

1-2: Lunch

2-3.30pm: Discussion of essays (MA) and relevance to research (PhD and others)

Travel to Manchester

17.00 – 19.00: Sarah Schulman, Public Lecture

“Conflict Is Not Abuse: Overstating Harm, Community Responsibility and the Duty of Repair”

“It is not only that we may not choose with whom to cohabitate, but that we must actively preserve the unchosen character of inclusive and plural cohabitation; we not only live with those we never chose and to whom we may feel no social sense of belonging, but we are also obligated to preserve their lives and the plurality of which they form a part. In this sense, concrete political norms and ethical prescriptions emerge from the unchosen character of these modes of cohabitation.”

-Judith Butler, Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism

“Shunning is so often the go-to tool of people dealing with problems or conflict in queer communities, which only contributes to cycles of dehumanization and abuse. It’s the easy, simplistic response too often deployed for all manner of interpersonal and inter-community conflict.”

-Cooper Lee Bombardier  – Facebook Post, January 2015

“I want people to be open to the little power that they do have.”

-Lisa Henderson, personal conversation, 2015

Venue: John Casken, Manchester University

19.00 – 20.00: Wine Reception, Venue: Café Muse

Friday 22 May

10-1: Key Ideas Summary workshop

1-2 Lunch