Flash point
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The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which vapors of the material will ignite, given an ignition source.
The flash point is not to be confused with the autoignition temperature (the temperature at which the vapor ignites without an ignition source) or with the fire point (the lowest temperature at which the vapor will keep burning after having been ignited and the ignition source has been removed). The autoignition is higher than the flash point, because at the flash point the vapor may cease to burn when the ignition source is removed.
Neither the flash point nor the fire point is dependent on the temperature of the ignition source, which is much higher.
Liquids[edit]
The flash point is a descriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish flammable liquids (such as petrol) from combustible liquids.
It is also used to characterize the fire hazards of liquids. Depending on the standard that is used, liquids which have a flash point less than either 37.8 or 60.5 °C (100.0 or 140.9 °F) are called flammable — whereas liquids having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible.[1]
Mechanism[edit]
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Every liquid has a vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases. As the vapor pressure increases, the concentration of vapor of the flammable liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature determines the concentration of vapor of the flammable liquid in the air.
A certain concentration of vapor in the air is necessary to sustain combustion, and that concentration is different for each flammable liquid. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to ignite when an ignition source is applied.
Measurement[edit]
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There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup.
In open cup devices, the sample is contained in an open cup which is heated and, at intervals, a flame is brought over the surface. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface and, at sufficient height, the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the fire point. The best-known example is the Cleveland open cup (COC).[2]
There are two types of closed cup testers: non-equilibrium, such as Pensky-Martens, where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and equilibrium, such as Small Scale (commonly known as Setaflash), where the vapours are deemed to be in temperature equilibrium with the liquid. In both these types, the cups are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced. Closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than open cup (typically 5–10 °C or 9–18 °F lower) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the lower flammable limit.
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured value will vary with equipment and test protocol variations, including temperature ramp rate (in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibrate, sample volume and whether the sample is stirred.
Methods for determining the flash point of a liquid are specified in many standards. For example, testing by the Pensky-Martens closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D93, IP34, ISO 2719, DIN 51758, JIS K2265 and AFNOR M07-019. Determination of flash point by the Small Scale closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D3828 and D3278, EN ISO 3679 and 3680, and IP 523 and 524.
CEN/TR 15138 Guide to Flash Point Testing and ISO TR 29662 Guidance for Flash Point Testing cover the key aspects of flash point testing.
Examples[edit]
| Fuel | Flash point | Autoignition temperature |
|---|---|---|
| Ethanol (70%) | 16.6 °C (61.9 °F)[3] | 363 °C (685 °F)[3] |
| Gasoline (petrol) | −43 °C (−45 °F)[4] | 280 °C (536 °F)[5] |
| Diesel (2-D) | >52 °C (126 °F)[4] | 256 °C (493 °F)[5] |
| Jet fuel (A/A-1) | >38 °C (100 °F) | 210 °C (410 °F) |
| Kerosene | >38–72 °C (100–162 °F) | 220 °C (428 °F) |
| Vegetable oil (canola) | 327 °C (621 °F) | 424 °C (795 °F)[6] |
| Biodiesel | >130 °C (266 °F) |
Gasoline (petrol) is a fuel used in a spark-ignition engine. The fuel is mixed with air within its flammable limits and heated above its flash point, then ignited by the spark plug. To ignite, the fuel must have a low flash point, but in order to avoid preignition caused by residual heat in a hot combustion chamber, the fuel must have a high autoignition temperature.
Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C (126 and 205 °F). Diesel is suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine. Air is compressed until it has been heated above the autoignition temperature of the fuel, which is then injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within flammable limits. In a diesel-fueled engine, there is no ignition source (such as the spark plugs in a gasoline engine). Consequently, diesel fuel must have a high flash point and a low autoignition temperature.
Jet fuel flash points also vary with the composition of the fuel. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have flash points between 38 and 66 °C (100 and 151 °F), close to that of off-the-shelf kerosene. Yet both Jet B and JP-4 have flash points between −23 and −1 °C (−9 and 30 °F).
Standardization[edit]
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Flash points of substances are measured according to standard test methods. These test methods define the apparatus required to carry out the measurement, key test parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method.
Standard test methods are written and controlled by a number of national and international committees and organizations. The three main bodies are the CEN / ISO Joint Working Group on Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM D02.8B Flammability Section and the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2012 Edition Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ "Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester", ASTM.org
- ^ a b "Ethanol MSDS" (PDF). Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ a b "Flash Point — Fuels". Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ a b "Fuels and Chemicals — Autoignition Temperatures". Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ Buda-Ortins, Krystyna. "Auto-Ignition of Cooking Oils" (PDF).
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