Cristal

Cristal may refer to:

People with the surname

See also

Cristal (wine)

Cristal is the brand name of a Champagne produced by Louis Roederer. Cristal has a flat-bottomed clear, "crystal" bottle, anti-UV cellophane wrapper, and gold label. Widespread awareness of its high price has given the wine an image of exclusivity that, in turn, has elevated demand: it is considered a Veblen good. The most recently released vintages are the 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2002, and 2000.

History

Cristal was first created in 1876 for Alexander II of Russia, and is viewed by many as the first prestige cuvée. As the political situation in Russia at the time of his rule was unstable, the Tsar feared assassination. He ordered that champagne bottles for his Three Emperors Dinner be made clear, so that he could see the bubbles and also to prevent hiding a bomb within them, as could happen with a typical dark green bottle. Louis Roederer commissioned a Flemish glassmaker to create a clear lead glass Champagne bottle with a flat bottom. The Champagne has since become known as "Cristal".

Viola

The viola (/viˈoʊlə/;Italian pronunciation: [ˈvjɔːla]) is a bowed string instrument. It is slightly larger than a violin in size and has a lower and deeper sound than a violin. Since the 18th century it has been the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above it) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below it).

Music that is written for the viola differs from that of most other instruments, in that it primarily uses the alto clef, which is otherwise rarely used. Viola music employs the treble clef when there are substantial sections of music written in a higher register.

The viola occasionally has a major role in orchestral music. In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Lionel Tertis. Englishmen Arthur Bliss, York Bowen, Benjamin Dale, and Ralph Vaughan Williams all wrote chamber and concert works for Tertis. William Walton, Bohuslav Martinů and Béla Bartók wrote well-known viola concertos. Paul Hindemith wrote a substantial amount of music for viola. In the latter part of the 20th century a substantial repertoire was produced for the viola.

Viola, Piedmont

Viola is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 km (56 mi) south of Turin and about 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 470 and an area of 21.1 km² (8.1 sq mi).

Viola borders the following municipalities: Bagnasco, Garessio, Lisio, Monasterolo Casotto, Pamparato, and Priola.

Demographic evolution

References

Viola (disambiguation)

A viola is a stringed instrument.

Viola may also refer to:

Places

United States

Italy

People