Romanization of Georgian
Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.
Contents
Georgian national system of romanization[edit]
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the Georgian letters into Latin letters.[1] The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses.
Unofficial system of romanization[edit]
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian keyboard layout that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).
ISO standard[edit]
ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.[2] The guiding principles in the standard are:
- No Digraph_(orthography), One latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from apostrophes )
- Apostrophe ’ - marks aspirated consonants, ejectives are unmarked [eg: კ -> k , ქ -> k’ ]
- The only extended characters are latin letters with caron (haček) (with the exception of "g macron" ღ -> ḡ )
- No capitalization, both as it doesn't appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad-hoc transliterations of Caron characters as capitals instead. (eg. შ as S for š)
Transliteration table[edit]
| Georgian letter | IPA | National system (2002) |
BGN/PCGN (1981) |
ISO 9984 (1996) |
ALA-LC (1997) |
Unofficial system |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ა | /ɑ/ | a | a | a | a | a |
| ბ | /b/ | b | b | b | b | b |
| გ | /ɡ/ | g | g | g | g | g |
| დ | /d/ | d | d | d | d | d |
| ე | /ɛ/ | e | e | e | e | e |
| ვ | /v/ | v | v | v | v | v |
| ზ | /z/ | z | z | z | z | z |
| ჱ[a] | /eɪ/ | ey | ē | ē | ||
| თ | /tʰ/ | t | t' | t' | t' | T[b] or t |
| ი | /i/ | i | i | i | i | i |
| კ | /kʼ/ | k' | k | k | k | k |
| ლ | /l/ | l | l | l | l | l |
| მ | /m/ | m | m | m | m | m |
| ნ | /n/ | n | n | n | n | n |
| ჲ[a] | /i/, /j/ | j | y | y | ||
| ო | /ɔ/ | o | o | o | o | o |
| პ | /pʼ/ | p' | p | p | p | p |
| ჟ | /ʒ/ | zh | zh | ž | ž | J,[b] zh or j |
| რ | /r/ | r | r | r | r | r |
| ს | /s/ | s | s | s | s | s |
| ტ | /tʼ/ | t' | t | t | t | t |
| ჳ[a] | /uɪ/ | w | w | |||
| უ | /u/ | u | u | u | u | u |
| ფ | /pʰ/ | p | p' | p' | p' | p or f |
| ქ | /kʰ/ | k | k' | k' | k' | q or k |
| ღ | /ɣ/ | gh | gh | ḡ | ġ | g, gh or R[b] |
| ყ | /qʼ/ | q' | q | q | q | y[c] |
| შ | /ʃ/ | sh | sh | š | š | sh or S[b] |
| ჩ | /tʃ(ʰ)/ | ch | ch' | č' | č' | ch or C[b] |
| ც | /ts(ʰ)/ | ts | ts' | c' | c' | c or ts |
| ძ | /dz/ | dz | dz | j | ż | dz or Z[b] |
| წ | /tsʼ/ | ts' | ts | c | c | w, c or ts |
| ჭ | /tʃʼ/ | ch' | ch | č | č | W,[b] ch or tch |
| ხ | /x/ | kh | kh | x | x | x or kh (rarely) |
| ჴ[a] | /q/, /qʰ/ | q' | ẖ | x̣ | ||
| ჯ | /dʒ/ | j | j | ǰ | j | j |
| ჰ | /h/ | h | h | h | h | h |
| ჵ[a] | /oː/ | ō | ō |
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). United Nations. p. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters
External links[edit]
- [1] Transliteration web utility for the National and ISO transliteration of Georgian
