January 5 is the fifth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar . There are 360 days remaining until the end of the year (361 in leap years ). This date is slightly more likely to fall on a Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday (58 in 400 years each) than on Sunday or Monday (57), and slightly less likely to occur on a Wednesday or Friday (56).
1066 – Edward the Confessor dies childless, sparking a succession crisis that will eventually lead to the Norman conquest of England .
1477 – Battle of Nancy : Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
1500 – Duke Ludovico Sforza conquers Milan .
1527 – Felix Manz , a leader of the Anabaptist congregation in Zürich , Switzerland, is executed by drowning .
1554 – A great fire occurs in Eindhoven , Netherlands.
1675 – Battle of Colmar : The French army beats Brandenburg .
1757 – Louis XV of France survives an assassination attempt by Robert-François Damiens , the last person to be executed in France by drawing and quartering , the traditional and gruesome form of capital punishment used for regicides .
1781 – American Revolutionary War : Richmond, Virginia , is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold .
1846 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Territory with the United Kingdom.
1875 – The Palais Garnier , one of the most famous opera houses in the world, is inaugurated in Paris.
1895 – Dreyfus affair : French army officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island .
1896 – An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm Röntgen has discovered a type of radiation later known as X-rays .[citation needed ]
1911 – Kappa Alpha Psi , the world's second oldest and largest black fraternity , is founded at Indiana University .
1912 – The Prague Party Conference takes place.
1913 – First Balkan War : During the Battle of Lemnos , Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles , from which it did not venture for the rest of the war.
1914 – The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and that it would pay a "living wage " of at least US$5 for a day's labor.
1919 – The German Workers' Party , which would become the Nazi Party , is founded.
1925 – Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming becomes the first female governor in the United States.
1933 – Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay .
1944 – The Daily Mail becomes the first transoceanic newspaper.
1945 – The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland.
1949 – United States President Harry S. Truman unveils his Fair Deal program.
1957 – In a speech given to the United States Congress , United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces the establishment of what will later be called the Eisenhower Doctrine .
1968 – Alexander Dubček comes to power: "Prague Spring " begins in Czechoslovakia .
1969 – The Troubles : The Royal Ulster Constabulary raid the Bogside area of Derry , damaging property and beating residents. In response, residents erect barricades and establish Free Derry .
1972 – United States President Richard Nixon orders the development of a Space Shuttle program.
1974 – Warmest reliably measured temperature in Antarctica of +59 °F (+15 °C) recorded at Vanda Station
1975 – The Tasman Bridge in Tasmania , Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier Lake Illawarra , killing twelve people.
1976 – The Khmer Rouge proclaim the Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea .
1976 – The Troubles: In response to the killing of six Catholics the night before, gunmen shoot dead ten Protestant civilians after stopping their minibus at Kingsmill in County Armagh , Northern Ireland , UK.
1991 – Georgian forces enter Tskhinvali , the capital of South Ossetia, Georgia , opening the 1991–92 South Ossetia War .
1991 – The United States Embassy to Somalia in Mogadishu is evacuated by helicopter airlift days after violence enveloped Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War
1993 – The oil tanker MV Braer runs aground on the coast of the Shetland Islands, spilling 84,700 tons of crude oil.
2000 – Sri Lankan Civil War : Sri Lankan Tamil politician Kumar Ponnambalam is shot dead in Colombo .
2005 – Eris , the most massive and second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System , is discovered by the team of Michael E. Brown , Chad Trujillo , and David L. Rabinowitz using images originally taken on October 21, 2003, at the Palomar Observatory .
2014 – A launch of the communication satellite GSAT-14 aboard the GSLV MK.II D5 marks the first successful flight of an Indian cryogenic engine .
1209 – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall , English-German king (d. 1272)
1548 – Francisco Suárez , Spanish priest, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1617)
1587 – Xu Xiake , Chinese geographer and explorer (d. 1641)
1614 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (d. 1662)
1640 – Paolo Lorenzani , Italian composer (d. 1713)
1679 – Pietro Filippo Scarlatti , Italian organist and composer (d. 1750)
1717 – William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington , English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1793)
1735 – Claude Martin , French-English general and explorer (d. 1800)
1767 – Jean-Baptiste Say , French economist and academic (d. 1832)
1778 – Zebulon Pike , American general and explorer (d. 1813)
1779 – Stephen Decatur , American commander (d. 1820)
1793 – Harvey Putnam , American lawyer and politician (d. 1855)
1808 – Anton Füster , Austrian priest and activist (d. 1881)
1834 – William John Wills , English surgeon and explorer (d. 1861)
1838 – Camille Jordan , French mathematician and academic (d. 1922)
1846 – Rudolf Christoph Eucken , German philosopher and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926)
1855 – King Camp Gillette , American businessman, founded the Gillette Company (d. 1932)
1864 – Bob Caruthers , American baseball player and manager (d. 1911)
1865 – Julio Garavito Armero , Colombian astronomer, mathematician, and engineer (d. 1920)
1865 – Ban Johnson , American businessman, founded the Western League (d. 1931)
1867 – Dimitrios Gounaris , Greek lawyer and politician, 94th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1922)
1871 – Frederick Converse , American composer and academic (d. 1940)
1874 – Joseph Erlanger , American physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
1876 – Konrad Adenauer , German lawyer and politician, Chancellor of West Germany (d. 1967)
1879 – Hans Eppinger , Austrian physician and academic (d. 1946)
1879 – Marcel Tournier , French harp player and composer (d. 1951)
1880 – Nikolai Medtner , Russian pianist and composer (d. 1951)
1881 – Pablo Gargallo , Spanish sculptor and painter (d. 1934)
1882 – Herbert Bayard Swope , American journalist (d. 1958)
1882 – Dorothy Levitt , English racing driver and journalist (d. 1922)
1885 – Humbert Wolfe , Italian-English poet and civil servant (d. 1940)
1886 – Markus Reiner , Israeli physicist and engineer (d. 1976)
1892 – Agnes von Kurowsky , American nurse (d. 1984)
1893 – Paramahansa Yogananda , Indian-American guru and philosopher (d. 1952)
1895 – Alberto Massimino , Italian automotive engineer (d. 1975)
1897 – Kiyoshi Miki , Japanese philosopher and author (d. 1945)
1900 – Yves Tanguy , French-American painter (d. 1955)
1902 – Hubert Beuve-Méry , French journalist (d. 1989)
1902 – Stella Gibbons , English journalist and author (d. 1989)
1903 – Harold Gatty , Australian pilot and navigator (d. 1957)
1904 – Jeane Dixon , American astrologer and psychic (d. 1997)
1904 – Erika Morini , Austrian violinist (d. 1995)
1906 – Kathleen Kenyon , English archaeologist and academic (d. 1978)
1908 – George Dolenz , Italian-American actor (d. 1963)
1909 – Lucienne Bloch , Swiss-American sculptor, painter, and photographer (d. 1995)
1909 – Stephen Cole Kleene , American mathematician and computer scientist (d. 1994)
1910 – Hugh Brannum , American actor and singer (d. 1987)
1910 – Jack Lovelock , New Zealand runner and journalist (d. 1949)
1911 – Jean-Pierre Aumont , French actor and screenwriter (d. 2001)
1913 – Nejat Eczacıbaşı , Turkish-American chemist, businessman, and philanthropist, founded Eczacıbaşı (d. 1993)
1914 – Nicolas de Staël , Russian-French painter and illustrator (d. 1955)
1914 – George Reeves , American actor and director (d. 1959)
1915 – Arthur H. Robinson , Canadian geographer and cartographer (d. 2004)
1917 – Lucienne Day , English textile designer (d. 2010)
1917 – Francis L. Kellogg , American businessman and diplomat (d. 2006)
1917 – Wieland Wagner , German director and producer (d. 1966)
1917 – Jane Wyman , American actress (d. 2007)
1919 – Hector Abhayavardhana , Sri Lankan theorist and politician (d. 2012)
1919 – Severino Gazzelloni , Italian flute player (d. 1992)
1919 – Herb Peterson , American businessman (d. 2008)
1920 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli , Italian pianist and educator (d. 1995)
1921 – Friedrich Dürrenmatt , Swiss author and playwright (d. 1990)
1921 – Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg , Luxembourgish soldier
1922 – Anthony Synnot , Australian admiral (d. 2001)
1923 – Glenn Boyer , American historian and author (d. 2013)
1924 – Sam Phillips , American radio host and producer, founded Sun Records (d. 2003)
1926 – Veikko Karvonen , Finnish runner (d. 2007)
1926 – W. D. Snodgrass , American poet and academic (d. 2009)
1926 – Hosea Williams , American businessman and activist (d. 2000)
1927 – Sivaya Subramuniyaswami , American guru and author, founded Iraivan Temple (d. 2001)
1928 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Pakistani lawyer and politician, 4th President of Pakistan (d. 1979)
1928 – Walter Mondale , American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 42nd Vice President of the United States
1929 – Wilbert Harrison , American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1994)
1929 – Aulis Rytkönen , Finnish footballer and manager (d. 2014)
1930 – Al Masini , American screenwriter and producer (d. 2010)
1931 – Alvin Ailey , American dancer and choreographer, founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (d. 1989)
1931 – Alfred Brendel , Austrian pianist, poet, and author
1931 – Robert Duvall , American actor and director
1932 – Umberto Eco , Italian philosopher and author (d. 2016)
1932 – Chuck Noll , American football player and coach (d. 2014)
1933 – Derek Johnson , English runner (d. 2004)
1933 – Leonard Marsh , American businessman, co-founded Snapple (d. 2013)
1934 – Phil Ramone , South African-American songwriter and producer, co-founded A & R Recording (d. 2013)
1936 – Florence King , American journalist and memoirist (d. 2016)
1938 – Juan Carlos I of Spain
1938 – Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o , Kenyan author and playwright
1939 – M. E. H. Maharoof , Sri Lankan politician (d. 1997)
1940 – Athol Guy , Australian singer-songwriter and bassist
1941 – Hayao Miyazaki , Japanese animator, director, and screenwriter
1941 – Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , Indian cricketer and coach (d. 2011)
1942 – Jan Leeming , English journalist
1942 – Maurizio Pollini , Italian pianist and conductor
1942 – Charlie Rose , American journalist and talk show host
1943 – Mary Gaudron , Australian lawyer and judge
1943 – Murtaz Khurtsilava , Georgian footballer and manager
1944 – Ed Rendell , American lieutenant and politician, 45th Governor of Pennsylvania
1945 – Chuck McKinley , American tennis player (d. 1986)
1945 – Roger Spottiswoode , Canadian-English director and producer
1946 – Diane Keaton , American actress, director, and businesswoman
1947 – Mike DeWine , American lawyer and politician, 59th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio
1947 – Mercury Morris , American football player
1948 – Ted Lange , American actor
1950 – Ioan P. Culianu , Romanian historian, philosopher, and author (d. 1991)
1950 – Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith , English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales
1950 – John Manley , Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Deputy Prime Minister of Canada
1950 – Charlie Richmond , Canadian sound designer and engineer
1950 – Chris Stein , American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
1950 – Krzysztof Wielicki , Polish mountaineer
1951 – Steve Arnold , English footballer
1951 – Jagathy Sreekumar , Indian actor and screenwriter
1952 – Uli Hoeneß , German footballer and manager
1953 – Steve Archer , American singer-songwriter and producer
1953 – Pamela Sue Martin , American actress
1953 – Mike Rann , English-Australian journalist and politician, 44th Premier of South Australia
1953 – George Tenet , American civil servant and academic, 18th Director of Central Intelligence
1954 – Alex English , American basketball player and coach
1954 – László Krasznahorkai , Hungarian author and screenwriter
1955 – Mamata Banerjee , Indian lawyer and politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal
1955 – Jacob Hård , Swedish journalist
1955 – Jimmy Mulville , English comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter, co-founded Hat Trick Productions
1955 – Mohsen Sazegara , Iranian journalist and politician
1956 – Frank-Walter Steinmeier , German academic and politician, 14th Vice-Chancellor of Germany
1957 – Kevin Hastings , Australian rugby player and trainer
1958 – Nancy Delahunt , Canadian curler
1958 – Ron Kittle , American baseball player and manager
1959 – Clancy Brown , American actor
1959 – David Eastwood , English historian and academic
1960 – Steve Jones , English captain and pilot
1960 – Glenn Strömberg , Swedish footballer and sportscaster
1961 – Iris DeMent , American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1962 – Suzy Amis , American actress and model
1962 – Danny Jackson , American baseball player and manager
1962 – Andrew Rawnsley , English journalist and author
1963 – Jeff Fassero , American baseball player and coach
1964 – Grant Young , American drummer
1965 – Ricky Paull Goldin , American actor and producer
1965 – Vinnie Jones , English footballer and actor
1965 – Patrik Sjöberg , Swedish high jumper
1966 – Kate Schellenbach , American drummer
1966 – Steve Tuttle , Canadian ice hockey player
1967 – Joe Flanigan , American actor and screenwriter
1968 – DJ BoBo , Swiss singer-songwriter and producer
1968 – Andrew Golota , Polish-American boxer
1968 – Carrie Ann Inaba , American actress, dancer, and choreographer
1968 – Joé Juneau , Canadian ice hockey player and engineer
1969 – Marilyn Manson , American singer-songwriter, actor, and director
1971 – Stian Carstensen , Norwegian banjo player and composer
1972 – Philip Davies , English politician
1974 – Iwan Thomas , Welsh sprinter and coach
1975 – Bradley Cooper , American actor and producer
1975 – Warrick Dunn , American football player
1975 – Mike Grier , American ice hockey player and scout
1976 – Shintarō Asanuma , Japanese voice actor and singer
1976 – Diego Tristán , Spanish footballer
1976 – Matt Wachter , American bass player
1977 – Marcus Trick , German rugby player
1978 – Sabrina Harman , American soldier
1978 – January Jones , American actress
1978 – Franck Montagny , French race car driver
1979 – Kyle Calder , Canadian ice hockey player
1979 – Giuseppe Gibilisco , Italian pole vaulter
1980 – Luke Bailey , Australian rugby league player
1980 – Sebastian Deisler , German footballer
1980 – Bennie Joppru , American football player
1980 – Brad Meyers , Australian rugby league player
1981 – Deadmau5 , Canadian DJ and producer
1981 – Corey Flynn , New Zealand rugby player
1982 – Takashi Aizawa , Japanese footballer
1982 – Norichika Aoki , Japanese baseball player
1982 – Tiiu Nurmberg , Canadian-Estonian skier
1982 – Benoît Vaugrenard , French cyclist
1983 – Sean Dockery , American basketball player
1984 – Derrick Atkins , Bahamian sprinter
1985 – Diego Vera , Uruguayan footballer
1986 – J. P. Arencibia , American baseball player
1988 – Pauline , French singer-songwriter
1988 – Luke Daniels , English footballer
1988 – Mario de Luna , Mexican footballer
1988 – Yago Fernández , Portuguese footballer
1989 – Krisztián Németh , Hungarian footballer
1991 – Denis Alibec , Romanian footballer
1991 – Soner Aydoğdu , Turkish footballer
1991 – Eric Fisher , American football player
1991 – Daniel Pacheco , Spanish footballer
1992 – Julian Derstroff , German footballer
842 – Al-Mu'tasim , Iraqi caliph (b. 796)
1066 – Edward the Confessor , English king (b. 1004)
1400 – John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury , English politician (b. 1350)
1448 – Christopher of Bavaria (b. 1416)
1465 – Charles, Duke of Orléans (b. 1394)
1477 – Charles the Bold , French son of Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy (b. 1433)
1524 – Marko Marulić , Croatian poet (b. 1450)
1527 – Felix Manz , Swiss martyr (b. 1498)
1589 – Catherine de' Medici , Italian-French wife of Henry II of France (b. 1519)
1713 – Jean Chardin , French explorer and author (b. 1643)
1740 – Antonio Lotti , Italian composer and educator (b. 1667)
1762 – Elizabeth of Russia (b. 1709)
1771 – John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford , English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1710)
1796 – Samuel Huntington , American jurist and politician, 18th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1731)
1823 – George Johnston , Scottish-Australian colonel and politician, Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales (b. 1764)
1845 – Robert Smirke , English painter and illustrator (b. 1753)
1846 – Alfred Thomas Agate , American painter and illustrator (b. 1812)
1858 – Joseph Radetzky von Radetz , Austrian field marshal (b. 1766)
1860 – John Neumann , Czech-American bishop and saint (b. 1811)
1883 – Charles Tompson , Australian poet and public servant (b. 1806)
1888 – Henri Herz , Austrian pianist and composer (b. 1803)
1899 – Ezra Otis Kendall , American professor, astronomer and mathematician (b. 1818)
1904 – Karl Alfred von Zittel , German paleontologist and geologist (b. 1839)
1910 – Léon Walras , French-Swiss economist and academic (b. 1834)
1919 – Sumako Matsui , Japanese actress and singer (b. 1886)
1922 – Ernest Shackleton , Irish sailor and explorer (b. 1874)
1933 – Calvin Coolidge , American lawyer and politician, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872)
1940 – Humbert Wolfe , Italian-English poet and civil servant (b. 1885)
1941 – Amy Johnson , English pilot (b. 1903)
1942 – Tina Modotti , Italian photographer, model, actress, and activist (b. 1896)
1943 – George Washington Carver , American botanist, educator, and inventor (b. 1864)
1947 – Charles Schlee , Danish-American cyclist (b. 1873)
1951 – Soh Jaipil , South Korean-American journalist and activist (b. 1864)
1951 – Andrei Platonov , Russian journalist and author (b. 1899)
1952 – Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow , Scottish colonel and politician, 46th Governor-General of India (b. 1887)
1952 – Hristo Tatarchev , Bulgarian-Italian physician and activist (b. 1869)
1954 – Rabbit Maranville , American baseball player and manager (b. 1891)
1956 – Mistinguett , French actress and singer (b. 1875)
1963 – Rogers Hornsby , American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1896)
1970 – Max Born , German physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
1970 – Cyril Fagan , Irish-American astrologer and author (b. 1896)
1970 – Roberto Gerhard , Catalan composer and scholar (b. 1896)
1971 – Douglas Shearer , Canadian-American sound designer and engineer (b. 1899)
1972 – Tevfik Rüştü Aras , Turkish physician and politician, 6th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1883)
1974 – Lev Oborin , Russian pianist and educator (b. 1907)
1976 – John A. Costello , Irish lawyer and politician, 3rd Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1891)
1977 – Artur Adson , Estonian-Swedish poet, playwright, and critic (b. 1889)
1978 – Wyatt Emory Cooper , American author and screenwriter (b. 1927)
1979 – Billy Bletcher , American actor, singer, and screenwriter (b. 1894)
1981 – Harold Urey , American chemist and astronomer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1893)
1981 – Lanza del Vasto , Italian poet and philosopher (b. 1901)
1982 – Hans Conried , American actor (b. 1917)
1982 – Edmund Herring , Australian general and politician, 7th Chief Justice of Victoria (b. 1892)
1985 – Alexis Rannit , Estonia-born American poet and critic (b. 1914)
1985 – Robert L. Surtees , American cinematographer (b. 1906)
1987 – Margaret Laurence , Canadian author and academic (b. 1926)
1987 – Herman Smith-Johannsen , Norwegian-Canadian skier (b. 1875)
1988 – Pete Maravich , American basketball player (b. 1947)
1990 – Arthur Kennedy , American actor (b. 1914)
1991 – Tõnis Kint , Estonian commander and politician (b. 1896)
1991 – Vasko Popa , Serbian poet and academic (b. 1922)
1994 – Brian Johnston , English sportscaster and author (b. 1912)
1994 – Elmar Lipping , Estonian commander and politician, Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs in exile (b. 1906)
1994 – Tip O'Neill , American lawyer and politician, 55th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1912)
1996 – Lincoln Kirstein , American director and producer (b. 1907)
1997 – André Franquin , Belgian author and illustrator (b. 1924)
1997 – Burton Lane , American composer and songwriter (b. 1912)
1998 – Sonny Bono , American singer-songwriter, producer, actor, and politician (b. 1935)
2000 – Kumar Ponnambalam , Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician (b. 1938)
2001 – Nancy Parsons , American actress (b. 1942)
2003 – Jean Kerr , American author and playwright (b. 1923)
2003 – Roy Jenkins , Welsh captain and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1920)
2004 – Norman Heatley , English biologist and chemist, co-developed penicillin (b. 1911)
2004 – Tug McGraw , American baseball player (b. 1944)
2005 – Danny Sugerman , American talent manager and author (b. 1954)
2006 – Merlyn Rees , Welsh educator and politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (b. 1920)
2007 – Momofuku Ando , Taiwanese-Japanese businessman, founded Nissin Foods (b. 1910)
2007 – Chih Ree Sun , Chinese-American physicist and poet (b. 1923)
2009 – Griffin Bell , American lawyer and politician, 72nd United States Attorney General (b. 1918)
2010 – Willie Mitchell , American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and producer (b. 1928)
2010 – Kenneth Noland , American painter (b. 1924)
2010 – Murray Saltzman , Russian-American rabbi and activist (b. 1929)
2011 – Malangatana Ngwenya , Mozambican painter and poet (b. 1936)
2012 – Don Carter , American bowler (b. 1926)
2012 – Samson H. Chowdhury , Bangladeshi businessman (b. 1926)
2012 – Isaac Díaz Pardo , Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1920)
2012 – Frederica Sagor Maas , American author, playwright, and screenwriter (b. 1900)
2013 – Bruce McCarty , American architect and educator, designed the Knoxville City-County Building (b. 1920)
2013 – Richard McWilliam , American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Upper Deck Company (b. 1953)
2013 – Chandler Williams , American football player (b. 1985)
2014 – Eusébio , Mozambican-Portuguese footballer and manager (b. 1942)
2014 – Philippe Boiry , French journalist (b. 1927)
2014 – Jerry Coleman , American baseball player and manager (b. 1924)
2014 – Simon Hoggart , English journalist (b. 1946)
2014 – Carmen Zapata , American actress (b. 1927)
2015 – Jean-Pierre Beltoise , French race car driver and motorcycle racer (b. 1937)
2015 – Arthur E. Chase , American businessman and politician (b. 1930)
2015 – Bernard Joseph McLaughlin , American bishop (b. 1912)
2016 – Pierre Boulez , French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925)
2016 – Albert Gubay , Welsh businessman and philanthropist, founded Kwik Save (b. 1928)
2016 – Jean-Paul L'Allier , Canadian journalist and politician, 38th Mayor of Quebec City (b. 1938)
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