Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as
Pablo Picasso ;
25 October 1881 – 8
April 1973), was a
Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in
France. As one of the greatest and most influential artists of the
20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and
Guernica (
1937), a portrayal of the
Bombing of Guernica by the
German and
Italian airforces at the behest of the
Spanish nationalist government during the
Spanish Civil War.
Picasso,
Henri Matisse and
Marcel Duchamp are regarded as the three artists who most defined the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century, responsible for significant developments in painting, sculpture, printmaking and ceramics.
Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. His work is often categorised into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the
Blue Period (
1901–1904), the
Rose Period (1904–
1906), the African-influenced
Period (1907–
1909),
Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and
Synthetic Cubism (1912–
1919).
Exceptionally prolific throughout the course of his long life, Picasso achieved universal renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and became one of the best-known figures in
20th-century art.
Picasso was baptised
Pablo,
Diego, José,
Francisco de Paula,
Juan Nepomuceno,
Maria de los Remedios, Cipriano de la
Santisima Trinidad, a series of names honouring various saints and relatives. Added to these were
Ruiz and Picasso, for his father and mother, respectively, as per
Spanish law.
Born in the city of
Málaga in the
Andalusian region of
Spain, he was the first child of Don
José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and
María Picasso y López.
Despite being baptised
Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picasso's family was middle-class. His father was a painter who specialised in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the
School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. Ruiz's ancestors were minor aristocrats.
Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were "piz, piz", a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil". From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was a traditional academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters, and drawing the human body from plaster casts and live models. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork.
The family moved to
A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the
School of Fine Arts. They stayed almost four years. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his unfinished sketch of a pigeon. Observing the precision of his son's technique, an apocryphal story relates, Ruiz felt that the thirteen-year-old Picasso had surpassed him, and vowed to give up painting, though paintings by him exist
from later years.
In
1895, Picasso was traumatised when his seven-year-old sister,
Conchita, died of diphtheria. After her death, the family moved to
Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home. Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, and the jury admitted him, at just 13. The student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a small room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day, judging his drawings. The two argued frequently.
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- published: 09 May 2015
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