Film Reviews

Edward Snowden speaks live in 800 theaters across North America

Sat, 17 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Following a “sneak preview” of Oliver Stone’s new film, Snowden, he and NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden participated in a live interview September 14.

Hell or High Water: A remarkable snapshot

Wed, 14 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Scottish director David Mackenzie’s ninth movie, Hell or High Water, is a Western-influenced buddy/chase movie that demonstrates a social conscience and features superb performances.

Miss Sharon Jones! Barbara Kopple’s documentary

Mon, 12 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Veteran documentarian Barbara Kopple has returned with a lively and inspiring film about soul singer Sharon Jones and her battle with pancreatic cancer.

Jason Bourne again

Tue, 06 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The latest entry in the Bourne series of spy films finds the former CIA assassin taking on the agency in a “post-Snowden world.”

War Dogs: Cry havoc? Or what exactly?

Mon, 05 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Based on a true story about two young arms dealers who defrauded the US government out of millions, the film is a coarse yet oddly sanitized version of a little-known episode of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

A film version of Philip Roth’s Indignation: Young lives overshadowed by war

Fri, 02 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The new movie, Indignation, is a relatively faithful adaptation of Philip Roth’s 2008 novel, which examines war, religion and repression in post-war America.

Comic actor Gene Wilder: 1933–2016

Thu, 01 Sep 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Although his work in film ended more than 25 years ago, Wilder will be long remembered for the humor and humanity he displayed in films like Young Frankenstein.

Southside With You: An insufferable account of the Obamas’ first date

Wed, 31 Aug 2016 05:00:00 GMT

This fictionalized account of the first date between Barack and Michelle Obama in 1989 presents a racialized view of society served up with a large side of banality.

The class essence of the Confederacy in the American Civil War

Tue, 30 Aug 2016 05:00:00 GMT

In their attacks on the film, figures like Charles Blow of the New York Times are denigrating some of the noblest individuals in American history.

Anthropoid: A film looks at 1942 assassination of Nazi chief Reinhard Heydrich

Fri, 26 Aug 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The new movie remains on the level of a violent action film, avoiding a more probing look at the Holocaust.

Café Society: Woody Allen’s love letter to the wealthy and famous

Fri, 12 Aug 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The film, set in the 1930s, takes its title from legendary clubs in Manhattan that welcomed black and white artists and performers. Unfortunately, the film is the opposite of everything those clubs stood for.

Suicide Squad: The latest comic book film

Wed, 10 Aug 2016 05:00:00 GMT

David Ayer’s film concerns a team of psychotics and criminals recruited by the US government as part of a top-secret program to combat terrorism.

Captain Fantastic: An anti-establishment superhero?

Sat, 30 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Writer-director Matt Ross’s film is a semi-anarchistic tale about a family’s “off-the-grid” existence in the Pacific Northwest.

Chasing Asylum: Exposing Australia’s brutal refugee-detention regime

Fri, 29 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The feature-length documentary is a harrowing account of the systematic cruelty and de-humanisation of asylum-seekers in Australia’s offshore detention centres.

Documentary director Eva Orner discusses Chasing Asylum

Fri, 29 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The filmmaker explained to the WSWS why she decided to lift the veil of secrecy on Australia’s offshore refugee detention centres.

Alexander Sokurov’s Francofonia: The Louvre during the Nazi occupation

Wed, 27 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The film traces the history of the Louvre Museum’s art collection under conditions of war, while proposing a pessimistic view of human culture and its future.

Our Kind of Traitor: Going with the current

Thu, 21 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Our Kind of Traitor, a British spy thriller directed by Susanna White, is based on the 2010 novel of the same name by John le Carré, the veteran novelist.

Wiener-Dog: Todd Solondz continues to look critically at American life

Wed, 20 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The new film comprises four stories, loosely linked by the presence of a “wiener-dog” (dachshund). Each has at least one or more satirical, telling moments or elements.

The life and career of Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami

Thu, 14 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The Iranian director will be best remembered and long honored for the series of feature films, including documentaries, that he made between 1987 and 1997.

Michael Cimino, director of The Deer Hunter and Heaven’s Gate, dead at 77

Thu, 07 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Cimino is best known as the director of The Deer Hunter (1978), which won numerous Academy Awards, and Heaven’s Gate (1980), which was denounced by leading critics, lost a great deal of money and severely damaged Cimino’s career.

Genius: “Just simply corny”

Sat, 02 Jul 2016 05:00:00 GMT

British director Michael Grandage’s film is about American novelist Thomas Wolfe (Jude Law) and his famous editor, Maxwell Perkins (Colin Firth).

The right-wing, racialist attacks on the film Free State of Jones

Thu, 30 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Free State of Jones, about a white farmer in Mississippi who led an insurrection against the Confederacy from 1863 to 1865, has come under sharp attack from the “new right” of identity politics advocates.

Free State of Jones: Three cheers!

Tue, 28 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Gary Ross’s film is a fictional account of an intriguing, but little known chapter in American history.

Alf Sjöberg’s Miss Julie (1951) and G. W. Pabst’s The Threepenny Opera (1931): Films worth noting … and seeing

Thu, 23 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Swedish filmmaker Alf Sjöberg’s Miss Julie is based on the play by August Strindberg. Austrian filmmaker G.W. Pabst’s film The Threepenny Opera is an intricate movie version of the legendary Bertolt Brecht-Kurt Weill work.

Censored Voices: A snapshot in time reveals war crimes

Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

An Israeli filmmaker has brought 50-year-old tape recordings about the Six-Day War and their implications to life on the screen.

Toyen: A film about the Czech surrealist painter and her times

Sat, 18 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Czech director Jan Němec, who died in March 2016, made a film about the surrealist painter Toyen in 2005, which is now available. The film is intriguing and sometimes deeply moving.

The Nice Guys: Something, but not very much

Fri, 17 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The Nice Guys is set in 1977 and follows the investigation into a disappearance, which turns out to be part of a broader conspiracy. Sunset Song and The Idol have recently opened in movie theaters in the US.

The Lobster: Relationships forced on—or forbidden—people

Sat, 11 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

In Yorgos Lanthimos’ film, individuals without a mate are sent to a “hotel” where they have 45 days to find a partner or be turned into an animal. Then, there are those who escape.

HBO’s All the Way: Lyndon B. Johnson and the civil rights movement

Fri, 10 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

HBO’s All the Way is a serious effort, devoid of contemporary identity politics, to portray a significant moment in American history.

Love & Friendship: An early Jane Austen work adapted

Wed, 08 Jun 2016 05:00:00 GMT

In England in 1790, Lady Susan Vernon, widowed and penniless, schemes to reverse her fortunes.

Sing Street from Ireland, A Bigger Splash from Italy: Neglected realities

Sat, 28 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

John Carney’s Sing Street is a musical comedy-drama set in Dublin in the mid-1980s. Italian filmmaker Luca Guadagnino’s A Bigger Splash, based on a 1969 French thriller, takes its name from a painting by British artist David Hockney.

High-Rise: A film version of J.G. Ballard’s novel

Fri, 27 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Like the novel, the film—set in the mid-1970s—begins with its central character calmly sitting on the balcony of his 25th floor apartment eating roast dog.

Cash Only: What interests contemporary filmmakers and what doesn’t

Wed, 25 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Cash Only is an independent American film set in the Detroit area. The film takes place in the Albanian community.

Captain America: Civil War—A waste of resources, technology and human skill

Mon, 23 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

What are these performers doing in this film? Is there any major film actor at present who would say “No” to this sort of project?

Maggie’s Plan, Frank & Lola, along with Dreyer’s Vampyr (1932)

Fri, 20 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Some not very good new films—and better old ones.

Money Monster: Who are the criminals?

Wed, 18 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Money Monster is the latest film to depict the consequences of the 2008 financial crash and the criminal manipulations of the financial elite.

Radio Dreams, about Iranian Americans—and the problem of images without insight

Tue, 17 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Radio Dreams is a pleasurable experience. Other films at the San Francisco festival––The Event, No Home Movie, Counting, Five Nights in Maine––fared less well.

An interview with Babak Jalali, director of Radio Dreams

Tue, 17 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The WSWS spoke to Babak Jalali during the recent San Francisco International Film Festival.

The Return, about released prisoners, and other social dramas (or comedies)

Fri, 13 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

In a number of the films screened at the festival, their creators were evidently overwhelmed by the disintegrating social structures in some of the most impoverished parts of the world.

Look at today’s filmmaking … then look at the world

Wed, 11 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The recent San Francisco International Film Festival, in its 59th edition, screened some 175 films, including approximately 100 feature-length films, from 46 countries.

Everybody Wants Some!!—Richard Linklater goes to college

Tue, 10 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Everybody Wants Some!! is the latest coming-of-age tale from the American independent film director.

Looking for Grace—a strangely cold story about a teenager leaving home

Mon, 09 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The movie centres on the efforts of a lower middle-class couple to find their runaway teenage daughter and only child.

Are the films of Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet a genuine alternative to contemporary filmmaking?

Sat, 07 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The Museum of Modern Art in New York City, beginning May 6, is presenting a retrospective of the films of Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet, the Franco-German filmmakers.

Elvis & Nixon, A Hologram for the King: Trivializing culture, history

Fri, 06 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Two ostensible comedies, Elvis & Nixon and A Hologram for the King, drain their stories of their most important social and historical content.

Papa: Hemingway in Cuba—The banalization of the novelist and his art

Wed, 04 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The film follows the relationship that develops after a young American journalist in Miami in the mid-1950s writes an admiring letter to novelist Ernest Hemingway, then living in Havana, Cuba.

Songs My Brothers Taught Me: The plight of a Lakota youth

Mon, 02 May 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The film is a lyrical and honest look at the poverty and social neglect that affects one of the most historically oppressed communities in the United States.

Class Divide: A close-up look at gentrification, inequality in New York City

Fri, 29 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Children of hedge fund managers attend private school on Manhattan’s Tenth Avenue, across the street from one of the city’s public housing projects.

Demolition: Take an investment banker apart, and what do you find?

Wed, 20 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The film tells the story of Davis Mitchell (Jake Gyllenhaal), a New York investment banker who experiences an emotional unraveling after his wife dies in an automobile accident.

Midnight Special: “Shining the light” on unfreedom in America

Fri, 15 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Jeff Nichols’ Midnight Special is a disturbing science fiction thriller that conveys deep anxiety about the state of the world.

The Program: The success and calamitous failure of Lance Armstrong

Sat, 09 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The latest film from veteran British director Stephen Frears dramatizes the saga of cyclist Lance Armstrong’s rise to the top and his subsequent disgrace in a doping scandal.

Born to Be Blue and Miles Ahead: Why so much fiction when life is fascinating enough?

Thu, 07 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Films based on the lives and personas of post-World War II jazz musicians Chet Baker and Miles Davis have been released recently.

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice—Doom and gloom, with capes

Wed, 06 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The price tag of the film, including production and marketing costs, approaches half a billion dollars, and some analysts believe it would need an $800 million box office to recoup its investment.

From Cuba a grim drama (La obra del siglo) and from Argentina a political thriller (El Clan) and a road trip (Camino a La Paz)

Fri, 01 Apr 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The festival showcased films and documentaries from throughout the Spanish-speaking world, including Cuba, Spain, Mexico, and South and Central America.

Eye in the Sky: The liberal war on terror

Thu, 31 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Eye in the Sky is a political-military thriller in which British and American officials weigh the consequences of a drone strike in Nairobi, Kenya.

Films from Argentina, Spain and Guatemala: El Movimiento, Hablar, Ixcanul and Tras Nazarin

Mon, 28 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The festival showcased films and documentaries from throughout the Spanish-speaking world, including Cuba, Spain, Mexico, South and Central America.

I Saw the Light: A biography of country singer Hank Williams

Sat, 26 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Marc Abraham’s film is an account of the last decade in the life of American country music performer Hank Williams (1923-1953), who died tragically at the age of 29.

Atom Egoyan’s Remember: A Nazi criminal hunted…

Fri, 25 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Two Auschwitz concentration camp survivors plot to kill the SS guard who murdered their families in Atom Egoyan’s latest film, Remember, a psychological drama.

Terrence Malick’s Knight of Cups: It is impossible to learn anything from this

Sat, 19 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Thematically and stylistically, Malick’s latest film follows in the footsteps of his two previous efforts, The Tree of Life (2011) and To the Wonder (2012).

Flight and persecution—yesterday and today (The Diary of Anne Frank and Meteorstraße)

Mon, 14 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

A new adaptation of the immortal Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, about Nazi persecution, and a film about Palestinian refugees in contemporary Germany.

A Perfect Day: 24 hours in the Bosnian War

Sat, 12 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Spanish filmmaker Fernando León de Aranoa’s movie A Perfect Day deals with international humanitarian aid workers in the Balkans near the end of the war in the mid-1990s.

Race: Jesse Owens and the 1936 Berlin Olympics

Thu, 10 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Stephen Hopkins’ film centers on critical events in the life of African-American track and field legend Jesse Owens.

Alone in Berlin—a working class couple opposes the Nazis

Mon, 07 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Vincent Pérez’s film is a new adaptation of Hans Fallada’s novel Every Man Dies Alone (published posthumously in 1947).

Two poor films on the Afghanistan war—Whiskey Tango Foxtrot and A War—and Jonás Cuarón’s Desierto

Sat, 05 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Whiskey Tango Foxtrot is a semi-comic treatment of the tragic Afghan conflict; A War from Denmark is ostensibly a more serious effort. Desierto takes up the war against Mexican immigrants.

Deadpool: An anti-superhero?

Thu, 03 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Although Deadpool tries to subvert the clichéd conventions of the superhero genre, the film is more than anything a conformist effort.

Eighty-eighth Academy Awards: Hopeful signs amidst reactionary “diversity” campaign

Tue, 01 Mar 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The Oscar awards ceremony Sunday night included some welcome notes and surprises, and generally, despite the disorienting campaign waged under the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, revealed a more humane side of Hollywood.

A critique of Europe’s refugee policy: On the Berlinale’s Golden Bear for Fire at Sea

Sat, 27 Feb 2016 05:00:00 GMT

This is the second in a series of articles on the recent Berlin international film festival, the Berlinale, held February 11-20, 2016.

Refugee crisis takes centre stage at the Berlinale

Mon, 22 Feb 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The main prize of the festival went to Fire at Sea (Fuocoammare) by Gianfranco Rosi, dealing with the fate of refugees attempting to enter Europe.

Jia Zhangke’s Mountains May Depart: Three periods in modern China, a good deal of confusion

Sat, 13 Feb 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Veteran independent Chinese filmmaker Jia Zhangke’s Mountains May Depart is opening in theaters in the US this week.

The Coen Brothers’ Hail Caesar!: The “Passion” of a film studio troubleshooter

Tue, 09 Feb 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Hail Caesar!, directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, is a comedy about Hollywood set in the early 1950s.

45 Years: A nightmare on the brain of the living?

Fri, 05 Feb 2016 05:00:00 GMT

In Andrew Haigh’s 45 Years, a childless, middle class couple living in a provincial English town, are on the eve of their 45th wedding anniversary.

Parents fighting lead poisoning denounce government inaction and lies

Thu, 04 Feb 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Following a preview screening of the film MisLEAD: America’s Secret Epidemic, which documents the epidemic spread of lead across America, a panel of parents was joined by the director of the film and a state expert for lead risk assessment.

Racialism, art and the Academy Awards controversy

Sat, 30 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

It is no exaggeration to point out that, in ideological terms, Cara Buckley in the New York Times and others, in their obsession with race, are spouting a conception of society and art identified historically with the extreme right.

13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi—Michael Bay’s mythmaking

Sat, 30 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Hollywood’s latest propaganda piece tells the story of the 2012 attack on a US base in Libya from a right-wing perspective, with predictable results.

Drone, a Norwegian-made documentary: “We just made orphans out of all these children”

Fri, 29 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The documentary brings together opponents of the CIA drone program and includes interviews with two former US Air Force drone pilots.

A modern Antigone: Son of Saul by László Nemes

Thu, 28 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The debut film of Hungarian director László Nemes depicts the horrors of the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp during the prisoner uprising of October 1944.

Charlie Kaufman’s often charming, moving Anomalisa (and Michael Moore’s feeble Where to Invade Next)

Sat, 23 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Anomalisa is an adult animated film created with stop-motion puppetry centering around an angst-ridden, self-help author. Where to Invade Next is a non-comment on Washington’s never-ending wars.

Neorealism: We Were Not Just Bicycle Thieves—a documentary on Italian cinema

Tue, 19 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The 72-minute film provides a general outline of neo-realist cinema, but it is a seriously limited one.

The Revenant: Are we all savages? (And Paolo Sorrentino’s Youth )

Sat, 16 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The Revenant is a sensationalized account of the life of American fur trapper Hugh Glass, who famously survived a mauling by a bear. Youth is a banal meditation on aging.

The 88th Academy Awards nominations

Fri, 15 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The Academy Award nominations revealed the usual muddle-headedness, liberal good intentions and severe limitations of the social grouping that decides these things.

Concussion: Highlighting the perils of American football

Thu, 14 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Despite its limitations, Concussion serves to bring before a mass audience the grave risks inherent in playing America’s most popular sport.

Carol and The Danish Girl: Real problems, but the danger of exclusivism

Fri, 08 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The two films address significant subjects that could potentially shed light on society and its moral and psychological condition.

Racism and revenge: Quentin Tarantino’s The Hateful Eight

Thu, 07 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Tarantino’s latest is a deeply unpleasant work, another in a long line of the director’s blood-soaked revenge fantasies.

Frank Capra: The Early Collection—The American filmmaker’s most ambitious and honest work

Wed, 06 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

The box set contains five pre-Code movies: Ladies of Leisure (1930), Rain Or Shine (1930), The Miracle Woman (1931), Forbidden (1932) and The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933).

The failure of David O. Russell’s Joy, or, what any “sensible” person should know about modern society

Tue, 05 Jan 2016 05:00:00 GMT

Russell’s film is loosely inspired by the life story of millionaire inventor and entrepreneur Joy Mangano, who created a self-wringing mop and other products.

The Big Short: The criminality of Wall Street and the crash of 2008

Thu, 31 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Adam McKay’s new film The Big Short is a hard-hitting comedy-drama about the 2008 financial meltdown.

Best films of 2015

Thu, 31 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

The most interesting films we saw in 2015, both those that played in a movie theater in the US and those not yet distributed.

In Jackson Heights: Documentarian Frederick Wiseman on life in a New York City neighborhood

Tue, 29 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

If nothing else, Wiseman’s new documentary is a reminder of the fact that, even in this wealthiest city in the world, the working class makes up the vast majority of the population.

Star Wars: The Force Awakens: No real awakening

Tue, 22 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

The new Star Wars offering serves as the first part of a “sequel” trilogy that tells the story of the next generation by reusing many of the same ideas and visuals.

A new film version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth

Sat, 19 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

A new version of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth with Michael Fassbender and Marion Cotillard emphasizes the bloody, barbaric times.

Legend and Room: Once again, celebrating the underworld—and a peculiar film about captives

Thu, 17 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Legend is a British crime drama about the Kray twins, London’s most notorious gangsters in the 1960s; Room concerns a mother and her five-year-old son held prisoner in a shed for seven years.

Who would celebrate Hitler today?: The German satirical film Look Who’s Back

Wed, 16 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

The satirical film, based on the novel of the same title by Timur Vermes, has been seen by over two million people, making it one of the most watched in Germany this year.

Killing Them Safely: The big business of police tasers

Tue, 15 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

The documentary is a disturbing look at TASER International, the company that has cornered the market for police electro-shock weapons.

Chi-Raq: A satire of social life in Chicago

Mon, 14 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

In Spike Lee’s latest film, young women in Chicago seek to end gang violence and social breakdown by means of a sex strike.

Brooklyn: Irish immigration through rose-colored glasses

Thu, 10 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Brooklyn focuses on a young Irish girl who emigrates to America in the early 1950s and struggles with homesickness and adjusting to an alien environment.

Interview with Indian filmmaker Rahul Roy, director of The Factory

Mon, 07 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Roy’s film chronicles the struggle of autoworkers at the assembly plant operated by Maruti Suzuki India, in Manesar, northern India.

Janis: Little Girl Blue–Amy Berg’s valuable documentary about singer Janis Joplin

Sat, 05 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Singer Janis Joplin, born in Port Arthur, Texas, was immensely popular for the last several years of her life until her tragic demise from heroin and alcohol in October 1970.

Spotlight: A telling exposé of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church

Thu, 03 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Tom McCarthy’s Spotlight is a taut, quasi-political thriller that chronicles the Boston Globe’s 2002 exposure of child sexual abuse by Catholic priests in the Boston area.

The 33: A drama of the 2010 Chilean mine disaster

Wed, 02 Dec 2015 05:00:00 GMT

The new film from Mexican-born director Patricia Riggen tells the story of the 2010 mine disaster in Chile, in which 33 miners were trapped underground for more than two months.

Trumbo and the history of the Hollywood blacklist

Mon, 30 Nov 2015 05:00:00 GMT

Jay Roach’s film about the anti-communist Hollywood witch-hunt, though politically limited and marred by the conventions of the biopic genre, deserves to be widely seen.