This article is about current LGBT rights around the world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see
LGBT social movements .
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom of expression and association
Same-sex intercourse legal
Same-sex intercourse illegal
Marriage 1
Unenforced penalty
Marriage recognized but not performed1
Imprisonment
Civil unions 1
Up to life in prison
Unregistered cohabitation 1
Death penalty
Same-sex unions not recognized
Laws restricting freedom of expression and association
Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case application.
1 Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT ) people vary greatly by country or territory—everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships , to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex romantic/sexual activity or identity.
LGBT rights are considered human rights by the Amnesty International [1] and civil rights by some.[2] LGBT rights laws include, but are not limited to, the following:
As of April 2016, nineteen countries, most of them located in the Americas and Western Europe ,[f] recognize same-sex marriage and grant most of (if not all) the other rights listed above to its LGBT citizens.
Anti-LGBT laws include, but are not limited to, the following: sodomy laws penalizing consensual same-sex sexual activity with fines, jail terms, or the death penalty; anti-"lesbianism " laws; and higher ages of consent for same-sex activity.
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crime , criminalization of homosexuality , and discrimination . Following up on the report, the UN Human Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[3] [4]
As of May 2016, 16 countries have an unequal age of consent law.[5]
As of May 2016, 73 countries as well as five sub-national jurisdictions[g] have laws criminalizing homosexuality,[5] with most of them located in Asia and Africa . In 2006 that number was 92.[5]
History of LGBT-related laws
Ancient Celts
According to Aristotle , although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[6] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."[7] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists , the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus , repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording male "bonding rituals".[8]
Ancient India
Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.[9] There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories depicting love between those of the same sex, especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra , the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which means half woman).[10]
Ancient West Asia
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah ) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah , the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".
Ancient Persia
In Persia homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane ) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.
Ancient Mesopotamia
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[11]
Ancient Rome
The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices .[12] In the Roman Republic , a citizen 's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;[13] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[14] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations , without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing .[15] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalites on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum ) against a freeborn male minor .[16] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves , male prostitutes , and the infames , entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality , and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.[17] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.[18] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares ) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony .[19]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[20] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[21] A male classified as infamis , such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[22]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[23] as a violation of military discipline .[24] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters , thieves, perjurers , and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium , clubbing to death.[25] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[26] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves ;[27] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[28] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period , there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[29]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites . Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[30] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras ) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[31]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab . By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule , passive homosexuality was punishable by burning .[32] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code .[33] Under Justinian , all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[34]
Congo
E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.[35]
Feudal Japan
In feudal Japan , homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai ) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",[36] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.
Lesotho
Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle .[37]
Papua New Guinea
In Papua New Guinea , same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[38]
Global LGBT Rights Maps
Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory.
Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory
Same-sex marriage
Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation)
Foreign same-sex marriages recognized
No recognition of same-sex couples
Laws restricting freedom of expression and association
Imprisonment
Imprisonment (up to life sentence)
Up to death
LGBT rights at the United Nations
Neither
Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members
Non-UN member
Countries that are non-UN members (14 non-UN members )
Homosexual "propaganda" laws by country or territory
Homosexual "propaganda" laws by country or territory
Countries or territories that don't have homosexual "propaganda" laws
Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory
1790–1799
1800–1819
1820–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1909
1910–1919
1920–1929
1930–1939
1940–19491
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–19992
2000–2009
2010-present3
Same-sex sexual activity always legal4
Male same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
1 During
World War II ,
Nazi Germany annexed territory or established
reichskommissariats which extended
Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse to those territories and reichskommissariats. Same-sex sexual intercourse was previously legalized in the following countries or territories before German annexation or establishment of reichskommissariats:
Bas-Rhin (
legal in 1791 ),
Belgium (
legal in 1795 ),
Belluno (
legal in 1890 ),
Friuli-Venezia Giulia (
legal in 1890 ),
Haut-Rhin (
legal in 1791 ),
Luxembourg (
legal in 1795 ),
Moselle (
legal in 1791 ),
Netherlands (
legal in 1811 ),
Nord (
legal in 1791 ),
Pas-de-Calais (
legal in 1791 ),
Poland (
legal in 1932 ), and
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (
legal in 1890 ). All countries and territories listed that where annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II where restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized same-sex sexual intercourse in those areas.
2 In May 1973, the
Libyan Arab Republic annexed the
Aouzou Strip from
Chad . Libya's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse where thus extended to the annexed Aouzou Strip. In August 1987, during the
Toyota War between the
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Chad, Aouzou fell to the Chadian forces, only to be repelled by an overwhelming Libyan counter-offensive. The Aouzou dispute was concluded on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the
International Court of Justice by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15, 1994, and was completed by May 10, 1994. The formal and final transfer of the Aouzou Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, 1994, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.
3 During the
Iraq Crisis /
Iraqi Civil War , from 2013 to present, parts of
Iraq were taken over by the
Islamic State , enacting
sharia and executing
LGBT people. Territories, from 2014 to present, retaken by Iraqi government and
thus re-legalized same-sex sexual intercourse in those areas .
4 Same-sex sexual intercourse was never criminalized in the following countries and territories:
Benin ,
Burkina Faso ,
Cambodia ,
Central African Republic ,
Chad (excluding
Aouzou Strip ),
Clipperton Island ,
Republic of the Congo ,
Côte d'Ivoire ,
Democratic Republic of Congo ,
Djibouti ,
French Polynesia ,
French Southern and Antarctic Lands ,
Gabon ,
Indonesia , (excluding
Aceh ,
British Bencoolen ,
Netherlands East-Indies (prior to 1811), and
South Sumatra )
Laos ,
Madagascar ,
Mali ,
Mayotte ,
New Caledonia ,
Niger ,
North Korea ,
South Korea ,
Vietnam , and
Wallis and Futuna .
Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory
Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment
Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment
Sexual orientation: all employment
Gender identity: all employment
Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors
Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment
Sexual orientation: public employment
No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity
Bans on LGBT conversion therapy for minors by country or territory
Ban on LGBT conversion therapy for minors
No prohibition LGBT conversion therapy for minors
Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory
No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions
Statute bans same-sex marriage
Constitution bans same-sex marriage
Constitution bans same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union
LGBT-related laws by country or territory
Africa
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa
Northern Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Algeria
Illegal since 1966
Penalty: Fine and up to 2 years imprisonment.[5] [39]
Ceuta (Autonomous city of Spain )
Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
De facto union since 1998[40]
Legal since 2005[41]
Legal since 2005[42]
Spain responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[44]
Egypt
Male de facto illegal
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without torture and fines under broadly written morality laws
Female uncertain.[5] [45]
Libya
Illegal
Penalty: Up to death [46]
Melilla (Autonomous city of Spain )
Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
De facto union since 2008[47]
Legal since 2005[41]
Legal since 2005[42]
Spain responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[44]
Morocco
(Including Southern Provinces )
Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[5] [48]
South Sudan
Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan )
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.[5] [39]
Constitutional ban since 2011.
Sudan
Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan )
Penalty: Death penalty on third offense for men and on fourth offense for women.[5]
Tunisia
Illegal
Penalty: 3 years imprisonment.[5] [49]
Western Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Benin
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).[5] [50] (Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Burkina Faso
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).[5]
Constitutional ban since 1991.
Cape Verde
Legal since 2004
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[5]
Côte d'Ivoire
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country). (Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Gambia
Illegal since 1888 (as Gambia Colony and Protectorate )
Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment.[5] [51] [39]
Ghana
Male illegal since 1860s (as Gold Coast )
Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more
Female always legal.[5] [52] [39]
Guinea
Penalty: 6 months to 3 years imprisonment.[5]
Guinea-Bissau
Legal since 1993[5]
+ UN decl. sign.
Liberia
Illegal
Penalty: 1 year imprisonment.[5]
Mali
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).[5]
Mauritania
Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty (No public executions for any crime since 1987).[5]
Niger
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country). (Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Nigeria
Illegal under federal law since 1901 (as Northern Nigeria Protectorate and Southern Nigeria Protectorate )
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment
Illegal in the states of Bauchi , Borno , Gombe , Jigawa , Kaduna , Kano , Katsina , Kebbi , Niger , Sokoto , Yobe , and Zamfara
Penalty: Death penalty for men. Whipping and/or imprisonment for women.[5] [53] [39]
Senegal
Illegal
Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment.[5]
Sierra Leone
Male illegal since 1861 (as the colony of Sierra Leone)
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced)
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Togo
Illegal since 1884 (as Togoland )
Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment.[5] [39]
Central Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Cameroon
Illegal since 1972
Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment.[5] [39]
Central African Republic
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Chad
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).
(Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).[5]
Constitutional ban since 2005.
Equatorial Guinea
Legal.[5]
Gabon
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign. (Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Republic of the Congo
Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country). (Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
/ (In Ascension from 2016)[54]
Since 2000. UK responsible for defence.
Constitutional ban all anti-gay on discrimination.
Since 2013.
São Tomé and Príncipe
Legal since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Southeast Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Burundi
Illegal since 2009
Penalty: 3 months to 2 years imprisonment.[5] [55]
Constitutional ban since 2005.
Kenya
Illegal since 1897 (as East Africa Protectorate )
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment.[5] [39]
Constitutional ban since 2010.[56]
Rwanda
Legal since 1916 (Age of consent discrepancy)[39] [5]
+ UN decl. sign.
Constitutional ban since 2003.
Uganda
Male illegal since 1894
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment
Female illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 7 years imprisonment.[5] [39]
Constitutional ban since 2005.
Tanzania
Illegal since 1864 (only Zanzibar )
Illegal since 1899
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment.[5] [39]
Horn of Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Djibouti
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country).[5]
Eritrea
Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment[5]
Ethiopia
Illegal
Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more[5]
Somalia
Illegal
Penalty: Up to Death [57]
Indian Ocean States
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Comoros
Illegal
Penalty: 5 years imprisonment & fines[5]
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
(Overseas territory of France )
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory).[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Madagascar
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country). (Age of consent discrepancy)[5]
Mauritius
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity; however, anal sex is illegal, punishable with 5 years' prison)
Female always legal
[58] + UN decl. sign.[5]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[59] [60]
Mayotte
(Overseas department of France )
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the department).[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Réunion
(Overseas department of France )
Legal since 1791[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Seychelles
Legal since 2016[61]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[5]
Southern Africa
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Angola
De facto illegal
Penalty: Fines, restrictions or penal labor (Not enforced)[5]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Botswana
Illegal since 1885 (as Bechuanaland Protectorate )
Penalty: Fine to up to 7 years imprisonment (Not enforced)[5] [39]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Lesotho
Male legal since 2012
Female always legal[5]
Malawi
Illegal since 1891
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment & whippings (Law suspended from usage since 2012)[5] [62] [39]
Mozambique
Legal since 2015[63] [64]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[5] [59]
Namibia
Male illegal since 1920 (Not enforced)[39]
Female always legal[5] [65] [66]
South Africa
Male legal since 1998
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; Same-sex marriage since 2006.
Legal since 2006
Legal since 2002
Since 1998
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment.
Swaziland
Male illegal since the 1880s
Female always legal[5] [39]
Zambia
Illegal since 1911
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment[5] [39]
Zimbabwe
Male illegal since 1891
Female legal[5] [39]
Constitutional ban since 2013
Partially recognized or unrecognized states
Americas
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas
North America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1994 (age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Legal since 2015[68]
UK responsible for defence.
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[69]
Canada
Legal since 1969 (age of consent discrepancy and prohibition of anal intercourse in some cases)
+ UN decl. sign.[5] [70]
Domestic partnership in Nova Scotia (2001)[71] ;
Civil union in Quebec (2002)[72] ;
Adult interdependent relationship in Alberta (2003)[73] ;
Common-law relationship in Manitoba (2004)[74]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003,
nationwide since 2005 .[75]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2010.[76]
Since 1992[77]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech . Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba and Ontario since 2015 (proposed in other jurisdictions).
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention in most provinces and territories (not required in Ontario , British Columbia , Manitoba , Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia ); Explicit anti-discrimination protections only in Alberta , Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Prince Edward Island , Ontario , Quebec , the Northwest Territories and Nova Scotia implicit elsewhere.[78] [79] [80] [81]
Greenland
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark )
Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 1996[82]
Legal since 2016
Step-child adoption since 2009.[83] Joint adoption since 2016.[84]
Since 1978 (Denmark responsible for defence )
/ Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[5]
Mexico
Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
/ Civil union in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[85] Colima (2013),[86] Campeche (2013),[87] Jalisco (2014)[88]
/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),[89] Quintana Roo (2012),[90] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Guerrero (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016).
All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[89]
(Proposed nationwide).[91] [92]
The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[93] but as state constitutions were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the court.[94] [95]
/ Explicitly legal in Mexico City (2010)[96] and Coahuila (2014).[97]
Nationwide, married same-sex couples may adopt.[98]
/ No explicit ban. However, LGB persons have been reportedly discharged on the grounds of "immorality".[99]
Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[100]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City since 2008.[101] Mexico adopted a legal protocol for gender identity and sexual orientation in 2014 based upon constitutional provisions to equally protect the rights of all citizens.[102]
Saint Pierre et Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France )
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[103]
Legal since 2013[104]
Legal since 2013[105]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[43]
Requires sterilization for legal change.[106]
United States
Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Domestic partnership in California (1999),[107] the District of Columbia (2002),[108] Maine (2004),[109] Oregon (2008),[110] Maryland (2008),[111] Wisconsin (2009)[112] and Nevada (2009)[113] ;
Civil union in New Jersey (2007),[114] Illinois (2011),[115] Hawaii (2012),[116] and Colorado (2013)[117]
/ Legal in some states since 2004.
Nationwide since 2015 , except American Samoa and some tribal jurisdictions .[118] [119]
Legal in some states since 1993.
Nationwide since 2015, except American Samoa .[119]
Since 2011[120]
Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce , along with the government employment in the District of Columbia , and the United States Postal Service , since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087 ). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states . (Banned in California , Illinois , New Jersey , Oregon and the District of Columbia ). Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009 .
(Sexual orientation discrimination in public and private employment )
/ Gender identity discrimination in employment and healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[121] [122] Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009 . Employment discrimination based on sexual orientation banned since 2015.[123]
(Gender identity discrimination in public and private employment )
Central America
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize
Male illegal since 2003
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (not enforced)
Female always legal.[5]
Costa Rica
Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2014;
(De facto union pending)[124] [125]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[126]
Has no military .
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[5]
El Salvador
Legal since the 1800s
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Constitutional ban pending)[127]
[128]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[128]
Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.[129] [130]
Guatemala
Legal since 1800's
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Honduras
Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutional ban since 2005.[131] [132]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[133]
Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.[5]
Nicaragua
Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[5]
Panama
Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Has no military .
(Anti-discrimination law proposed).[134]
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006.[135]
Caribbean
South America
Asia
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia
Central Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Kazakhstan
Legal since 1998[5]
[227]
Kyrgyzstan
Legal since 1998[5]
Tajikistan
Legal since 1998[5]
Turkmenistan
Male illegal
Penalty: up to 2-year prison sentence
Female always legal[5]
Uzbekistan
Male illegal
Penalty: up to 3-year prison sentence
Female always legal[5]
Eurasia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[228]
Armenia
Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
/ No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[229]
Azerbaijan
Legal since 2000[5]
(Requires sterilization for change).[106]
Cyprus
Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Since 2015
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Georgia
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Constitutional ban proposed)
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[230]
(Requires sterilization for change)[106]
Russia
Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[231] [5]
(Constitutional ban proposed)
LGBT individuals may adopt.
(Requires sterilization for change)[106]
Turkey
Legal since 1858[5]
(Proposed)[232]
(Proposed)[233]
(Requires sterilization for change)
Western Asia
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of relationships
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China
(People's Republic of)
Legal since 1997[5]
Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery .
Hong Kong
(Special administrative region of China )
Legal since 1991[5]
The People's Republic of China is in charge of Hong Kong's defence affairs. Regardless of sexual orientation, military personnel are not recruited from Hong Kong.
Government employment, goods and services only
Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery .
Japan
Legal since 1880
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Non-legally binding Partnership in Shibuya (2015)[259] and Setagaya (2015)[260] )
/ No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discriminations[5]
Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery and in case that the transsexual has no child under 20 years old
Macau
(Special administrative region of China )
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the region)[261]
The People's Republic of China is in charge of Macau's defence affairs. Regardless of sexual orientation, military personnel are not recruited from Macau.
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia
Legal since 1961
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Due to conscription.
Bans anti-gay discrimination. (New Criminal Code goes into force on September 1, 2016)
Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender
North Korea
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)[5]
Unknown although there are heavily obeyed gender roles for both male and female. See Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle
South Korea
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Due to conscription.
Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender
Southeast Asia
Partially recognized or unrecognized states
Europe
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe
European Union
Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union
Legal in all 28 member states.[288]
/ Legal in 23/28 member states.
/ Legal in 12/28 member states.
/ Joint adoption legal in 14/28 member states.
Step-child adoption legal in 18/28 member states.
/ Legal in 27/28 member states.
/ Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment only.
Legal in all 28 member states.[289]
Central Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria
Legal since 1971[5]
+ UN decl. sign.
Registered partnership since 2010[290]
(Pending)[291]
Step-child adoption since 2013.
Joint adoption since 2016.[292] [293]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[294]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Gender change is legal.[106]
Czech Republic
Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 2006[295]
(Step-child adoption pending)[296]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Legal recognition is granted and birth certificate is amended after reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation).[106]
Germany
Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Berlin and West Germany since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[5] [297]
Registered life partnership since 2001[298]
(Pending)[299]
/ Step-child adoption since 2005; (Joint adoption pending)
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[300] [301]
Gender change is legal.[302]
Hungary
Legal since 1962
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 2009[303]
(Pending)[304] [305]
Constitutionally banned since 2012.[306] [307]
LGBT individuals may adopt; (Joint and step-child adoption pending)[305]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Full legal recognition granted, birth certificate replaced. No surgery or hormone therapy is required for legal gender change.[106]
Liechtenstein
Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 2011[308]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[309]
Has no military
(Proposed)[citation needed ]
Gender change is not legal.[106]
Poland
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
[310]
Constitutionally banned since 1997.[311]
LGBT individuals may adopt, joint adoption forbidden.[312]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[43]
Romania
Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Constitutional ban proposed)[313]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[314]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Legal recognition and birth certificates amended after reassignment surgery.[106]
Slovakia
Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 2014[315]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[316]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[317] [318]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Slovenia
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 2006[319]
/ Step-child adoption since 2011[320]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Gender change is legal.[321]
Switzerland
Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva , Ticino , Valais and Vaud (as part of France ) since 1798
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership in Geneva (2001),[322] Zurich (2003),[323] Neuchâtel (2004)[324] and Fribourg (2004)[324]
Nationwide since 2007[325]
(Pending)[326]
LGBT individuals may adopt; (Step-child adoption adopted by Parliament on 17 June 2016 - pending (eventual referendum )).[327]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination. (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[328]
Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. Registered Partnership can become Marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[329]
Eastern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Armenia
Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 2015[330] [331]
/ No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[332]
Azerbaijan
Legal since 2000[5]
[333]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Belarus
Legal since 1994[5]
Constitutionally banned since 1994 [334]
/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.[335]
LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism[336]
Georgia
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Constitutional ban proposed)[337] [338]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[339]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Kazakhstan
Legal since 1998[5]
Moldova
Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 1994[340]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination [43]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Russia
Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[341] [5]
(Constitutional ban proposed)[342]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Ukraine
Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 1996[343]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[344]
/ Policies depend on the regional commissioners.[345]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[346]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Northern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark
Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership from 1989 to 2012 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[347]
Legal since 2012[348] [349]
Step-child adoption since 1999.
Joint adoption since 2010.[350]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[351]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy.[352]
Estonia
Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Cohabitation agreement since 2016[353]
/ Step-child adoption since 2016. Couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016.
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[106]
Faroe Islands
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark )
Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
From December 2016[354]
(Awaiting Danish parliament approval)
From December 2016
(Denmark responsible for defence)
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[355] [356]
[357]
Finland
Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 2002[358]
From March 2017[359]
Step-child adoption since 2009.
Joint adoption from March 2017.
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation .[360]
Iceland
Legal since 1940
(As part of Denmark )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered cohabitation since 2006[361] ;
Registered partnership from 1996 to 2010 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[362]
Legal since 2010[363] [364]
Legal since 2006[365]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[366]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[367] [106]
Latvia
Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 2006[368]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[369]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[43]
Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.[370]
Lithuania
Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Pending)[371]
Constituionally banned since 1992[372]
Only married couples can adopt.[373]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Gender change is legal since 2003.[374]
Norway
Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership from 1993 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[375]
Legal since 2009[376] [377]
Legal since 2009[378]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[379]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[106]
Sweden
Legal since 1944
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership from 1995 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[380]
Legal since 2009[381]
Legal since 2003[382]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[383]
[384]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
[385]
Southern Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[5] [386] [387]
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[388]
Albania
Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[389]
Gender change is not legal.[106]
Andorra
Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Stable union since 2005[390] ; Civil union since 2014.[391]
Legal since 2014[392] [391] [393]
Has no military
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Gender change is not legal.[106]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Legal since 1998 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Republika Srpska since 2000 and Brcko District since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[43]
Protected in hate crime legislation, but requires surgery for change.[394]
Bulgaria
Legal since 1968
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 1991[395]
LGBT individuals may adopt.[396]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity, but requires sterilisation for change[397] [398]
Croatia
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Life partnership since 2014[399]
Constitutionally banned since the 2013 referendum .[400]
/ Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate)
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43] [401]
Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all types discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[402]
Cyprus
Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil cohabitation since 2015 [403]
(The only EU country to ban LGBT people in the military, not enforced)[404]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[405]
Gender change is not legal.
Gibraltar
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil partnership since 2014[406]
(Proposed)[407] [408]
Legal since 2014
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[409]
(Pending)[410]
Greece
Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[5]
Cohabitation agreement since 2015[411]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Italy
Legal since 1890
Civil union since 2016[412] [413]
(Pending)[414] [415] [416]
/ Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation [417] [418]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[43]
Since 1982 legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[419] The Court of Cassation decided in 2015 that sterilisation is not required.[420]
Macedonia
Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Constitutional ban pending)[421]
Malta
Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil union since 2014[422]
/ Marriage performed abroad recognised since 2014[422] [423] (Pending)
Legal since 2014
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Since 2015.[424]
Montenegro
Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 2007[425] [426]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Forbids discrimination based on gender identity, but requires sterilisation for change[106]
Portugal
Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
De facto union since 2001 [427] [428]
Legal since 2010[429]
Legal since 2016 (+automatic co-parent recognition)[430] [431] [432]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[43]
Since 2011. All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[433]
San Marino
Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
/ Unregistered cohabitation since 2012 (Only for one entitlement); civil unions proposed[434] [435]
Stepchild adoption proposed[436]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Gender change is not legal.[106]
Serbia
Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of Ottoman Empire to 1860[437] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia )
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Constitutionally banned since 2006[438]
LGBT individuals may adopt
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Gender change is legal since 2007.[439] [440]
Spain
Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
De facto union in Catalonia (1998),[441] Aragon (1999),[441] Navarre (2000),[441] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[441] Valencia (2001),[442] the Balearic Islands (2001),[443] Madrid (2001),[441] Asturias (2002),[444] Castile and León (2002),[445] Andalusia (2002),[441] the Canary Islands (2003),[441] Extremadura (2003),[441] Basque Country (2003),[441] Cantabria (2005),[446] Galicia (2008)[447] and La Rioja (2010)[448]
Legal since 2005[449]
Legal since 2005[450]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[451]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[452]
Turkey
Legal since 1858[5]
(Proposed)[453]
(Proposed)[453]
(Requires sterilisation for change[454] )
Vatican City
Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy )[5]
Has no military
Western Europe
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium
Legal nationwide since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Legal cohabitation since 2000[455]
Legal since 2003[456] [457] [458]
Legal since 2006[459]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[460]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
The 2007 law concerning transsexuality [461] grants the right to a legal name and gender change, but it requires hormone treatment for name change and sterilisation for gender change.
France
Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[462]
Legal since 2013[463]
Legal since 2013[464]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[43]
(Requires sterilisation for change[465] )
Guernsey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[466] [467] [5]
/ Civil Partnership performed in UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012. Civil unions performed abroad recognised from 2017[468] [469] [470]
/ Marriages performed abroad recognised from 2017[471] [472] (Proposed)[470]
(Pending)[473]
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[474]
2004 anti-discrimination law. Legal gender change since 2007: Case law only. Only allows a new birth certificate to be issued. Does not amend or remove records of existing birth certificates, extension to Alderney and Sark unclear, does extend to Herm.[474] [475]
Ireland
Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil partnership since 2011 to 2015 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[476]
Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum .[477]
Joint adoption since 2016. Stepchild adoption is not legal for any couples, but a birth parent and their partner may be eligible to be joint adopters of the child.[478] [479] [480] [481]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[482]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[483] [484] [485]
Gender Recognition Act 2015 [486]
Isle of Man
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil partnership since 2011[487]
Legal since 2016[488]
Legal since 2011
UK responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[489]
Transsexual persons are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11) .[490] [491]
Jersey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil partnership since 2012[492]
(Proposed)[493]
Legal since 2012
UK responsible for defence
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[494]
Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010 [495]
Luxembourg
Legal since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered Partnership since 2004[496]
Legal since 2015[497] [498]
Legal since 2015[499]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500]
(Requires sterilisation for change[106] )
Monaco
Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
(Pending)[501]
France responsible for defence
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[5]
Netherlands
Legal since 1811
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Registered partnership since 1998[502]
Legal since 2001[503]
Legal since 2001[504]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[505]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[506]
[507]
United Kingdom
Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil partnership since 2005[508]
Legal in England, Wales and Scotland since 2014.[509] [510]
Illegal in Northern Ireland
Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[511] [512]
(+automatic co-parent recognition)[513]
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[514] [5]
Gender Recognition Act 2004 .
Partially recognised or unrecognised states
Oceania
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania
Australasia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Australia
(including territories of
Christmas Island ,
Cocos (Keeling) Islands and
Norfolk Island )
Legal in South Australia since 1972, in Victoria since 1981, New South Wales since 1983, the Northern Territory since 1984, the Australian Capital Territory since 1985, Western Australia since 1990, Queensland since 1991, Norfolk Island since 1993 and Tasmania since 1997
Legal in Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Age of consent discrepancy in Queensland only)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2009
Domestic partnership in Tasmania (2004),[523] South Australia (2007),[524] Victoria (2008),[525] New South Wales (2010)[526] and Queensland (2012)[527] ;
Civil union in the Australian Capital Territory (2012)[528]
Banned federally under the Marriage Amendment Act 2004 [529] (Pending)[530]
/ Joint adoption in Western Australia (2002), the Australian Capital Territory (2004), New South Wales (2010), Tasmania (2013) and Victoria (2016)[531] ; Banned in South Australia , Queensland and the Northern Territory
Since 1992
Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[532]
[532]
New Zealand
Legal since 1986
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2002;
Civil union since 2005.
Legal since 2013[533]
Legal since 2013[533]
Since 1993
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993 since 2006.
Melanesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Fiji
Legal since 2010
+ UN decl. sign.[534] [5]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[5]
New Caledonia
(overseas collectivity of France )
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 2009
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
French responsibility
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
(Requires sterilization for change)
Papua New Guinea
Male illegal
Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced)
Female always legal[5]
Solomon Islands
Illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment.[5]
Has no military
The latest draft of the Constitution (expected to factually replace the existing Constitution by late 2016) explicitly allows for discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, and also allows for the advocacy of hatred (and incitement to cause harm) on the basis of sexual orientation.[535]
Vanuatu
Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Micronesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Guam
(Unincorporated territory of the United States )
Legal since 1978
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Since 2015
Legal since 2015
Legal since 2002
US responsibility
Bans some anti-gay discrimination.
The US hate crime laws apply to all US external territories as well
Bans some discrimination relating to gender identity or expression.
The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Federated States of Micronesia
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Has no military
Kiribati
Male illegal
Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment
Female legal[5]
Has no military
Marshall Islands
Legal since 2005
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Has no military
Nauru
Legal since 2016[536] [537]
+ UN decl. sign.
Has no military
Northern Mariana Islands
(Unincorporated territory of the United States )
Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Since 2015
Legal since 2015
Legal since 2015
US responsibility
The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Palau
Legal since 2014
+ UN decl. sign.[538]
Constitutional ban since 2008
Has no military
Polynesia
LGBT rights in:
Same-sex sexual activity
Recognition of same-sex unions
Same-sex marriage
Adoption by same-sex couples
LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
American Samoa
(Unincorporated territory of the United States ) [539]
Legal since 1980
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
[540]
US responsibility
The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Easter Island
(Overseas territory of Chile )
Legal since 1999
(Age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil union since 2015 .
LGBT individuals may adopt (Pending)
Chile responsible for defence.
Since 2007.
Cook Islands
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand )
Male illegal
Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced)
Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
New Zealand's responsibility
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[541]
French Polynesia
(Overseas collectivity of France )
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Since 2013
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
French responsibility
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
(Requires sterilization for change)
Niue
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand )
Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
New Zealand's responsibility
Pitcairn Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom )
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Since 2015
Legal since 2015[542]
Legal since 2015[543]
UK responsible for defence
Constitutional ban on discrimination.[544]
Samoa
Male illegal
Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced)
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Has no military
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[545]
Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called the Fa'afafine . This is a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs, and usually refers to trans women .
Tokelau
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand )
Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
New Zealand's responsibility
Tonga
Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment and whipping (Not enforced)
Female always legal[5]
Tuvalu
Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment
Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Has no military
Wallis and Futuna
(Overseas collectivity of France )
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[5]
Civil solidarity pact since 2009
Legal since 2013
Legal since 2013
French responsibility
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
(Requires sterilization for change)
See also
Notes
^ Excluding the Faroe Islands
^ Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
^ Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands
^ Excluding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is legal in the Pitcairn Islands).
^ Excluding most Native American tribes . (Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.
^ Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nationwide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark,[a] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[b] New Zealand,[c] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[d] the United States [e] and Uruguay.
^ These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Philippines).
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^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people" . United Nations. 15 December 2011.
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^ Rankin, p. 55
^ Rankin, p.78
^ ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
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^ Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
^ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities , pp. 67–68.
^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
^ Plutarch , Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim .
^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
^ Under the Lex Aquilia . See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 314.
^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 40.
^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
^ Polybius , Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado ).
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers , pp. 280–285.
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers , p. 3.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 112 et passim .
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers , pp. 285–292.
^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 28.
^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 279ff.
^ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
^ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December, 1970). Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, New Series, 72(6), 1428–1434.
^ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan . University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5 .
^ Murray, Stephen (ed.) ; Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities . New York: St. Martin's Press . ISBN 0-312-23829-0 .
^ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia , University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3
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^ (Spanish) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
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^ a b "Adoption in Spain" . Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am {{cite web|url=http://ilga-europe.org/ Cite error: Invalid <ref>
tag; name "Rainbow_Europe_Country_Index" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). Cite error: Invalid <ref>
tag; name "Rainbow_Europe_Country_Index" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). Cite error: Invalid <ref>
tag; name "Rainbow_Europe_Country_Index" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ).
^ a b (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ "Egypt (Law) - ILGA" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ Littauer, Dan (25 November 2012). "Twelve men to be executed by Libyan militia for allegedly being gay" . Gay Star News . Retrieved 6 May 2016 .
^ (Spanish) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
^ "Morocco (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Tunisia (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Benin (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news" . The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Ghana (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ "Nigeria (Law)" . ilga.org . ILGA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016
^ "Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International" . Amnesty.org. 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF) . Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html
^ "The Sexual Offences Bill" (PDF) . mauritiusassembly.govmu.org . Government of Mauritius . 6 April 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2015 .
^ a b "Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa" . Afrika.no. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Equal Opportunities Act 2008" (PDF) . Ilo.org. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ https://76crimes.com/2016/05/18/tiny-african-victory-seychelles-repeals-ban-on-gay-sex/
^ "Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | World news" . The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes" . Care2.com. 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique" . Kuchu Times. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Namibia" . State.gov. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ "Namibia" . Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 2015-09-29 .
^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html
^ [1]
^ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes" . The Royal Gazette . Retrieved June 15, 2013 .
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)" . Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Law Reform (2000) Act
^ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
^ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships" . Legal Resource Center of Alberta . 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-28 .
^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
^ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
^ "Canadian Armed Forces" . The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives . Retrieved 30 September 2010 .
^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act , S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
^ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people" . CBC News . June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
^ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
^ http://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation.html
^ "1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab)" (in Danish). Webarkiv.dk. Retrieved September 14, 2012 .
^ (Danish) Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v.
^ Cite error: The named reference Greenland
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad" . La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo" . Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
^ (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo" . CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ a b David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages" . New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010 .
^ (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo" . El Universal . Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México" . CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual" . Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014 .
^ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide" . Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
^ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect" . MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010 .
^ (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra" . Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014 .
^ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico" . Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
^ (Spanish) Milenio Semanal (17 October 2010). "Homosexualidad y Ejército" . Retrieved 31 October 2010 .
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law" . Retrieved 27 November 2009 .
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals" . Retrieved 27 November 2009 .
^ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 .
^ a b c d e f (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ a b c d e f Vignal, Francois (April 15, 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat" (in French). Public Senat. Retrieved October 27, 2013 .
^ a b c d e f http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA" . Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Cite error: Invalid <ref>
tag; name "GSN" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). Cite error: Invalid <ref>
tag; name "GSN" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ).
^ "California Family Code Section 299.2" . Onecle.
^ [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry
^ Summary of LD 1579
^ "Oregon Registered Domestic Partners" (PDF) . State of Oregon. Retrieved December 11, 2012 .
^ "Senate Bill 566" .
^ Burroway, Jim (June 17, 2009). "Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships" . Box Turtle Bulletin . Retrieved November 4, 2009 .
^ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships" . CNN. May 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009 .
^ "New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103" (PDF) . New Jersey Legislature. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007 .
^ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
^ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011 , accessed April 13, 2011
^ Votes for SB13-011
^ Wolf, Richard (June 26, 2015). "Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage" . USA Today . Retrieved June 26, 2015 .
^ a b c d e Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). "Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory" . nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 .
^ a b c "In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military" . CNN . July 23, 2011.
^ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough" . Metro Weekly . Retrieved 4 August 2012 .
^ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
^ Tatectate, Curtis (July 16, 2015). "EEOC: Federal law bans workplace bias against gays, lesbians, bisexuals | Miami Herald Miami Herald" . Miamiherald.com. Retrieved 2016-05-25 .
^ [http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html , 22 May 2014
^ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions, 19 Mar 2015
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/costa-rica.html
^ http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/
^ a b Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos “Entre Amigos” (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF) . San Salvador.
^ http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Gender-Hate-Crimes-in-El-Salvador-to-Receive-Tougher-Sentencing-20150904-0028.html
^ http://www.lapagina.com.sv/nacionales/109929/2015/09/03/Homicidios-a-comunidad-LGTBI-tendran-penas-de-hasta-60-anos
^ (Spanish) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
^ "Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption" . Global Gayz. March 30, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12 .
^ “DECRETO 144-83” CÓDIGO PENAL
^ http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/368103-buscan-que-orientacion-sexual-e-identidad-genero-s/
^ http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Transexuales-panamenos-tramitan-cedulas-mujer_0_3518648160.html
^ http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/5093-wetsvoorstel-geregistreerd-partnerschap-op-aruba-ook-voor-gelijke-seksen
^ a b c "Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands . 10 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010 .
^ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 , sections 9 and 26.
^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF) . INED. Retrieved October 27, 2013 .
^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch" . CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010 .
^ "Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)" . Government of the Netherlands . Retrieved 19 April 2013 .
^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
^ "The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009" (PDF) . Cayman Constitution. Retrieved September 15, 2012 .
^ (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
^ (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
^ "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters , 6 June 2008
^ (Spanish) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010.
^ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
^ "The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010" . Government of Montserrat . Retrieved 15 July 2014 .
^ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms" . Government of Montserrat . Retrieved 15 July 2014 .
^ Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage
^ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011" (PDF) . Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Retrieved 15 July 2014 .
^ Ley 1004
^ (Spanish) LEY Nº 3736 CONVIVENCIA HOMOSEXUAL
^ Ley 26.994 CODIGO CIVIL Y COMERCIAL DE LA NACION
^ Ley 26.618
^ AG magazine (2 March 2009). "A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban" . Queerty. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
^ Página12, 10 May 2012
^ CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
^ [2]
^ "Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero-2009)" (in Spanish). Infoleyes. Retrieved September 15, 2012 .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bolivia.html
^ http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/reportajes/mundo/militares-y-homosexualidad-los-avances-y-tabus-en-los-otros-paises-de-latinoamerica/2014-08-27/195542.html/
^ http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_noticia=14939
^ Bolivia Approves Progressive Law Recognizing Transgender Rights
^ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
^ http://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/primero-Latinoamerica-cambiar-nombre-sexo_0_1556844361.html
^ http://www.paginasiete.bo/sociedad/2014/8/10/bolivia-seis-transexuales-lograron-cambiar-identidad-28989.html
^ [3]
^ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
^ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
^ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
^ http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29208
^ (Portuguese) Patricia Silva Gadelha (March 2006). "A prática da pederastia é crime militar" . Jus Navigandi. Retrieved 10 September 2013 .
^ (Portuguese) Iara Bernardi (December 2010). "Projeto de Lei 122/2006" . Retrieved 31 December 2010 .
^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (Portuguese)
^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (Portuguese)
^ (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (13 January 2006). "Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que trocou de sexo" . Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (25 December 2005). "Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos" . Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010 .
^ Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian Association of Trans Men (Portuguese)
^ Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL
^ http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/10299-el-proyecto-de-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-llega-al-parlamento-de-chile.html El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile]
^ El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile
^ (Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. "Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas" . Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012 .
^ "Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law" . Jurist.org . 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012 .
^ http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/judicial/justicia-autorizo-primer-cambio-de-sexo-sin-necesidad-de-operacion-previa/2015-04-08/165825.html
^ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
^ [4]
^ SENTENCIA C-075/07
^ Histórico: parejas del mismo sexo podrán contraer matrimonio
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^ a b c d e f (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
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^ (Hungarian) T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása
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^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
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^ a b AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
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^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
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^ Same-sex marriages from January 1
^ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
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^ n°207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie commune
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^ [7]
^ a b Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
^ a b Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law , GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
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^ Nauru decriminalises homosexuality
^ Crimes Act 2016
^ Palau decriminalises sex between men
^ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa" . Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 21 December 2008 .
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^ Employment Relations Act 2012
^ Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015
^ Laws - PITCAIRN
^ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010
^ Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013
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Pre-modern era
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