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Upa river in Tula

Upa (Russian: Упа́) is a river in Tula Oblast, Russia, one of the main tributaries of the Oka River.

The river is 345 km long; the city of Tula is on its banks. The name of the river is of Baltic origin.^[1]

References[link]

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Leland Olds (December 31, 1890 – August 5, 1960) was an American economist. Olds was interested in labor, development of public electric power, and ecology.

Olds came from a traditional Anglo-Saxon protestant background. As the son of the president of Amherst College, Olds had been a brilliant mathematics student at Amherst. At Amherst he fell under the spell of the social work movement and the Social Gospel.

“Jolly, witty, informal” as well as “very fair-minded” and an accomplished cellist, Olds had been a minister, a teacher at Amherst, a researcher both for the federal government and the American Federation of Labor and a labor journalist before he met Franklin D. Roosevelt. As governor of New York, Roosevelt appointed him to the New York State Power Authority. Olds believed in the “complete passing of the old order of capitalism”. A complete transformation of the American economic system was needed, which had to depart from its laissez-faire impetus and economic individualism. As an alternative, Olds favored consumer cooperation as the basis of a new American economic model. Complementary to his cooperative beliefs, Olds was “very much consumer oriented”.

Olds was a deeply religious and idealistic man, who after a long search for a worthy cause to give purpose to his life, had completely dedicated himself to the public power fight. Wide availability of cheap power was crucial, Olds felt, for the social well being of the mass of the American people.

Olds believed that, together with regulation and community owned power generation and distribution, consumer cooperation was the key to a fair power policy. In 1927 Olds advocated the operating of all hydropower utilities as “giant consumer cooperatives”.

Olds’s cooperative beliefs had come in the place of his earlier radicalism. In 1930/’31 he served as the “manager” of the American lecture tour of the famed Irish poet and cooperative propagandist Æ (George Russell). AE’s charisma convinced Olds even further of the necessity to organize all of society along cooperative lines.

In 1936, Olds served on Roosevelt's Presidential Inquiry Commission on Cooperative Enterprise in Europe. Roosevelt appointed him to the Federal Power Commission in June 1939, and he served as chairman of the commission from January, 1940 until 1949.

Under his leadership the Federal Power Commission successfully pressured electric utilities to extend power into neglected rural areas and to lower electricity rates in order to increase use. His insistence on enforcing the Natural Gas Act of 1938 raised the ire of the Texas Oil industry and led to the end of his career at the Federal Power Commission. Robert Caro's book Master of the Senate describes how Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Old's re-appointment by orchestrating a smear campaign in the manner of McCarthyism. This involved utilizing the staff of the House Un-American Activities Committee to dig up old writings which were then taken out of context to falsely paint Olds as a communist or communist sympathizer. The subcommittee in charge of reappointment was stacked against Olds and anti-Olds witnesses appearing before the committee were coached by Johnson.

References[link]

• Robert A. Caro (2002). Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. ch. 10-12. ISBN 0-394-52836-0. 

External links[link]

• Basin Electric 'Who was Leland Olds'
• Federal Government Repositories In New York State
• Statement by Senator John F. Kennedy on the death of Leland Olds
• Nation archive article by Leland Olds
• Archival holdings concerning Leland Olds at the Roosevelt Presidential Library in Hyde Park, NY