The first Horsemen of the World (proto-Turkic Botai people R1b: 4th-6th millenium BC)
Pathological characteristics indicate that some
Botai horses were bridled and perhaps ridden, and archaeological remains of processed milk indicate that mares were milked *(Outram et al., 2009)*.
Italian emeritus scholar
Prof.
Dr. Mario Alinei:
"Moreover, overwhelming linguistic evidence, among which most important is the spread of exclusively Turkic loanword related to horse terminology in all languages of
Eastern Europe, both Indo-European and Uralic, shows that horse domestication is a fundamental Turkic innovation. It is no accident that the
Botai culture is a khazak culture, belonging to the Turkic-speaking area, and not to the IE-, or Uralic-speaking one! Myths and dogmas are hard to die! (
M.A.)"
*source:
PCP SCIENTIFIC
NEWS: Edited by
Mario Alinei,
Xaverio Ballester,
Francesco Benozzo. 07/12/2009.*
http://www.continuitas.org/news
.html
The modern
Uigurs,
Kazakhs,
Bashkirs, and some other peoples of
Siberia,
Central Asia and the
Urals descend in part from the ancient R1b1 branch, and by now retain the same haplogroup for 16,000 years. The Türkic-lingual haplogroup R1b expanded from the
South Siberia, where it formed 16,000 years ago, across the territories of the
Middle Volga,
Samara,
Khvalynsk and the
Ancient Pit Grave (
Kurgan) archaeological cultures and historical-cultural complexes (8-6 thousand years ago and later, the common ancestor of the ethnic
Russians with haplogroup R1b1 lived 6,775 ± 830 years ago), northern
Kazakhstan (for example Botai culture dated by the archaeologists 5,700 - 5,
100 years BP, in reality much older), passed through the
Caucasus to
Anatolia (6,000 ± 800 BP by the dating of
R1b1b2 haplogroup of modern Caucasians), and through the
Middle East ... *(
Klyosov et al.
2010)*
http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/60_Genetics/Klyosov2010DNK-GenealogyEn
.htm
"It is now known that horse milking can be traced back to the early domestication time of the Botai culture, in the north of Kazakhstan."
*source:
Book of Abstracts of the
61st Annual Meeting of the
European Association for Animal Production:
Heraklion -
Crete Island,
Greece, 23-27
August 2010. page 39.*
http://books.google.de/books?hl=en&id;=tYdjDBTHpDAC
Lacan et al (
2011) have found no 13910T in excavated bones of bearers of haplogroups G2a and I2a1 (20 and 2 in 22 samples respectively) in la grotte des
Treilles in
South France, dated 5000 years ago. It is consistent with the data that R1b have appeared in the
Pyrenees little later,
4800 ybp (years before present), and it was them who brought lactose tolerance
SNP (and the respective lactase gene) to
Europe. In
2012, a new study was published which found that 27% among excavated bones in the
Basque country in the Pyrenees, dated 5000-4500 ybp, carried 13910T SNP (Plantinga et al, 2012). It fits again to the hypothesis that it was R1b who brought lactose tolerance to Europe, and that R1b belonged to the proto-Turks in
Asia some 16,000-6,000 years ago. The estimated duration to get 50% lactose tolerance is 6,000 years, and even
Mongols, who switched to animal husbandry at about
200 BC, have only about 50% tolerance. *(N. Kisamov, A. Klyosov)*
http://aklyosov.home.comcast.net/~aklyosov/5_7_2012
.pdf
"The -13910*T allele, which is widespread in Europe was found to be located on an extended haplotype of
500 kb or more (6).
In Central Asia the causal polymorphism for LP is the same as in Europe (-13.910CT, rs4988235) (7), suggesting genetic diffusion between the two geographical regions."
source: *
Fatimah L.C. Jackson. Gene-environment
Interactions in
Human Health:
Case Studies and Strategies
for developing new paradigms and research methodologies.
Frontiers in Genetics. 2014.*
https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct;=j&q;=&esrc;=s&source;=web&cd;=9&cad;=rja&uact;=8&ved;=0CGsQFjAI&url;=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.frontiersin.org%2FJournal%2F10.
3389%2Ffgene.2014.00271%2Fpdf&ei;=ezrqU4LIMKSV7AatxIG4Dg&usg;=AFQjCNEx75lQZ_ZCKFbIRtdah3WSysYvzw&bvm;=bv.72676100,d.bGE
It seems that at
3700 BC the Botai-Tersek facial reconstruction shows a type of
Turanid though with prevailing caucasoid type:
http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/bd/a7/71/bda771073d95a366c047cb9515792df0
.jpg
Botai woman:
http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/e1/44/ac/e144ac5f2cbcde1f4996838630c15fa1.jpg