Lawrence Tierney (March 15, 1919 – February 26, 2002) was an American actor, known for his many screen portrayals of mobsters and hardened criminals, which mirrored his own frequent brushes with the law.^[1]

Commenting on the DVD release of a Tierney film in 2005, a New York Times critic observed, "The hulking Tierney was not so much an actor as a frightening force of nature."^[2]

Early life[link]

Tierney was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Mary and Lawrence Tierney, an Irish-American policeman.^[3] Tierney was a star athlete at Boys High School in Brooklyn, where he won awards for track and field and was a member of Omega Gamma Delta fraternity. He earned an athletic scholarship to Manhattan College, but quit after two years to work as a laborer on the New York Aqueduct. He traveled around the country, bouncing from job to job, and worked as catalogue model for Sears Roebuck & Co.^[3] An acting coach suggested that he try the stage, and Tierney joined the Black Friars theatre group and later the American-Irish Theatre. He was spotted there by an RKO talent scout and given a film contract in 1943.^[1][3]

Career[link]

Early in his career, he appeared in supporting roles in B movies, including The Ghost Ship (1943), The Falcon Out West (1944), Youth Runs Wild (1944) and Back to Bataan (1945) before starring in the title role in 1945's Dillinger. The role made him a star.^[3]

Tierney played the famous 1930s bank robber John Dillinger, in a film that was advertised as a tale "written in bullets, blood and blondes." It was initially banned in Chicago and other cities where Dillinger had operated. Though a low-budget movie, with a budget of just $60,000, it proved popular, with Tierney "memorably menacing" in the title role, in the words of one recent commentator.^[3]

RKO assigned him to other tough-guy characters. He played Jesse James in Badman's Territory (1946), a reformed prison inmate in San Quentin (1946), and an ex-marine falsely accused of murder in Step by Step (1946). In 1947 he played the lead role of Sam Wilde in films that have since gained a cult following: the Robert Wise film Born to Kill and The Devil Thumbs a Ride, directed by Felix Feist, in which he played a vicious hitch-hiker.^[3]

Writing in The New York Times, film critic Bosley Crowther condemned Born to Kill as "not only morally disgusting but an offense to a normal intellect." He said that Tierney "as the bold, bad killer whose ambition is to 'fix it so's I can spit in anybody's eye,' is given outrageous license to demonstrate the histrionics of nastiness."^[4] More recent critics and scholars have viewed the film as a significant film noir, and as an excellent example of RKO's approach to the genre.^[5]

Tierney later said that he did not like playing violent roles:.^[3]

Tierney had a more sympathetic role as a man wrongly convicted of murder in Richard Fleischer's Bodyguard (1948), but by the 1950s, his well-publicized off-screen brawls began to hurt his career, and his parts grew smaller. He received fourth billing in Joseph Pevney's Shakedown (1950), and had a supporting role playing Jesse James, again, in Best of the Badmen (1951). He played a small role as the villain who caused a train wreck in Cecil B. DeMille's 1952 best-picture Oscar-winner, The Greatest Show on Earth. DeMille asked Paramount Pictures to put Tierney under contract, but the idea was dropped when he was arrested for fighting in a bar.^[3]

Decline and comeback[link]

He returned to the stage, playing the Humphrey Bogart role of Duke Mantee in a touring version of The Petrified Forest, alongside Franchot Tone and Betsy von Furstenburg.^[3] Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he appeared in only bit parts in movies, his career damaged by his frequent brushes with the law.^[1] Among his film roles was a small part in the John Cassavetes film A Child is Waiting (1963). He also made television appearances in shows such as The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, and moved to France for several years.^[3]

He returned to New York City in the 1960s, and his troubles with the law continued. In New York, he worked as a bartender, construction worker and drove a horse-drawn carriage in Central Park. He occasionally found film work; in Otto Preminger's Such Good Friends (1971) he had a bit part as a security guard. In 1976, he appeared in Andy Warhol's Bad, which he later described as "a terrible experience – unprofessional." He also had a small role in Cassavetes' Gloria (1980).^[3]

Tierney returned to Hollywood in late 1983 and guest-starred on television shows such as Remington Steele, Fame, Hunter, Seinfeld, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and The Simpsons. In 1984, he appeared in a national campaign of an Excedrin commercial playing a construction worker. In 1985 he had a small speaking role as the chief of police of New York City in John Huston's film Prizzi's Honor. Tierney made a number of appearances on Hill Street Blues, as the desk sergeant on the night tour, and in fact uttered the last line of the last episode of the series, answering the phone at the station house's front desk and saying, "Hill Street Station".

He had a more substantial supporting role in Norman Mailer's movie adaptation of his novel in Tough Guys Don't Dance (1987), playing the father of protagonist Ryan O'Neal. He also had a role in the film adaptation of Stephen King's Silver Bullet, in which he played a baseball bat-wielding bar owner.

In 1988, Tierney played the role of a tough holodeck gangster in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and in 1990 he played Elaine Benes's father Alton Benes in the Seinfeld episode "The Jacket". In 1991, Quentin Tarantino cast him as crime lord Joe Cabot in the film Reservoir Dogs. The success of the film put bookends on his career as a gangster actor. During the film, Cabot reports that one of his henchmen was "dead as Dillinger"^[6] - a line inserted by Tarantino as an "in-joke" and reference to Tierney's first major film role. During the production of Reservoir Dogs, Tierney's off screen antics both amused and disturbed the cast and crew. Tarantino later said that he almost got in a fight with Tierney during the filming.

One of his last film roles was as an appearance as Bruce Willis' father in Armageddon (1998). His agent Don Gerler later commented that "a few years back I was still bailing him out of jail. He was 75 years old and still the toughest guy in the bar!"^[3]

Off-screen troubles[link]

Tierney had numerous arrests for drunken fights over the years, and served jail terms. His run-ins with the law took a toll on his career.^[1] He was an admitted alcoholic who gave up drinking in 1982 after having a stroke, and once said that he "threw away about seven careers through drink."^[3]

Between 1944 and 1951, Tierney had been arrested a dozen times for brawling, frequently for drunkenness.^[7] His legal troubles included a 90-day jail sentence for breaking a college student's jaw.^[8]

At the time of his arrest for brawling with two policemen outside a Manhattan bar in 1958, the New York Times reported that he had been arrested six times in California and five times in New York on similar charges.^[9] In 1973 he was stabbed in a bar fight on the west side of Manhattan.^[10]

In June 1975, Tierney was questioned by New York City police in connection with the apparent suicide of a 24-year old woman, who jumped from the window of her apartment. Tierney told police that he had come to visit the woman, "had just gotten there, and she just went out the window".^[3]

In December 1995, Tierney guest starred as security guard Don Brodka in The Simpsons season 7 episode "Marge Be Not Proud". A former show runner, Josh Weinstein, called Tierney's appearance "the craziest guest star experience we ever had". In addition to yelling at and intimidating employees of the show, Tierney made unreasonable requests such as abandoning his distinctive voice to do the part in a southern accent and refusing to perform lines if he did not "get the jokes".^[11] Despite this, Bill Oakley, another former runner of the show and Weinstein thought Tierney did a good job. Weinstein said that "he certainly delivered and he's one of my favorite characters we have had [on the show]".^[12] After Tierney's death, the episode "The Old Man and the Key" was dedicated to him.

When he guest-starred on Seinfeld (1990) in "The Jacket" episode as Elaine's father, Alton Benes, the show's fans were disappointed that he had not reprised the role in later episodes. Cast members later recounted that he scared them so badly that they never had him back on. He stole a butcher knife from the set and hid it under his jacket. When Jerry Seinfeld confronted him about it (much to the dismay of the entire cast), Tierney made a joking stabbing motion towards him as in reference to the movie Psycho.^[13] Writer Larry David said that Tierney returned to the show's offices about a week after shooting on the episode had wrapped, late on a Saturday night; although uncertain of his motive, David speculated that he was "looking for a sandwich or something." From that moment forward, David later threatened cast members that if they caused problems on the set he would "bring back Lawrence Tierney."^[14]

Personal life[link]

Tierney's brother was actor Scott Brady. His nephew is film director and actor Michael Tierney. On February 26, 2002, Tierney died at the age of 82 of pneumonia at a Los Angeles nursing home.^[15] He left three children,^[3] including a daughter, Elizabeth Tierney, of Park City, Utah.^[1]

Filmography[link]

• Southie (1998) as Collie Powers
• Armageddon (1998) (uncredited) as Harry Stamper's father
• 2 Days in the Valley (1996) as Older Man
• The Simpsons episode "Marge Be Not Proud" (1995) as Det. Don Brodka, store security officer
• Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993) as the Regent ("Business As Usual")
• Reservoir Dogs (1992) as Joe Cabot
• Eddie Presley (1992) as Joe West
• RED (1991) as Louis "Red" Deutsch based on the Tube Bar prank calls.
• Seinfeld episode "The Jacket" (1991) as Alton Benes, Elaine's gruff father
• The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988)
• Tough Guys Don't Dance (1987)
• Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) as Cyrus Redblock, a mobster in a holodeck fantasy ("The Big Goodbye")
• Prizzi's Honor (1985)
• Arthur (1981)
• Gloria (1980)
• A Child is Waiting (1963)
• Female Jungle (1954); Aka: The Hangover
• The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
• The Bushwackers (1952)
• The Hoodlum (1951)
• Kill or Be Killed (1950)
• Bodyguard (1948)
• The Devil Thumbs a Ride (1947)
• Born to Kill (1947)
• San Quentin (1946)
• Back to Bataan (1945)
• Dillinger (1945)
• The Falcon Out West (1944) (uncredited)
• Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943) (uncredited)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lawrence Tierney Official Website
• Lawrence Tierney at the Internet Movie Database
• Todd Mecklem's Tierney tribute
• Essay on Tierney by writer Eddie Muller
• Lawrence Tierney at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)

Richard O. Fleischer (December 8, 1916 – March 25, 2006) was an American film director.

Early life[link]

Fleischer was born in Brooklyn, the son of Essie (née Goldstein) and animator/producer Max Fleischer.^[1] He started in motion pictures as director of animated shorts produced by his father including entries in the Betty Boop, Popeye and Superman series.

His live-action film career began in 1942 at the RKO studio, directing shorts, documentaries, and compilations of forgotten silent features, which he called Flicker Flashbacks. He won an Academy Award as producer of the 1947 documentary Design for Death, co-written by Theodor Geisel (later known as Dr. Seuss), which examined the cultural forces that led to Japan's imperial expansion through World War II.

Career[link]

Fleischer directed his first feature in 1946. His early films were taut film noir thrillers such as Bodyguard (1948), The Clay Pigeon (1949), Follow Me Quietly (1949), Armored Car Robbery (1950), and The Narrow Margin (1952). In 1948, Fleischer also directed So This Is New York, a cynically sophisticated comedy starring acerbic humorist Henry Morgan based upon a Ring Lardner novel.

In 1954, he was chosen by Walt Disney (his father's former rival as a cartoon producer) to direct 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea starring Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre. It was Disney's first Hollywood live-action film, and his most elaborate to date. It was a great success with both the critics and the public. As a result, Fleischer became known for big features, often employing special effects, such as Barabbas (1961), Fantastic Voyage (1966), Doctor Dolittle (1967), and Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970).

He directed many action adventures such as Violent Saturday (1955), Bandido (1956) starring Robert Mitchum, The Vikings (1958), and Mr. Majestyk (1974). Fleischer also directed a trilogy of films centering on famous serial killers and focusing on the theme of capital punishment: Compulsion (1959), The Boston Strangler (1968) and 10 Rillington Place (1971). He helmed Soylent Green (1973), a cautionary tale of overpopulation and pollution. Some of his entertainments are regarded as controversial and provocative, such as Che! (1969), a biopic of Che Guevara, and the interracial melodrama of the Deep South in Mandingo (1975).

Fleischer was chairman of Fleischer Studios, which today handles the licensing of Betty Boop and Koko the Clown. In June 2005, he released his memoirs of his father's career in Out of the Inkwell: Max Fleischer and the Animation Revolution.

Death and legacy[link]

He died in his sleep at age 89, after having been in failing health for the better part of a year.

Fleischer's 1993 autobiography, Just Tell Me When to Cry, described his many difficulties with actors, writers and producers.

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

Wins

• Academy Awards: Oscar, Best Feature Documentary, for Design for Death (1947); Shared with: Sid Rogell and Theron Warth; 1948.
• Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, Avoriaz, France: Grand Prize, for Soylent Green; 1974.

Nominations

• Golden Globes: Golden Globe, Best Director, for The Happy Time (1952); 1953.
• Cannes Film Festival: Golden Palm, for Compulsion'; 1959.
• Directors Guild of America: DGA Award, Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, for The Vikings; 1959.
• Directors Guild of America: DGA Award, Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, for Compulsion; 1960.
• British Academy of Film and Television Arts: BAFTA Film Award, Best Film from any Source, for Compulsion; 1960.
• Fantasporto, Porto, Portugal: International Fantasy Film Award, Best Film, for Amityville 3-D; 1986.

Unsolicited nomination

• Razzie Awards: Razzie Award nomination, Worst Director, for The Jazz Singer; shared with: Sidney J. Furie; 1981.

Further reading[link]

• Fleischer, Richard, Out of the Inkwell: Max Fleischer and the Animation Revolution (University Press of Kentucky, 2005)
• Fleischer, Richard, Just Tell Me When to Cry (Carroll and Graf, 1993)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Richard Fleischer at the Internet Movie Database
• Richard Fleischer at AllRovi
• Richard Fleischer profile at Disney Legends

Allene Roberts (born September 1, 1928) was born in Fairfield Highlands, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. She starred in twelve movies between 1947 and 1954 and appeared on TV in Four Star Playhouse, The Adventures of Superman and Dragnet.

Her first big picture was The Red House starring Rory Calhoun, Julie London and Edward G. Robinson. That movie was considered by the critics to be the 'sleeper hit' of the year. She starred in Knock on Any Door starring John Derek and Humphrey Bogart, and in Union Station with William Holden.

She now resides in Huntsville, Alabama, and is the widow of Ralph Cochran. Together they had four children, John, Leslie, Julie and Laurie.

External links[link]

• Allene Roberts at the Internet Movie Database

This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Jayne Mansfield
Mansfield in The Girl Can't Help It (1956)
Born	Vera Jayne Palmer (1933-04-19)April 19, 1933 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Died	June 29, 1967(1967-06-29) (aged 34) Slidell, Louisiana
Cause of death	Traffic accident
Resting place	Fairview Cemetery, Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania 40°52.08′N 75°15.20′W / 40.868°N 75.2533°W / 40.868; -75.2533
Other names	Vera Jayne Peers, Vera Palmer
Occupation	Actress, singer, Playmate, nightclub entertainer, model
Years active	1954-1967
Notable work(s)	The Girl Can't Help It, Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, Too Hot to Handle, The Wayward Bus, Promises! Promises!
Television	The Red Skelton Hour, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Ed Sullivan Show
Spouse	Paul Mansfield (m. 1950–1958) «start: (1950)–end+1: (1959)»"Marriage: Paul Mansfield to Jayne Mansfield" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Jayne_Mansfield) Miklós Hargitay (m. 1958–1964) «start: (1958)–end+1: (1965)»"Marriage: Miklós Hargitay to Jayne Mansfield" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Jayne_Mansfield) Matt Cimber (m. 1964–1966) «start: (1964)–end+1: (1967)»"Marriage: Matt Cimber to Jayne Mansfield" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Jayne_Mansfield)
Children	Jayne Marie Mansfield (b. 1950) Miklós "Mickey" Hargitay, Jr. (b. 1958) Zoltán Hargitay (b. 1960) Mariska Hargitay (b. 1964) Antonio "Tony" Cimber (b. 1965)
Parents	Herbert William Palmer (1904–1936) Vera Jeffrey Palmer/Peers (1903–2000)
Awards	Theatre World Award (1956); Golden Globe for New Star Of The Year – Actress (1957); Golden Laurel for Top Female Musical Performance (1959)
Signature
Website
http://www.jaynemansfield.com/

Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American film, television and theater actress. In February 1955, she became one of the early Playmates. Keeping her first husband's last name, Mansfield worked in Hollywood and on Broadway.^[1] A leading sex symbol during the late 1950s, she was one of the original blonde bombshells.^[2] Mansfield starred in several popular Hollywood films which emphasized her platinum-blonde hair, hourglass figure and cleavage-revealing costumes. 20th Century Fox signed a six-year contact with Mansfield to replace Marilyn Monroe as their resident blonde sex symbol. Throughout her career, she was compared by the media to Monroe and another sex symbol, Mamie Van Doren. Mansfield was a Playboy Playmate of the Month and appeared in several issues of the magazine.

Although many people have never seen her movies, Jayne Mansfield remains, long after her death, one of the most recognizable icons of 1950s celebrity culture.^[3] Her statuesque figure (she claimed dimensions of 40-21-35), her unique sashaying walk, and her breathy baby talk made history.^[4] "From 1955 until the early 1960s, Mansfield reigned as Hollywood's gaudiest, boldest D-cupped B-grade actress" and was known as "the working man's Monroe".^[5]

Mansfield became a major Broadway star in 1955, a major movie star in 1956, the darling of the movie community in 1957, and a box-office has-been in 1958.^[6] While Mansfield's film career was short-lived, she had several box office successes and won a Theatre World Award, a Golden Globe and a Golden Laurel. In 1955, she enjoyed success with Broadway musical Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? and its film version. She is remembered for starring roles in Rock Hunter? (1957) and the comedy film The Girl Can't Help It (1956), both films produced by 20th Century Fox. Of her rare dramatic roles, The Wayward Bus (1957) is regarded as the best. She also sang for studio recordings, including the album Shakespeare, Tchaikovsky & Me and the singles Suey and As the Clouds Drift by (with Jimi Hendrix, one of the most influential musicians of his era).^[7] Mansfield's notable television work included The Red Skelton Show (1959–1963) and The Ed Sullivan Show (1957).

Her career declined first to low-budget foreign movies and major Las Vegas nightclub dates; then to television guest appearances; next to touring plays and minor Las Vegas nightclub dates; and finally ended in small nightclub dates.^[6] As the demand for blonde bombshells declined during the 1960s, Mansfield remained a popular celebrity, continuing to attract large crowds outside the U.S. and in lucrative and successful nightclub tours. Her film career continued with lower-budget melodramas and comedies (many filmed in the United Kingdom and Europe), including Heimweh nach St. Pauli and L'Amore Primitivo. In the independent film Promises! Promises! (1963), she became the first major American actress to have a nude starring role in a Hollywood motion picture. Despite initial success, her later career dwindled into cheap European films, slapped-together American quickies like Single Room Furnished (1965), and plenty of nightclub and summer-theater work.^[8]

Mansfield was married three times: first to her childhood sweetheart Paul Mansfield (1950–1958), then to actor–bodybuilder Mickey Hargitay (1958–1963) and finally to film director Matt Cimber (1964–1966). She had five children: Jayne Marie Mansfield (born 1950), Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay (born 1958), Zoltán Anthony Hargitay (born 1960), actress Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (born 1964) and Antonio "Tony" Cimber (born 1965). Mansfield died in an automobile accident at age 34.

Early life and education[link]

Jayne Mansfield was born Vera Jayne Palmer on April 19, 1933 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. She was the only child of Herbert William (1904–1936), of German ancestry, and Vera Jeffrey Palmer (1903–2000), of English descent.^[9] Vera Jayne's father, Elmer E Palmer, was from the largely Cornish area of Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania,^[10] where he was involved with the slate industry.^[11] She inherited more than $90,000.00 from her Elmer ($724,983 in 2012 dollars^[12]) and more that $36,000.00 from her maternal grandmother Alice Jane Palmer in 1958 ($289,993 in 2012 dollars^[12]).^[11][13] Jayne spent her early childhood in Phillipsburg, New Jersey,^[14] where her father was an attorney who practiced with future New Jersey governor Robert B. Meyner. In 1936, when Jayne was three years old, Herbert William died of a heart attack while driving a car with his wife and daughter. Following his death, Jayne's mother worked as a teacher. In 1939 Vera Palmer married sales engineer Harry Lawrence Peers and the family moved to Dallas, Texas,^[15] where Jayne was known as Vera Jayne Peers.^[16][17] She married Paul James Mansfield (a student at the University of Dallas) on May 10, 1950. Their daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield, was born on November 8, 1950.

Frequent references have been made to Jayne's very high IQ, which she claimed was 163, and her ability to speak five languages.^[18] Jayne graduated from Highland Park High School in 1950.^{[19][20][21][22]} While in high school, Jayne took lessons in violin, piano and viola. She also studied Spanish and German.^[23][24] She consistently received high Bs in school (including in mathematics).^[25] After marriage, Jayne and Paul enrolled into Southern Methodist University to study acting, where lacking finances to afford day care, carried around her daughter Jayne Marie.^[26][8][27] In 1951, she moved to Austin, Texas, with Paul, and studied dramatics at the University of Texas at Austin, until her junior year.^{[20][21][22][26]} While attending the University of Texas, she worked as a nude model for art classes, sold books door-to-door, and worked in the evenings as receptionist of a dance studio.^[28][29][30] While studying and trying to earn a living, she joined the Curtain Club (a campus theatrical society, at that time also had Tom Jones, Harvey Schmidt, Rip Torn, and Pat Hingle among its members)^[29][31][32] and was active at the Austin Civic Theater.^[29]

In 1952, she moved back to Dallas and for several months, became a student of actor Baruch Lumet, who was father of director Sidney Lumet and founder of the newly founded and now defunct Dallas Institute of Performing Arts.^[33][34][35] Lumet called Jayne and Rip Torn his "kids", and seeing her potential, provided her private lessons.^[20][36] Paul was then called to the United States Army Reserve for the Korean War.^[30] Her life became easier with Paul's army allotment.^[37] After spending a year at Camp Gordon, Georgia (a US Army training facility) they moved to Los Angeles in 1954, where Jayne studied Theater Arts at UCLA during the summer,^[21][20] and returned to Texas to spend the fall quarter at Southern Methodist University.^[38] While in California, she left Jayne Marie with her maternal grandparents (Jayne's parents).^[30] She managed to maintain a B grade average, between a variety of odd jobs, including: a stint as a candy vendor at a movie theater (where caught the eye of a TV producer)^[8], a part-time model at the Blue Book Model Agency (where Marilyn Monroe was first noticed),^[39] and working as a photographer at Esther Williams' nightclub, the Trail.^[40][38][26] She would later complain that the public did not care about her brains. "They're more interested in 40–21–35", she said.^[41] She was reputed to be Hollywood's "smartest dumb blonde".^[27]

Early career[link]

During her tenure at the University of Texas at Austin, Mansfield won several beauty contests, including: Miss Photoflash, Miss Magnesium Lamp, and Miss Fire Prevention Week. The only title she refused was Miss Roquefort Cheese, because she believed it "just didn't sound right".^[43] Mansfield accepted a bit part in a B-grade film titled Prehistoric Women (produced by Alliance Productions, alternatively titled The Virgin Goddess) in 1950.^[30] In 1952, while at Dallas, she and Paul participated in small local-theater productions of The Slaves of Demon Rum and Ten Nights in a Barroom, and Anything Goes in Camp Gordon, Georgia. After Paul left for military service, Mansfield first appeared on stage in a production of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman on October 22, 1953, with the players of the Knox Street Theater, headed by Lumet.^[38]

While at UCLA she entered the Miss California contest (hiding her marital status), and won the local round before withdrawing.^[44] Early in her career the prominence of her breasts was considered problematic and led her to be cut from her first professional assignment: an advertising campaign for General Electric, which depicted several young women in bathing suits relaxing around a pool.^[45] In 1954, she auditioned at both Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. for a part in The Seven Year Itch but failed to impress.^[38] That year, she landed her first acting assignment in Lux Video Theatre, a series on CBS ("An Angel Went AWOL", October 21, 1954).^[38] In the show she sat at the piano and delivered a few lines of dialogue for $300.00.^[46]

She posed nude for the February 1955 issue of Playboy, an event that helped launch Mansfield's career^[47] and increased the magazine's circulation;^[48] Playboy had begun publishing from publisher–editor Hugh Hefner's kitchen the year before.^[49] In 1964, the magazine repeated the pictorial.^[50] Photos from that pictorial was reprinted in a number of Playboy issues, including: December 1965 ("The Playboy Portfolio of Sex Stars"), January 1979 ("25 Beautiful Years"), January 1984 ("30 Memorable Years"), January 1989 ("Women Of The Fifties"), January 1994 ("Remember Jayne"), November 1996 ("Playboy Gallery"), August 1999 ("Playboy's Sex Stars of the Century"; Special edition), and January 2000 ("Centerfolds Of The Century").

Film career[link]

Career beginnings (mid-1950s)[link]

Mansfield's first film part was the supporting role of Candy Price in Female Jungle (1955), a low-budget drama which was completed in 10 days. Her part was filmed in only a few days, and she received $150 for her performance ($1,301 in 2012 dollars^[12]). Female Jungle was released in January 1955 by producer Burt Kaiser. That year Paul Wendkos offered Mansfield the dramatic role of Gladden in The Burglar (1957), his film adaptation of David Goodis' novel. The film was done in film noir style, and Mansfield appeared alongside Dan Duryea and Martha Vickers. The Burglar was released two years later, when Mansfield's fame was at its peak. She was successful in this straight dramatic role, although most of her subsequent film appearances would be either comedic or capitalize on her sex appeal.

On February 8, 1955, Mansfield was signed by Warner Bros. to a six-month contract after one of its talent scouts discovered her in a production at the Pasadena Playhouse. She filed for divorce from Paul the same day.^[51] Warner wanted Mansfield as its version of the popular (and lucrative) Marilyn Monroe of 20th Century Fox. Mansfield was given a bit part in Pete Kelly's Blues (1955), starring and directed by Jack Webb. She made one more movie with Warner Bros., which gave her another small (but significant) role as Angela O'Hara opposite Edward G. Robinson in Illegal (1955). The film offered another rare serious performance by Mansfield. After leaving Warner Bros. she made an uncredited cameo appearance in Hell on Frisco Bay (1955), starring Alan Ladd.

Film stardom (late 1950s)[link]

Trailer of Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1957)

Mansfield at the premiere of Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? in Stockholm, Sweden

In 1955, Mansfield enjoyed a successful Broadway run in the musical Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?. She returned to Hollywood on May 3, 1956 with no work and a $20,000.00 mink coat ($170,967 in 2012 dollars^[12]).^[27] 20th Century Fox signed a six-year contract with her immediately. The studio wanted Mansfield to replace Marilyn Monroe (their resident blonde bombshell), and promoted her as "Marilyn Monroe King-Sized".^[52]

Mansfield received her first starring film role as Jerri Jordan in the Frank Tashlin's The Girl Can't Help It (1956).^[53] The film, originally titled Do-Re-Mi, featured a high-profile cast of contemporary rock and roll and R&B artists including Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Fats Domino, The Platters and Little Richard.^[54] Mansfield then played a dramatic role in The Wayward Bus (1957) adapted from John Steinbeck's novel. In this film, she attempted to move away from her "blonde bombshell" image and establish herself as a serious actress. It enjoyed reasonable success at the box office, and Mansfield won a Golden Globe in 1957 for New Star Of The Year – Actress (beating Carroll Baker and Natalie Wood) for her performance as a "wistful derelict". It was "generally conceded to have been her best acting", according to The New York Times, in a fitful career hampered by her flamboyant image, distinctive voice ("a soft-voiced coo punctuated with squeals"), voluptuous figure and limited acting range.^[55]

She reprised her role of Rita Marlowe in the 1957 film version of Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, co-starring Tony Randall and Joan Blondell. 20th Century Fox launched their new blonde bombshell with a 40-day 16-country tour of Europe for the studio in 1957. She attended the premier of Rock Hunter (release as Oh! For a man in UK) in London, and met the Queen of England as part of the tour.^[56][57][58]

Mansfield's fourth starring role in a Hollywood film was in Kiss Them for Me (1957), in which she received prominent billing alongside Cary Grant. However, in the film itself she is little more than comic relief; Grant's character prefers a sleek, demure redhead played by fashion model Suzy Parker. Kiss Them for Me was described as "vapid" and "ill-advised", and was a box-office disappointment. The film was Mansfield's final starring role in a mainstream Hollywood studio film.^[59] It also marked one of the last attempts by 20th Century Fox to publicize her.^[60]

The continuing publicity surrounding Mansfield's physical appearance failed to sustain her career.^[61] She was offered a part opposite James Stewart and Jack Lemmon in the romantic comedy Bell, Book and Candle (1958), but had to turn it down because of her pregnancy. Mansfield's rival, Kim Novak, would replace her in the film. In 1958, Fox gave Mansfield the lead role as Kate opposite Kenneth More in the western spoof The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw. Although it was filmed in 1958, it was not released in the United States until 1959. The film required Mansfield to sing three songs. But, since she was not a trained singer, the studio dubbed Mansfield's voice with that of singer/actress Connie Francis.^[62][63] When released in the United States, it became her last mainstream film success. Following The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw Fox tried to cast Mansfield opposite Paul Newman in Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!, his ill-fated first attempt at comedy. However, after intense lobbying by Newman and Joanne Woodward she was replaced by Mansfield's Wayward Bus co-star Joan Collins.^[64]

Career decline (early 1960s)[link]

Promises! Promises!, the first Hollywood motion picture with sound to feature a mainstream star in the nude^[65]

Despite her publicity and popularity, Mansfield had no quality film roles after 1959. She starred in a series of low-budget films, the majority made in Europe.^[66] These films are largely obscure, and some are considered lost. In 1959, Fox cast her to appear in two independent gangster thrillers in England: The Challenge (co-starring Anthony Quayle) and Too Hot to Handle (co-starring Christopher Lee). Both films were low-budget, and their American releases were delayed. Too Hot to Handle was not released in the United States until 1961 as Playgirl After Dark, while The Challenge would not be seen by American audiences until 1963 under the title It Takes a Thief. In the USA, censors objected to a scene in Too Hot to Handle where Mansfield was nearly nude (wearing sliver netting, with sequins painted over her nipples).^[67]

When Mansfield returned to Hollywood in mid-1960, 20th Century-Fox cast her in It Happened in Athens (1962). She received first billing above the title, but only appeared in a supporting role. It Happened in Athens starred a handsome newcomer: Trax Colton, an "unknown" whom Fox was trying to mold into a heartthrob. This Olympic Games-based film was shot in Greece in fall 1960, but was unreleased until June 1962. It was a box-office failure, and Mansfield's 20th Century-Fox contract was dropped.

In 1961 Mansfield agreed to play Lisa Lang in The George Raft Story, starring Ray Danton as Raft. She accepted the part primarily for the money, and because the film was going to be filmed in Hollywood rather than Europe. Soon after the release of The George Raft Story, Mansfield returned to European films. Over the next few years she appeared primarily in low-budget foreign films such as Panic Button (Italy), Heimweh nach St. Pauli (Germany), Einer frisst den anderen (Germany) and L'Amore Primitivo (Italy).

In 1963, Tommy Noonan persuaded Mansfield to become the first mainstream American actress to appear nude in a starring role in the film Promises! Promises!. Nude photographs of Mansfield on the set were published in the June 1963 issue of Playboy, which resulted in obscenity charges against Hugh Hefner in Chicago city court.^[68] Promises! Promises! was banned in Cleveland, but enjoyed box-office success elsewhere. As a result of the film's success, Mansfield landed on the Top 10 list of box-office attractions for that year.^[69] The autobiographical Jayne Mansfield's Wild, Wild World (which she co-authored with her then-husband, Mickey Hargitay), published immediately after Promises! Promises!, contained 32 pages of black-and-white photographs from the film on glossy paper.^[70]

Career end (late 1960s)[link]

Soon after her success in Promises! Promises! Mansfield was chosen from many other actresses to replace the recently-deceased Marilyn Monroe in Kiss Me, Stupid, a romantic comedy which would co-star Dean Martin. She turned the role down due to her pregnancy with daughter Mariska, and was replaced with Kim Novak.

In 1966 Mansfield was cast in Single Room Furnished, directed by then-husband Matt Cimber. The film required Mansfield to portray three different characters, and was Mansfield's first starring dramatic role in several years. It was briefly released in 1966 but did not enjoy a full release until 1968, almost a year after her death. After Single Room Furnished wrapped Mansfield was cast opposite Mamie Van Doren and Ferlin Husky in The Las Vegas Hillbillys, a low-budget comedy from Woolner Brothers. Despite her career setbacks, Mansfield remained a highly-visible celebrity during the early 1960s with her publicity antics and stage performances. In early 1967, Mansfield filmed her last film role: a cameo in A Guide for the Married Man, a comedy starring Walter Matthau, Robert Morse and Inger Stevens. Mansfield received seventh billing as "Girl with Harold".^[71] Before her tragic death Mansfield's time was split between nightclub performances and the production of her last film: A Guide for the Married Man, a big-budget production directed by Gene Kelly.

Stage career[link]

Mansfield acted both on stage and in films. She was a student of acting, theater arts and dramatic in college and with Baruch Lumet. She started acting with campus clubs and summer stock theatre. Her first big break was at Broadway. In her later career she was more busy on stage, performing and making appearances with her nightclub acts, club engagements and performance tours.

Theater[link]

During her tenure at Dallas, she and Paul participated in a number of local theater productions. Between 1951 and 1953 she acted in The Slaves of Demon Rum, Ten Nights in a Barroom and Anything Goes. Her performance in an October 1953 production of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman in Dallas, Texas attracted Paramount Pictures to audition her.^[72] Lumet trained her for the audition.^[20] In 1955, she went to New York and appeared in the Broadway production of George Axelrod's comedy Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, also featuring Orson Bean and Walter Matthau. She starred as Rita Marlowe (a wild, blonde Hollywood starlet a la Monroe) in the musical that spoofed Hollywood. In the production her wardrobe principally consisted of bath-towel.^[73][74] Brooks Atkinson of the New York Times described the "commendable abandon" of her scantily-clad rendition of Rita Marlowe in the play as "a platinum-pated movie siren with the wavy contours of Marilyn Monroe".^[75] Her acting drew attention of comedy director Frank Tashlin, who regarded Mansfield as a "living cartoon" and cast in the film version of the play.^[8] She performed in 450 shows of the play between 1955-56.^[76] She was considered one of the biggest Broadway to Hollywood success stories.^[26]

In 1964, she performed in stage productions of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (at Carousel Theater) and Bus Stop (at Yonker Playhouse). Both co-starred Mickey Hargitay and were well-reviewed.^[77][78] She toured small towns in the US alternating between the two plays.^[79] In 1965, she performed in another pair of plays – Rabbit Habit (at Latin Quarter) and Champagne Complex (at Pabst Theater). Both were directed by Matt Cimbers and were poorly-reviewed.^[80][81]

Nightclub[link]

In February 1958, Tropicana Las Vegas launched Mansfield's striptease revue The Tropicana Holiday (produced by Monte Proser, co-starring Mickey Hargitay) under a four weeks contract which was extended to eight.^[82][83][84] The opening night raised $20,000.00 for March of Dimes ($161,107 in 2012 dollars^[12]). She received $25,000.00 per week for her performance as Trixie Divoon in the show ($201,384 in 2012 dollars^[12]), while her contract with 20th Century Fox was paying her $2,500.00 per week ($20,138 in 2012 dollars^[12]).^[85][86][87] She had a million-dollar policy with Lloyd's of London in case of Hargitay dropping her as he whirled Mansfield around for the show.^[88][89] When three of her films – The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw, The Loves of Hercules and It Happened in Athens – failed at the box office, Mansfield turned to Las Vegas again. In December 1960, Dunes hotel and casino launched Mansfield's revue The House of Love (produced by Jack Cole, co-starring Hargitay). She received $35,000.00 a week as her salary ($274,961 in 2012 dollars^[12]), which was the highest in her career.^[90][91] Her wardrobe for the shows at Tropicana and Dunes featured a gold mesh dress with sequins to cover her nipples and pubic region.^[82][76][92] That controversial sheer dress that was referred to as "Jayne Mansfiled and a few sequins".^[93] She returned to Las Vegas in 1966, but her show was staged at Fremont Street, away from the Strip where Tropicana and Dunes was.^[82] Her last nightclub act French Dressing was at Latin Quarter in New York in 1966.^[94] It was a modified version of the Tropicana show, and ran for six weeks with fair success.^[95]

20th Century Fox Records subsequently recorded the The House of Love for an album entitled Jayne Mansfield Busts Up Las Vegas in 1962. In 1967, independent documentary Spree (alternative title Las Vegas by Night) on the antiques of Las Vegas entertainers was released. The film, narrated as a part of a travelogue of Vic Damone and Juliet Prowse, featured Mansfield, Hargitay, Constance Moore and Clara Ward as guest stars. Mansfield strips and sings "Promise Her Anything" from the film Promises! Promises!.^[96][97][98] A court order prohibited using any of the guest stars to promote the film.^[99][100] In 1966, Matt Cimbers directed The Las Vegas Hillbillys, a low-budget poorly-reviewed film featuring Mansfield, Ferlin Husky and Mamie Van Doren in the lead. Mansfield and her arch-rival Van Doren did not appear in single frame together.^[76] Mansfield's wardrobe, in her role as Las Vegas show girl Tawni Downs, consisted of the shapeless styles of the 1960s to hide her weight problems after the birth of her fifth child.^[101]

Television career[link]

Mansfield and Bob Hope on a USO tour in 1957

Mansfield's first leading role on television was with NBC's Sunday Spectacular "The Bachelor" in 1956.^[102] In her first appearance on British television in 1957 she recited from Shakespeare (including a line from Hamlet - "Oh that this too, too solid flesh should melt") and played piano and violin.^[103][104] Her notable performances in television dramas included episodes of Burke's Law, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Red Skelton Hour (three episodes), Kraft Mystery Theater and Follow the Sun. Mansfield's performance in her first series Follow the Sun ("The Dumbest Blonde"; Season 1, Episode 21; February 04, 1962; produced by 20th Century Fox Television) was hailed as the advent of a "a new and dramatic Jayne Mansfield".^[105] She appeared on a number of game shows including Talk it up, Down You Go (as a regular panelist in),^[106] The Match Game (one rare episode has her as a team captain), What's My Line? (as a special mystery guest) and It Pays to Be Ignorant.

She performed in a number of variety shows including The Jack Benny Program (on which she played violin), The Steve Allen Show and The Jackie Gleason Show (during the mid-1960s, when the show was the second-highest-rated program in the U.S.).^[107] She was a guest in three episodes of the The Bob Hope Show touring with team. In 1957, she toured United States Pacific Command areas of Hawaii, Okinawa, Guam, Tokyo and Korea with Bob Hope for the United Service Organizations for 13 days appearing as a comedienne;^[108] and in 1961, toured Newfoundland, Labrador and Baffin Island for a Christmas special.^[109] Her talk show career includes a very large number of talk shows, as she appreciated the publicity and appeared frequently in talk shows.^[104] One of her more notable appearances in a talk show was in The Ed Sullivan Show (Season 10, Episode 35; May 26, 1957) right after her success with Rock Hunter. In the show she played violin with a six person back-up.^[110] After the show she exclaimed, "Now I am really national. Momma and Dallas see the Ed Sullivan show!"^[111]

By 1958, she charged $20,000.00 per episode for television performance ($161,107 in 2012 dollars^[12]).^[112] In 1964, Mansfield turned down the role of Ginger Grant on the up-and-coming television sitcom Gilligan's Island, although her acting roles were becoming marginalized, because the part (which eventually went to Tina Louise) epitomized the stereotype of which she wished to rid herself.^[113] The widespread rumor that Jayne Mansfield had a breast-flashing dress mishap at the 1957 Academy Awards was found to be baseless by Academy researchers.^[114] Ten days before her death, she read To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, a poem by Robert Herrick about early death on The Joey Bishop Show (Mansfield's last television appearance).^[115]

As late as the mid-1980s, Mansfield remained one of the biggest TV draws.^[116] In 1980, The Jayne Mansfield Story aired on CBS starring Loni Anderson in the title role and Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mickey Hargitay. It was nominated for three Emmy Awards. She was featured in the A&E Television Networks TV series Biography in an episode titled Jayne Mansfield: Blonde Ambition.^[117][118] The TV series won an Emmy Award in outstanding non-fiction TV series category in 2001.^[119] A&E again featured her life in another TV serial titled Dangerous Curves in 1999.^[120] In 1988, her story and archival footage was a part of TV documentary Hollywood Sex Symbols.

Music career[link]

Mansfield sang in English and German for a number of her films, including The Las Vegas Hillbillys, Too Hot to Handle, Homesick for St. Pauli and Promises! Promises!; however, in The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw her character lip synced to Connie Francis singing "In The Valley Of Love", "Strolling Down The Lane With Billy" and "If The San Francisco Hills Could Only Talk". Mansfield had classical training in piano and violin, playing violin with a six-musician back-up ensemble on The Ed Sullivan Show.^[121] In 1958, an orchestra was recorded for the 31st Academy Awards ceremony with Jack Benny on first violin, Jayne Mansfield on violin, Dick Powell on trumpet, Robert Mitchum on woodwind, Fred Astaire on drums and Jerry Lewis as conductor; however, the performance was canceled.^[122]

In 1964 Mansfield released a novelty album called Jayne Mansfield: Shakespeare, Tchaikovsky & Me, in which she recited Shakespeare's sonnets and poems by Marlowe, Browning, Wordsworth, and others against a background of Tchaikovsky's music. The album cover depicted a bouffant-coiffed Mansfield with lips pursed and breasts barely covered by a fur stole, posing between busts of Tchaikovsky and Shakespeare.^[123] The New York Times described the album a reading of "30-odd poems in a husky, urban, baby voice". The reviewer went on to remark that "Miss Mansfield is a lady with apparent charms, but reading poetry is not one of them."^[124] Jimi Hendrix played bass and lead guitar for Mansfield in 1965 on two songs ("As The Clouds Drift By" and "Suey"), released as a 45-rpm single. According to Hendrix historian Steven Roby (Black Gold: The Lost Archives Of Jimi Hendrix, Billboard Books), this collaboration occurred because they shared the same manager.^[125][126]

Personal life[link]

Film critic and exploitation movie expert Whitney Williams wrote of Mansfield in Variety in 1967 that "her personal life out-rivaled any of the roles she played".^[127] Mansfield was married three times, divorced twice and had five children. She also reportedly had affairs and sexual encounters with numerous individuals, including Claude Terrail (owner of the Paris restaurant La Tour d'Argent),^[128] Robert F. Kennedy,^[129] John F Kennedy,^[130] Brazilian billionaire Jorge Guinle,^[131], her attorney Samuel S. Brody and Anton LaVey.^[132] She met John F Kennedy through his brother-in-law Peter Lawford at Palm Springs, California in 1960, before he had his affair with Marilyn Monroe, but the "affair" did not last.^{[133][134][135]} She also had a well-publicized relationship in 1963 with singer Nelson Sardelli, whom she said she planned to marry when her divorce from Mickey Hargitay was finalized.^[136] At her death Mansfield was accompanied by Sam Brody, her married divorce lawyer and lover at the time.^[137][138]

First marriage[link]

Jayne met Paul Mansfield, her senior and a popular student at Highland Park High School, Dallas, at a party on Christmas Eve of 1949.^[139] On May 6, 1950, she married Paul in Fort Worth, Texas in Fort Worth, Texas. At the time of their marriage, Jayne was 17, and was three months pregnant. Paul was 21.^{[140][141][142][143]} On November 8, 1950, Mansfield gave birth to their daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield.^[38] Some sources cite Paul as the father of her child,^[140][141] while others allege the pregnancy was the result of date rape.^{[144][145][146]} According to biographer Raymond Strait she had an earlier "secret" marriage on January 28, after which she conceived her first child.^[147] Paul hoped the birth of their child would discourage her interest in acting. When it did not, he agreed to move to Los Angeles in late 1954 to help further her career.^[148] She juggled motherhood and classes at the University of Texas, then spent a year at Camp Gordon, Georgia while Paul Mansfield served in the United States armed forces. Coming back from the Korean War he took a job with a small newspaper in East Los Angeles, California and lived in a small apartment with Jayne. After a series of marital rows around Jayne's ambitions, infidelity and her animals (a Great Dane, three cats, two Chihuahuas, a poodle, and a rabbit), they were divorced on January 8, 1958.^{[149][150][151]} After the divorce he remarried, settled into the business of public relations, and moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee, while failing win suits to gain custody of Jayne Marie or restraining her from traveling abroad with her mother.^[152][153] Two weeks before her mother's death in 1967, Jayne Marie (then 16) accused her mother's boyfriend at that time, Sam Brody, of beating her.^[55] The girl's statement to officers of the Los Angeles Police Department the following morning implicated her mother in encouraging the abuse, and days later a juvenile court judge awarded temporary custody of Jayne Marie to Paul's uncle William W. Pigue and his wife Mary.^{[154][155][140]} After turning adult Jayne Marie complained that she had not received a dime from the Mansfield estate or heard from her father since her mother died.^[156][157]

Second marriage[link]

Mansfield met her second husband Mickey Hargitay at the Latin Quarter in New York in May 13, 1956, where he was performing as a member of the chorus line in Mae West's show.^[158] She immediately fell for him, which subsequently resulted in a squabble with West.^[159][27] Hargitay was an actor and bodybuilder who had won the Mr. Universe competition in 1955.^[160] He proposed to her with a $25,000.00 10-carat diamond ring on 6 November, 1957, right after she returned from her 40-day European tour.^[161][162] On January 13, 1958, days after her divorce from Paul was finalized, Mansfield and Hargitay married at the Wayfarers Chapel in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. The unique glass chapel made public and press viewing of the wedding easy. Mansfield wore a sensational pink skintight wedding gown made of sequins with a 30 yard flounce.^[163][164]

Mansfield and her husband toured widely in stage shows, where her leopard-spot bikini became a topic of discussion and newspaper coverage.^[165][166] Hargitay spinning her over his head while grabbing her at the waist as a highlight of her shows made more headlines.^[167][168]

During this marriage she had three children, Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay (born December 21, 1958), Zoltán Anthony Hargitay (born August 1, 1960) and Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (see below). Zoltan was in the news when a lion attacked him and bit his neck while he and his mother were visiting the theme park Jungleland USA in Thousand Oaks, California on 23 November, 1967. He suffered from severe head trauma, underwent three surgeries at Community Memorial Hospital in Ventura, California, including a six hour brain surgery, and contracted meningitis. He recovered. Mansfield's attorney Sam Brody sued the theme park on her behalf for $1,600,000.00.^{[169][170][171]} The negative publicity led to closure of the theme park.^[172]

The couple divorced in Juarez, Mexico, in May 1963, where Nelson Sardelli accompanied Mansfield.^[173] She had previously filed for divorce on May 4, 1962, but told reporters "I'm sure we will make it up."^[174] Their acrimonious divorce had the actress accusing Hargitay of kidnapping one of her children to force a more-favorable financial settlement.^[175] After their divorce, Mansfield discovered she was pregnant. Since being an unwed mother would have killed her career, Mansfield and Hargitay announced they were still married. Mariska was born January 23, 1964, after the actual divorce but before California ruled it valid.^[176] Mariska later became an actress, best known for her role as Olivia Benson in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. After her birth, Mansfield sued for the Juarez divorce to be declared legal and won. The divorce was recognized in the United States on August 26, 1964.^[177] Shortly after Mansfield's funeral, Mickey Hargitay sued his former wife's estate for more than $275,000 ($1.92 million in 2012 dollars^[12]) to support the children whom he and his third (and last) wife, Ellen Siano, would raise.^[177]

Third marriage[link]

Mansfield married Matt Cimber (a.k.a. Matteo Ottaviano, né Thomas Vitale Ottaviano), an Italian-born film director, on September 24, 1964 in Mulegé, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The couple separated on July 11, 1965 and filed for divorce on July 20, 1966.^[178] Cimber and Mansfield became involved when he directed her in a widely-praised stage production of Bus Stop in Yonkers, New York (which costarred Hargitay).^[179][180] Cimber took over the management of her career during their marriage, and guided her through a series of increasingly tawdry projects like Promises, Promises.^[8] Her marriage to Cimber began to collapse in the wake of Mansfield's alcohol abuse, open infidelities and her disclosure to Cimber that she had only been happy with her former lover, Nelson Sardelli. Work on Mansfield's film, Single Room Furnished directed by Cimber (1966) was suspended.^[181] The couple had one son, Antonio Raphael Ottaviano (a.k.a. Tony Cimber, born October 18, 1965). Mansfield's youngest child Tony was raised by his father, Matt Cimber, whose divorce from the actress was pending when she was killed.

Death[link]

Gravestone at Fairview Cemetery (Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania), photographed in 2007

Mansfield's cenotaph (with incorrect birth year) at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood, California

In Biloxi, Mississippi for an engagement at the Gus Stevens Supper Club, Mansfield stayed at the Cabana Courtyard Apartments near the club. After an evening engagement on June 28, 1967, Mansfield, her lover Sam Brody, their driver, Ronnie Harrison and the actress's children (Miklós, Zoltán and Mariska) set out in Stevens' 1966 Buick Electra 225 for New Orleans, where Mansfield was scheduled to appear for an early-morning television interview. Before leaving Biloxi, the party made a stop at the home of Rupert and Edna O'Neal (a family who lived nearby). After a late dinner with the O'Neals (during which Mansfield's last photographs were taken), the party set out for New Orleans. On June 29 at approximately 2:25 a.m., on U.S. Highway 90, east of the Rigolets Bridge, the car crashed into the rear of a tractor-trailer which had slowed for a truck which was spraying mosquito fogger. The automobile struck the rear of the trailer and went under it. The three adults in the front seat were killed instantly; the children, in the rear, survived with minor injuries.^[182]

Allegations that Mansfield was decapitated are untrue, although she suffered severe head trauma. The urban legend was spawned by the appearance in police photographs of a crashed automobile with its top virtually sheared off, and what resembled a blonde-haired head tangled in the car's smashed windshield. However, this was probably either a wig Mansfield was wearing or her actual hair and scalp.^[183] The death certificate stated that the immediate cause of Mansfield's death was a "crushed skull with avulsion of cranium and brain".^[184] After her death, the NHTSA began requiring an underride guard (a strong bar made of steel tubing) on all tractor-trailers. This bar is known as a Mansfield bar, or a DOT bar.^[185][186]

Mansfield's funeral took place on July 3 in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania. Her last rites were conducted by Rev. Charles Montgomery, a pastor of the Zion Methodist Church (destroyed by fire in February 1970 and rebuilt as Grace United Methodist Church),^[187] in a private service at the chapel of the Pullis Funeral Home.^[188] Of her three husbands, only Mickey Hargitay was present at the funeral.^[189] She is interred in Fairview Cemetery, southeast of Pen Argyl, beside her father Herbert William Palmer. Her heart-shaped gravestone reads, "We Live to Love You More Each Day". A cenotaph was placed in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California by the Jayne Mansfield Fan Club (with an incorrect birth year; Mansfield tended to provide incorrect information about her age). In 1968, two wrongful-death lawsuits were filed on behalf of Jayne Marie Mansfield and Matt Cimber. The former for $4.8 million ($39.7 million in 2012 dollars^[12]) and the latter for $2.7 million ($22.3 million in 2012 dollars^[12]).^[190]

Recognition[link]

Mansfield's star Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6328 Hollywood Boulevard.^[191] (photographed in 2011)

• Mansfield won many local beauty pageants, including Miss Photoflash, Miss Magnesium Lamp, Miss Fire Prevention Week, Gas Station Queen, Miss 100% Pure, Miss Analgesin, Miss Cherry Blossom Queen, Miss Blues Bonnet of Austin, Miss Direct Mail, Miss Electric Switch, Miss Fill-er-up, Miss Negligee, Miss Nylon Sweater, Miss Freeway, Miss Electric Switch, Miss Geiger Counter, Miss 100% Pure Maple Syrup, Miss 4 July, Miss Tomato and Miss United Dairies.^[192]
• In February 1955 Mansfield was the Playmate of the Month in Playboy,^[42] in which she subsequently appeared over 30 times.^[193]
• She received a Theatre World Award (Promising Personality) for Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? in 1956 .^[194]
• Photoplay awarded Mansfield a Gold Medal Award as one of the most promising young actresses of 1956-1957.^[195]
• She received a Golden Globe (New Star of the year, Actress) for Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? in 1957.^[196][197]
• Mansfield won a Golden Laurel in 1959 for Top Female Musical Performance in The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw, a western spoof directed by Raoul Walsh.^[198] although the songs were performed by Connie Francis.^[62][63]
• On Mother's Day of 1960, the Mildred Strauss Child Care Chapter of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York declares her family as the "Family of the Year".^[199]
• Italian film, radio and television journalists awarded her the Silver Mask award in 1962.^[200]
• Mansfield received the Oscar of the Two World award in Italy.^[201][202]
• In 1963, Mansfield was voted one of the top-10 box-office attractions by an organization of American theater owners for her performance in Promises! Promises! (a film banned in parts of the U.S.).^[69][203]

Publicity[link]

Mansfield appeared in about 2,500 newspaper photographs between September 1956 and May 1957, and had about 122,000 lines of newspaper copy written about her during this time.^[3] Because of the successful media blitz, she was a household name. James Bacon wrote in the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner in 1973, "Here was a girl with real comedy talent, spectacular figure and looks and yet ridiculed herself out of business by outlandish publicity".^[204]

Rivalry[link]

Throughout her career, Mansfield was compared by the media to the reigning sex symbol of the period, Marilyn Monroe.^[205] Even with her film roles drying up, she was widely considered to be Monroe's primary rival in a crowded field of contenders which included Mamie Van Doren (whom Mansfield considered her professional nemesis),^[206] Diana Dors, Cleo Moore, Barbara Nichols, Beverly Michaels, Greta Thyssen, Joi Lansing and Sheree North.^[207] Of this comparison she said, "I don't know why you people (the press) like to compare me to Marilyn or that girl, what's her name, Kim Novak. Cleavage, of course, helped me a lot to get where I am. I don't know how they got there".^[208] Fox touted Mansfield and North as their "next blonde bombshell" as substitutes to Monroe, while Universal Pictures launched Van Doren as an answer to Fox's two new stars.^[209] Monroe, Mansfield and Mamie came to be known as the "three Ms".^[210][211] Diana Dors was dubbed as England's answer to Mansfield.^[212] Mansfield's role in The Wayward Bus imitates Monroe's Bus Stop character.^[213] In 1964, she performed in two plays that were based on Marilyn Monroe vehicles – Bus Stop and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.^[214] Mamie Van Doren, Diana Dors and Kim Novak also acted in various productions of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.^[215]

Anatomy[link]

Because of her striking figure, newspapers in the 1950s routinely published her body measurements, which led evangelist Billy Graham to once exclaim, "This country knows more about Jayne Mansfield's statistics than the Second Commandment."^[3] She came to be known as "the Cleavage Queen" and "the Queen of Sex and Bosom".^[216] Mansfield's breasts fluctuated in size, it was said, from her pregnancies and nursing her five children. Her smallest measurement was 40D (102 cm), which was constant throughout the 1950s, and her largest was 46DD (117 cm), measured by the press in 1967.^[217] Her bosom was so much a part of her public persona that talk-show host Jack Paar once welcomed the actress to The Tonight Show by saying, "Here they are, Jayne Mansfield" (a line written for Paar by Dick Cavett, which later became the title of her biography by Raymond Strait).^[218] But, as the 60’s approached, the anatomy that had made her a star turned her into a joke.^[219] According to Playboy, her vital statistics were 40D-21-36 (102-53-91 cm) on her 5'6" (1.68 m) frame.^[42] According to her autopsy report, she was 5'8" (1.73 m).

Blonde and pink[link]

A natural brunette, Mansfield dyed her hair platinum blonde when she moved to Los Angeles.^[220] In 1958, she also had her eyebrows dyed platinum.^[221] In 1955, 20th Century Fox wanted Mansfield to replace their resident "blonde bombshell" Marilyn Monroe, and that image of Mansfield was launched by the studio with a 40-day tour of England and Europe from September 25 to November 6, 1957.^[222] Following Jean Harlow (who started the mainstream stereotype with her film Bombshell),^[223][224] Mansfield was one of the early "blonde bombshells" (along with Monroe, Betty Grable and Mamie Van Doren),^{[225][226][227][228]} typified by a combination of curvaceous physique, very light-colored hair and a perceived lack of intelligence.^[229] Monroe, Mansfield, Judy Holliday, Goldie Hawn and other blonde actresses helped establish the stereotype of the "dumb blonde",^[230] typified by their combination of overt sexuality and apparent inability to understand everyday life.^[231]

Mansfield adopted pink as her color in 1954, associating herself with that color for the rest of her career.^[232][233] Her original choice was purple, but she thought it too close to lavender, Kim Novak's signature color.^[232] "It must have been the right decision," she said, "because I got more column space from pink than Kim Novak ever did from lavender."^[233] For her wedding to Hargitay she wore a tight-fitting gown of pink lace with a flounce of 30 yards of pink tulle (designed by a 20th Century-Fox costume designer),^[234] and at the reception she had Hargitay drink pink champagne.^[235] In November 1957 (shortly before their marriage), Mansfield bought the 40-room Mediterranean-style mansion (formerly owned by Rudy Vallée) at 10100 Sunset Boulevard in Beverly Hills. Much of the money to buy the house came from her inheritance from Elmer Palmer, her maternal grandfather.^[236][237] Mansfield had the house painted pink, with cupids surrounded by pink fluorescent lights, pink fur in the bathrooms, a pink heart-shaped bathtub and a fountain spurting pink champagne; she then dubbed it the "Pink Palace". Hargitay (a plumber and carpenter before taking up bodybuilding) built a pink heart-shaped swimming pool. The year after reconstructing the "Pink Palace" as a "pink landmark" she began riding a pink Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz convertible with tailfins, then the only pink Cadillac in Hollywood.^{[238][239][240]} Though Elvis Presley's Pink Cadillac came about in 1955, it was in Memphis, Tennessee.

Publicity stunts[link]

In January 1955 Mansfield appeared at a Silver Springs, Florida press junket promoting the film Underwater!, starring Jane Russell. Mansfield purposely wore a too-small red bikini, lent her by photographer friend Peter Gowland. When she dove into the pool for photographers her top came off, which created a burst of media attention. The ensuing publicity led to Warner Bros. and Playboy approaching her with offers.^{[3][140][242][243]} In June 8 of the same year, her dress fell down to her waist twice in a single evening – once at a movie party, and later at a nightclub.^[244] In February 1958, she was stripped to waist at a Mardi Gras party in Rio de Janeiro.^{[245][27][246]} In June 1962, she shimmied out of her polka-dot dress in a Rome nightclub.^[247][248] In the three years since making her Broadway debut in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, Mansfield had become the most controversial star of the decade. ^[249]

In April 1957, her bosom was the focus of a notorious publicity stunt intended to deflect media attention from Sophia Loren during a dinner party in the Italian star's honor. Photographs of the encounter were published around the world. The best-known photo showed Loren's gaze falling on the cleavage of the American actress (who was seated between Loren and her dinner companion, Clifton Webb) when Mansfield leaned over the table, allowing her breasts to spill over her low neckline and exposing one nipple.^[250] Several similar photos were taken in a short time. Fearful of public outrage, most Italian newspapers refused to print the wirephotos; Il Giorno and Gazzetta del Popolo printed them after retouching to cover much of Mansfield's bosom, and only Il Giornale d'Italia printed them uncensored.^[251] The photo inspired a number of later photographers. In 1993, Daniela Federici created an homage with Anna Nicole Smith as Mansfield and New York City DJ Sky Nellor as Loren for a Guess Jeans campaign.^[252] Later, Mark Seliger took a picture named Heidi Klum at Romanoff's with Heidi Klum in a reproduction of the restaurant set.^[253] A similar incident (resulting in the exposure of both breasts) occurred during a film festival in West Berlin, when Mansfield was wearing a low-cut dress and her husband, Mickey Hargitay, picked her up so she could bite a bunch of grapes hanging overhead at a party. The movement exposed both her breasts. The photograph of that episode was a UPI sensation, appearing in newspapers and magazines with the word "censored" hiding the actress's exposed bosom.^[254]

In 1960, Mansfield topped press polls for more words in print than anyone else in the world (including Elizabeth Taylor). She made news on a regular basis, from dresses falling off to clothing which burst strategically at the seams,^[249] and was regarded as the world's most-photographed Hollywood celebrity.^[76] At the same time, the world's media were quick to condemn Mansfield's stunts. One editorial columnist wrote, "We are amused when Miss Mansfield strains to pull in her stomach to fill out her bikini better; but we get angry when career-seeking women, shady ladies, and certain starlets and actresses...use every opportunity to display their anatomy unasked".^[45] By the late 1950s, Mansfield began to generate a great deal of negative publicity because of repeated exposure of her breasts in carefully-staged public "accidents". Richard Blackwell, her wardrobe designer (who also designed for Jane Russell, Dorothy Lamour, Peggy Lee and Nancy Reagan), dropped her from his client list because of those accidents.^[255]

Religion[link]

In August 1963, Jayne Mansfield decided to convert to Catholicism.^[256][257] Although never actually converting, she attended Catholic masses when she was in Europe,^[258] and followed Catholic practices when she was involved with a Catholic partner (including Hargitay, Sardelli and Cimber).^[259][260] In May 1967, her performance at the Mount Brandon Hotel in Tralee, Ireland, was canceled because Catholic clergy condemned it.^[261] She wanted to marry Cimber in a Catholic church, but was unable to find a priest to perform the ceremony.^[262] While involved with Brody, she also showed interest in Judaism.^[257] In San Francisco for the 1966 Film Festival, Mansfield visited the Church of Satan with Sam Brody (her lawyer and boyfriend) to meet Anton LaVey, the church's founder. LaVey awarded Mansfield a medallion and the title "High Priestess of San Francisco's Church of Satan", and put a death curse on Brody because he "desecrated" the Church. The Church of Satan proclaimed Jayne a pledged member, and she displayed a framed membership certification in her pink bedroom. The media enthusiastically covered the meeting and the events surrounding it, identifying her as a Satanist and romantically involved with LaVey.^{[263][264][265]} That meeting remained a much-publicized and oft-quoted event of her life, as well as the history of the Church of Satan.^[266][267] Her funeral ceremony was conducted by a Methodist minister.^[268]

Legacy[link]

Mansfield left behind five children, three ex-husbands, a crumbling estate including the Pink Palace, a large number of followers, and a lasting impact on popular culture.

Cultural impact[link]

Social historian Joan Jacobs Brumberg described the 1950s as "an era distinguished by its worship of full-breasted women" and attributes the paradigm shift to Mansfield and Monroe.^[269] Patricia Vettel-Becker made that observation more specific by attributing the phenomenon to Playboy and the appearance of Mansfield and Monroe in the magazine.^[270] R. L. Rutsky^[271] and Bill Osgerby^[272] has claimed that it was Mansfield, along with Marilyn Monroe and Brigitte Bardot, who made the bikini popular. M. Thomas Inge describes Mansfield, Monroe and Jane Russell as personification of the bad girl in popular culture.^[273] Mansfield, Monroe and Barbara Windsor have been described as representations of a historical juncture of sexuality in comedy and popular culture.^[274] Academics also added Anita Ekberg and Bettie Page to the list of catalysts of the trend of exaggerated female sexuality, besides Mansfield and Monroe.^[275][276] Drawing on the Freudian concept of fetishism, British science fiction writer and socio-cultural commentator J. G. Ballard commented that Mae West, Mansfield and Monroe's breasts "loomed across the horizon of popular consciousness."^[277] It has been claimed that her bosom was a major force behind the development of the 1950s brassieres, including the "Whirlpool bra", Cuties, the "Shutter bra", the "Action bra", latex pads, cleavage-revealing designs and uplift outline.^[278][279]

Estate[link]

After Mansfield's death, Hargitay, Cimbers, Vera Peers (Jayne Mansfield's mother), William Pigue (Jayne Marie's legal guardian) and Charles Goldring (business manager), as well as Bernard B. Cohen and Jerome Webber (both administrators of the estate) filed suits to gain control of her estate without success.^{[280][281][282]} Mansfield's estate was appraised initially at $600,000.00 (including the "Pink Palace" estimated at $100,000.00, a sports car sold for $7,000.00, her jewellery, and Sam Brody's $185,000.00 estate left to her by his last testimony),^[283][284] However, four of her elder children (Jayne Marie, Mickey, Zoltan and Mariska) went to court in 1977 to find that about $500,000.00 in debt (including $11,000.00 for lingerie and $11,600.00 for plumbing of the heart-shaped swimming pool) and litigation left the estate insolvent.^[285] The Pink Palace was sold. Its subsequent owners included Ringo Starr, Cass Elliot and Engelbert Humperdinck.^[286] In 2002 Humperdinck sold it to developers, and the house was demolished in November of that year.^[287] What remains of her estate is managed by CMG Worldwide, an intellectual property-management company.^[288]

Followers[link]

Several entertainers have been dubbed as the "new Jayne Mansfield", including Italian actress Marisa Allasio and professional wrestler Missy Hyatt.^{[289][290][291]} Actress, model and Playmate of the Year (1993) Anna Nicole Smith was dubbed "a Jayne Mansfield for the '90s"^[292][293] because of her physical resemblance to Mansfield that was capitalized by Guess jeans, similar desperation, and a mix of glamor and tragedy.^{[294][295][296][297]} Drag queen and actor Divine was selected by film maker John Waters to parody Mansfield in Mondo Trasho, who in his views is a parody of Monroe herself.^[298] By the mid-1950s, there were many Jayne Mansfield fanclubs in United States and outside.^[299] The Jayne Mansfield Fan Club, headed by Sabin Gay was very active in the 1980s, and was cited by Daily News of Los Angeles as one of the major fan clubs for a Hollywood star.^[300] In 1992, a second fan club named Simply Davoon was founded by Mike DiGiacomo, which lent its picture collection to Jocelyn Faris to illustrate Jayne Mansfield: A bio bibliography.^[301] Frank Ferruccio, head of Mansfield's Online Fan Club, lent his collection of Mansfield memorabilia to Slate Belt Heritage Center in Bangor, Pennsylvania, wrote two books on her, and organized a large fan gathering on her 75th birthday at Fairview Cemetery.^[302][303]

Biographies[link]

Numerous books has been written on her life and career. These include: Jayne Mansfield (May Mann; Pocket; 1974), Jayne Mansfield: A biography (May Mann; Abelard-Schuman; 1974), The tragic secret life of Jayne Mansfield (Raymond Strait; Regnery; 1974), Jayne Mansfield and the American fifties (Martha Saxton; Houghton Mifflin; 1975), Jayne Mansfield (Jean-Pierre Jackson; Edilig; 1984), Sexbomb: The Life and Death of Jayne Mansfield (Guus Luitjters and Gerard Timmer; Citadel; 1988), Here They Are Jayne Mansfield (Raymond Strait, S.P.I. Books; 1992), Jayne Mansfield Vs. Mamie Van Doren: Battle of the Blondes (A Pictorial History) (Alan Betrock; Shake Books; 1993), Jayne Mansfield: A Bio-Bibliography (Jocelyn Faris; Greenwood Press; 1994), Man Enough to Be Woman (Jayne County and Rupert Smith; Serpent's Tail; 1996), Sex Lives of the Hollywood Goddesses 2 (Nigel Cawthorne; Prion; 2004), Diamonds to Dust: The Life and Death of Jayne Mansfield (Frank Ferruccio; Outskirts Press; 2007) and Did Success Spoil Jayne Mansfield?: Her Life in Pictures & Text (Frank Ferruccio; Outskirts Press; 2010).

See also[link]

• List of people in Playboy 1953–1959
• List of people in Playboy 1960–1969

References[link]

• Strait, Raymond (1992). Here They Are Jayne Mansfield. New York: S.P.I. Books. ISBN 978-1-56171-146-8. http://books.google.com.bd/books?id=1SdKmX_KPqAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Faris, Jocelyn (November 1994). Jayne Mansfield: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28544-8. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XAolFaC9PbIC&printsec=frontcover. 
• Mann, May (1974). Jayne Mansfield: A biography. Abelard-Schuman. ISBN 978-0-200-72138-7. 
• Saxton, Martha (1975). Jayne Mansfield and the American Fifties. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-20289-0. 
• Luijters, Guus (June 1988). Sexbomb: The Life and Death of Jayne Mansfield. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel. ISBN 978-0-8065-1049-1. 
• "Jayne Mansfield: Blonde Ambition", a documentary broadcast on the A&E Network in 2004.
• "Jayne Mansfield Biography", biography.com

[edit] Citations