2016 Kashmir unrest

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The former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir with the Kashmir valley marked with a red boundary. The green, blue and yellow areas are controlled by Pakistan, India and China respectively.

The 2016 unrest in Kashmir, also known as the Burhan Aftermath, refers to a series of violent protests in the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It started with the killing of Burhan Wani, who was a militant commander of the Kashmir-based Hizbul Mujahideen,[1][2][3] by Indian security forces on 8 July 2016.[4] After his killing, protests had started in 10 districts of Kashmir with attacks on security forces and public properties. Curfew was imposed in 10 districts, as one policeman and 43 protesters were killed and 300 were injured in the clashes within four days.[5][6][7] Curfew was imposed on all districts of Kashmir on 15 July 2016 and mobile services were suspended in the region.[8]

Background

In late 2015 and early 2016, observers of Kashmir reported growth in home-grown militancy and radicalisation of the Kashmiri population. Several reasons for this trend have been cited such as the absence of a political dialogue, the lack of economic opportunities, frustration due to high unemployment, excessive militarisation of the public space and repeated human rights violations by the security forces.[9][10]

According to scholar-journalist Haris Zargar, the increasing radicalisation represented a counter-reaction to the shaping of the nationalist identity in India based on its rising middle class and Hindu nationalism. The rise of forceful Hindu nationalism affected how Kashmiri Muslims viewed the Indian state and reshaped their Kashmiri Muslim identity. The communal polarisation in India and the violence targeting Muslims are widely discussed in Kashmiri homes.[9][10][11]

In the 2014 Indian general election, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which subscribes to a Hindu nationalist ideology, won a majority in the Lower House of the Indian Parliament. Narendra Modi became the prime minister. In the state Legislative Assembly elections in the same year the People's Democratic Party (PDP) won a majority of the seats in the Kashmir region and the BJP won the majority of seats in the Jammu region. Even though both parties campaigned against each other, they joined together to form a coalition government, with Mufti Mohammad Sayeed becoming the chief minister. Following his death in 2016, his daughter Mehbooba Mufti took over as chief minister (first woman chief minister in region). The joining together of the two parties led to the perception of a shrinking political space. It is said to have formed the "final straw" in the people's disaffection.[10][12][13]

The militant wing commanded by Burhan Wani, part of the Hizbul Mujahideen, has been dubbed "new-age militancy". It has been designated as a terrorist organisation. It has recruited local youth, educated and middle-class, who are conversant with social media and not afraid to reveal their identities. They have achieved an immense popularity among the Kashmiri population. When Waseem Mall and Naseer Ahmad Pandit, two of Burhan's associates were killed by security forces, tens of thousands of local Kashmiris came to attend the funeral and the funeral rites had to be repeated six times to allow all the mourners to participate.[11] Some of the youths who recently became militants had campaigned for PDP during the general elections in 2014.[12]

Operation against Wani

On 8 July 2016, Burhan Wani was killed in a planned operation by the Jammu and Kashmir Police and the Rashtriya Rifles. Following a tip-off that Wani was planning to come down from the Tral forest for Eid celebrations, he and two associates were cornered in the Kokernag area. According to police officials, after an exchange of fire, the house in which the militants were holed up was bombed, killing all three militants.[14][15] However, eyewitnesses have stated that the three militants were shot down while trying to escape.[16]

According to a police official, there were misgivings within the security establishment against killing Wani owing to his popularity, but they were not heeded by the authorities. Wani left home to become a militant at age 15 after an incident with the police that humiliated him. The Kashmiri youth angered by the "never-ending militarisation" of the Valley were drawn to him and his constant presence on social media made him a household name.[15]

Fahad Shah stated that with Wani's killing, the situation in Kashmir entered a period of "amplified instability". At Wani's funeral, an estimated 200,000 people came to mourn him, some of them from remote parts of the valley. Forty back-to-back funeral prayers were offered as well as a 21-gun salute by militants. Protesters had been demonstrating against his killing and continuous incidents of stone-pelting have been reported since the news of his death.[17][18]

Unrest

After the news of Burhan's death spread, protests erupted in some areas of Kashmir Valley. Curfew-like restrictions were imposed in some places in South Kashmir during the night and internet services in many areas were cut. Hurriyat chairman Syed Ali Shah Geelani and Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front chairman Yasin Malik called for a strike to protest against the killing of Wani. Geelani along with other separatist leaders like Asiya Andrabi and Mirwaiz Umar Farooq called for a three-day shutdown in Kashmir to protest against the killing.[19][20] Violent clashes broke out in repsonse to the killing on 9 July in some areas. Over 20 police stations were attacked by mobs who also stole the weapons from the stations and fired upon the security forces. A BJP office in Kulgam was also vandalised. Stone pelting was reported from many parts in Kashmir.[21] Stone-pelting upon transit camps of Kashmiri Pandits was also reported. Train services and the pilgrimage to Amarnath Temple were suspended. All state board exams scheduled for 9 July were postponed. All vehicular traffic was suspended on the Srinagar Jammu National Highway in light of the situation.[22][23]

The Amaranth pilgrimage was resumed on 11 July but was suspended again on 13 July due to the situation in the state. It was resumed again on 16 July and suspended for a third time on 19 July.[24][25][26] Separatist leaders called on the people of Kashmir for extending the shutdown till 13 July.[27][28] About 200-300 Kashmiri Pandit employees fled the transit camps in Kashmir during night time on 12 July due to the constant attacks by protesters on the camps and held protests against the government demanding that all Kashmiri Pandit employees in Kashmir valley be evacuted immediately.[29][30] 800 personnel of Central Reserve Police Force were sent on 12 July to Kashmir in addition to the 1,200 already sent to aid the state's police on 9 July.[31] The house where Burhan was killed was set ablaze by a mob on suspicion that its residents had tipped-off the security forces about Burhan.[32] On 13 July, separatists again extended the shutdown call till 15 July.[33] Curfew was imposed in all distrcits of Kashmir on 15 July and mobile phone networks were suspended.[8]

On 15 July, the separatists extended the call for shutdown till July 18.[34] Re-opening of schools and colleges in Kashmir which was scheduled for 18 July has been postponed to 25 July due to the unrest.[35] A mob tried to storm an army camp in Bandipora district on 17 July. Four people were injured in the incident, one was seriously injured but was later reported to be stable.[36] The government announced on the same day that it was sending 2,000 additional CRPF personnel to Kashmir.[37] On 18 July, the shutdown was extended till 21 July.[38]

Casualties

By 19 July, 44 people have died. Over 3,600 people have been injured during the protests in Kashmir as of 18 July including 1,948 civilians and 1,671 security personnel.[39][40] According to local doctors, at least 117 civilians were likely to lose their eyesight as a result of injuries caused by buckshot blasts.[41] Among the civilians are children, young boys, women and also old men.[42] Three policemen went missing on 9 July and one was killed during protests in Anantnag district when a mob pushed his vehicle into the Jhelum river.[43]

Use of pellet guns

Indian security forces have used pellet guns to control the Kashmiri agitators, which when hit on the eye, can make them permanently blind.[44] Seventy seven people have been injured, with two killed and many losing their eyesight,[45] between 8–12 July 2016.[46] Those who have been targets of pellet guns narrate a horrible tale of suffering and many may lose eyesight.[47] Pellet guns are billed as "non-lethal” weapons, but have been found to maim and kill in Kashmir.[48] Due to the medical emergency in Kashmir, there is a need of eye specialists who can treat the injured lying in Kashmiri hospitals.[49] In Shri Maharaja Hari Singh (SMHS) Hospital of Srinagar, over 200 patients are admitted with the same problem.[50] A five-year-old, Zohra Zahoor, had pellet wounds in her legs, forehead and abdomen, and is one of the youngest victims from the region; she was admitted to a hospital in Srinagar.[51]

Human Rights Watch strongly condemns the use of pellet guns on protesters and considers it a failure of the authorities to respect basic human rights.[52]

A three-member team of eye-specialists from All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi has reached Kashmir to help the local doctors in treating the pellet gun injuries. After watching the condition of patients in the hospital, they described it as a ‘war-like situation’. Until 14 June, the SMHS hospital has received 123 patients including minors and teenagers with pellet injuries to their eye(s), mostly from south Kashmir.[53][54]

There is now a big debate[clarification needed] among the civil society of India in general and Kashmir in particular about the ban of pellet guns as there are horrible stories[clarification needed] which patients are describing.[55][56][57][58][59]

News blackout

On 16 July, the Jammu and Kashmir government imposed a press emergency. The police raided the newspaper installations and seized copies of newspapers and printing plates. They said that, in view of the curfew, movement of newspaper staff and the distribution of newspapers would not be possible "for a few days". Landline and mobile telephone services were cut off, except for the lines of a government-owned company, BSNL. Internet services remained suspended. Cable television was also shut off, ostensibly to stop Pakistani channels from being broadcast.[60][61][62][63]

On 19 July, the Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti denied that there was a ban on newspapers,[64] and her advisor Amitabh Mattoo hinted that the decision might have been taken at the "local level." Mattoo also declared that newspapers would be able to print from from 19 July.[65] However, the newspapers refused to publish on Tuesday claiming there were uncertainties about the restrictions. One editor also asked the government to "own the ban" and issue a statement guaranteeing that the media would not be hampered.[66] The chief minister held a meeting with the Srinagar-based newspaper editors, expressing regret for the restrictions and assuring them that their work would not be hampered. Following this, the newspapers went to press on Wednesday, delivering them on Thursday.[67] The senior superintendent of police of Budgam district Fayaz Ahamad Lone was held responsible for raiding the press and transferred.[68]

Reactions

Domestic reactions

On 9 July, Home Minister Rajnath Singh appealed for people to maintain peace and calm in Kashmir.[69] Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti appealed for calm in the state on 12 July.[70] Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed concern over the unrest in the state and appealed for calm while assuring help to the state government.[71]

The opposition Congress party chairperson Sonia Gandhi expressed deep anguish at the loss of innocent lives. She pointed out the considerable advances made over the last two decades and appealed to Kashmiris to let the political parties find durable ways of fulfilling people's aspirations.[72] Congress also dispatched a fact-finding team made of senior leaders Ambika Soni and Salman Khurshid, who criticised the government for discontinuing the development policies and for the excessive use of force in dealing with protesters. The party has demanded an all-party meet to discuss the Kashmir situation.[13]

South Asia director of Human Rights Watch, Meenakshi Ganguly, said that stone-pelting does not give the police a "free pass" to use force. She pointed out that the main grievance of the protestors is exactly the failure of the authorities to ensure human rights.[17] Women's activist and CPM leader Kavita Krishnan termed the killing of Burhan Wani an "extra-judicial killing." She pointed out the Supreme Court decree that required every single encounter to be followed by a FIR and a magisterial enquiry.[73] Writer Arundhati Roy asked for an honest conversation about what kind of azadi (freedom) the Kashmiris are demanding.[74]

On 19 July, Home Minister Rajnath Singh blamed Pakistan for the violence in Kashmir. In a statement to the Rajya Sabha, he said, "Whatever is happening in Kashmir is Pakistan-sponsored. The name is ‘Pakistan’, but its acts are na-pak."[75]

Pakistan

On 11 July, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a statement expressed "shock" over the killing of Burhan Wani and other civilians by the Indian security forces. He also said that it was “deplorable that excessive and unlawful force was used against the civilians”.[76] The Indian government responded by saying that the Pakistan government's view on Wani's killing reflected its association with terrorism and advised it to refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of India.[77]

Sharif declared Wani as a "martyr" on 15 July and said 19 July will be held as a "black day" to express solidarity with Kashmiri people. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs in response critisiced Pakistan for "glorifying" terrorists belonging to proscribed terrorist organisations.[78][79] The observance of the "black day" was postponed by Pakistan's government to 20 July while 19 July was instead observed as "Kashmir's Accession Day" to Pakistan.[80]

A rally called "Kashmir Caravan" organised by Jamaat-ud-Dawa and led by Hafiz Saeed was launched on 19 July at Lahore in support of the freedom demands of the Kashmiri people. Members of various religious organisations are expected to join the rally. The rally's objective during the first phase will be Pakistan's capital Islamabad. During the second phase it is scheduled to reach Muzaffarabad and Chakothi. In the third phase, the rally is planned to cross into Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[81]

The "black day" was observed by Pakistan's government on 20 July as scheduled. All government officials were directed to wear black arm bands and prayers for Kashmiris were scheduled during the afternoon. In addition, all diplomatic missions of Pakistan were scheduled to hold special ceremonies to highlight the issue and overseas Pakistanis would hold demonstrations outside offices of United Nations around the world. In a special message, Sharif said that India had no option but to accept "defeat" in front of the "freedom wave" in Kashmir.[82]

United Nations

United Nations chief Ban Ki-moon conveyed his concern over the Kashmir tense situation as reported by his spokesperson Stephane Dujarric[83][84] and called for maximum restraint. He also offered mediation between India and Pakistan for solving the Kashmir dispute.[85]

United States

US State department spokesperson John Kirby while briefing the media in Washington said that the United States was concerned about the violence in Indian-held Kashmir during which 30 people have been killed by Indian forces.[86][87]

Elizabeth Trudeau, Director, United States Press Office in the Department, who briefed the media on Thursday 14 July 2016, said that the US is concerned about the violence and deaths of civilians in Kashmir and stated that the US government was in touch with the Government of India as well as the Government of Pakistan.[88]

Organization of Islamic Cooperation

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) expressed serious concern over human rights violations in the Indian-administered Kashmir by the Indian military and para-military forces, which have resulted in the killing of more than 30 innocent Kashmiris.[89][90]

China

The spokesman of China's Foreign Ministry, Lu Kang in a statement to the press expressed the government's concern over the casualties due to the unrest and called for a proper settlement of the Kashmiri issue through peaceful means.[91]

Negotiations

Hurriyat leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani wrote to the United Nations Security Council and heads of other nations, asking for six Confidence Building measures (CBMs) to be taken by the Indian government for restoring the normalcy, viz., (1) Accept the disputed nature of Jammu and Kashmir and announce the acceptance of the people’s Right to Self Determination. (2) Announce rapid demilitarization process of population centers. (3) Repeal draconian laws like AFSPA and Public Safety Act that facilitate the arbitrary and irresponsible behavior of an already hostile army and that provides them with the legal immunity against heinous crimes like extra-judicial killings, rape, torture and arson committed against a defenseless local population. (4) Release all the political prisoners from prisons, detention centers and house arrest and restore their right to free political activity. (5) Allow UN Special Rapporteurs and all international human rights and humanitarian organisations to work in Jammu and Kashmir, so that the iron curtain of the occupation is lifted. (6) Announce and ensure free political space for all the parties to the disputed Jammu and Kashmir, particularly those advocating the Right to Self Determination for the people of Jammu and Kashmir.[92][93][94][95]

See also

References

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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Kashmir_unrest&oldid=730961818"