The development of stateslarge-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulersmarks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary states and secondary states.
Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia ca.
3700 B.C., in
Egypt ca.
3300 B.C., in the
Indus Valley ca.
2500 B.C.,
India ca
1700 B. C.,and in
China ca. 1600 B.C. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in
Anatolia, the Minoan and
Mycenaean states of the
Aegean, or the
Nubian kingdoms in the
Sudan. According to
Professor Gil Stein of the
University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 'The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites.
Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the
Ancient World''. The notion of a sovereign state arises in the
16th century with the development of modern diplomacy.For earlier times, the term 'sovereign state' is an anachronism. What corresponded to sovereign states in the medieval and ancient period were monarchs ruling
By the Grace of God, de facto feudal or imperial autocrats, or de facto independent nations or tribal confederations. This is a list of sovereign states that existed between
500 BC and 401 BC.
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- published: 10 May 2016
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