Russian Military Power 2016
The Soviet Union officially dissolved on
31 December 1991, leaving the
Soviet military in limbo. For the next year and a half various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (
CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets.[15]
Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former
Soviet Internal Troops and the
KGB Border Troops, seemingly the only independent defence move the new
Russian government made before
March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a
National Guard.[16] Until
1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, a total of no more than
100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in
Moscow (three brigades),
Leningrad (two brigades), and a number of other important cities and regions. By the end of
September 1991 in Moscow the National Guard was about 15,000 strong, mostly consisting of former
Soviet Armed Forces servicemen
. In the end,
President Yeltsin tabled a decree "On the temporary position of the
Russian Guard", but it was not put into practice.[17]
After signing the
Belavezha Accords on
21 December 1991, the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of
Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as
Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On
14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became
Supreme Commander of the CIS
Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by
Boris Yeltsin created
The Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation the operational control of
Allied High Command and the
Ministry of Defense, which was headed by President.
Finally, on 7 May 1992 Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander.[18]
In May 1992
General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made
Russia's first
Army General on assuming the post. By August or
December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost.[19]
In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern
Europe, as well as from some newly-independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the
Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the
Sevastopol naval base in the
Crimea as well as in
Abkhazia and in
Transnistria. The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of the former
Soviet Republics.
A new military doctrine, promulgated in
November 1993, implicitly acknowledged the contraction of the old Soviet military into a regional military power without global ambitions. In keeping with its emphasis on the threat of regional conflicts, the doctrine called for a smaller, lighter, and more mobile
Russian military, with a higher degree of professionalism and with greater rapid-deployment capability. Such change proved extremely difficult to achieve. Under Pavel Grachev (
Defence Minister from 1992 to
1996) little military reform took place, though there was a plan to create more deployable mobile forces.
Later Defence Minister Rodionov (in office 1996-1997) had good qualifications but did not manage to institute lasting change. Only under Defence Minister
Igor Sergeyev (in office 1997-2001) did a certain amount of limited reform begin, though attention focused upon the
Strategic Rocket Forces.[20]
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- published: 18 Aug 2016
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