Young-adult fiction or young adult literature (often abbreviated as YA) is fiction written for, published for, or marketed to adolescents and young adults, roughly ages 14 to 21. The Young Adult Library Services (YALSA) of the American Library Association (ALA) defines a young adult as "someone between the ages of twelve and eighteen". Young adult novels have also been defined as texts written for the ages of twelve and up. Authors and readers of young adult (YA) novels often define the genre as "literature written for ages ranging from ten years up to the age of twenty" (Cole). Another suggestion for the definition is that Young Adult Literature is any text being read by adolescents, though this definition is still somewhat controversial.

Although YA literature shares the fundamental elements of character, plot, setting, theme, and style common to other genres of fiction, theme and style are often subordinated to the more tangible basic narrative elements such as plot, setting, and character, which appeal more readily to younger readers. The vast majority of YA stories portray an adolescent as the protagonist, rather than an adult or a child.

It is generally agreed that Young Adult Literature is literature written for adolescent readers, and in some cases published by adolescent writers. The subject matter and story lines are typically consistent with the age and experience of the main character, but beyond that YA stories span the entire spectrum of fiction genres. Themes in YA stories often focus on the challenges of youth, so much so that the entire age category is sometimes referred to as problem novels or coming of age novels. Writing styles of YA stories range widely, from the richness of literary style to the clarity and speed of the unobtrusive and even free verse.

History of young-adult fiction

The first recognition of young adults as a distinct group was by Sarah Trimmer, who in 1802 described "young adulthood" as lasting from ages 14 to 21. In her self-founded children's literature periodical, ''The Guardian of Education'', Trimmer introduced the terms "Books for Children" (for those under fourteen) and "Books for Young Persons" (for those between fourteen and twenty-one), establishing terms of reference for young adult literature that remain in use today. However, nineteenth-century publishers did not specifically market to young readers, and adolescent culture did not exist in a modern sense.

Beginning in the 1920s, it was said that "this was the first time when it became clear that the young were a separate generation" (Cart 43); but multiple novels that fit into the YA category had been published long before. In the nineteenth century there are several early examples that appealed to young readers including ''The Swiss Family Robinson'' (1812), ''Waverley'' (1814), ''Oliver Twist'' (1838), ''The Count of Monte Cristo'' (1844), ''Tom Brown's Schooldays'' (1857), ''Great Expectations'' (1860), ''Alice in Wonderland'' (1865), ''The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'' (1876), ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' (1884), ''Kidnapped'' (1886), ''The Jungle Book'' (1894) and ''Moonfleet (1898).

A few other novels that were published around the turn of the century include ''Treasure Island'', by Robert Louis Stevenson, ''Heidi'', by Johanna Spyri, and ''Black Beauty'' by Anna Sewell. In 1937 ''The Hobbit'', by J. R. R. Tolkien, was published, and Betty Smith's ''A Tree Grows in Brooklyn'' (1943) also is a beloved by adolescents today. Some claim that the first real young adult novel was ''The Catcher in the Rye'' by J. D. Salinger, and that it opened up a whole new eye to what types of texts adolescent readers read. Following this novel, other classic texts such as Harper Lee's, ''To Kill a Mockingbird''; Maya Angelou's novel, ''I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings''; and Toni Morrison's, ''The Bluest Eye'' all entered the genre of Young Adult Literature as well, along with many others.

As the decades moved on, the stormy sixties became the era "when the 'under 30' generation became a subject of popular concern, and that research on adolescence began to emerge. It would also be the decade when literature for adolescents could be said to have come into its own" (Cart 43). For this reason others adopt ''The Outsiders'', published in 1967 by S. E. Hinton who at the time was only a teenager, as the initiator of the adolescent literature genre. This book sparked talk about what adolescents face, and that adolescents can produce books that they can relate to. 1967 was the year when a multitude of YA books began to be seen, and ever since YA lit has grown into a thriving, popular genre. In the 1970s, what has become to be known as the "fab five" were published. "For the record, the fab five are: ''I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings'' by Maya Angelou; ''The Friends'' by Rosa Guy; ''The Bell Jar'' by Sylvia Plath; ''Bless the Beasts and Children'' by Glendon Swarthout; and ''Deathwatch'' by Robb White" (Cart 77).

In the 1950s, shortly before the advent of modern publishing for the teen romance market, two novels drew the attention of adolescent readers: ''The Catcher in the Rye'' (1951), and ''Lord of the Flies'' (1954). Unlike more-recent fiction classified as YA, these two were written with an adult audience in mind.

The modern classification of young-adult fiction originated during the 1950s and 1960s, especially after the publication of S.E. Hinton's ''The Outsiders.'' This book focused on a group of teens not yet represented and instead of having the nostalgic tone that was typical in young adult books written by adults, it displayed a truer, darker side of young adult life because it was written by a young adult.

As publishers began to focus on the emerging adolescent market, booksellers and libraries, in turn, began creating YA sections distinct from either children's literature or novels written for adults. The 1970s to the mid-1980s have been described as the golden age of young-adult fiction—when challenging novels began speaking directly to the interests of the identified adolescent market.

In the 1980s: "the 1980s contained a large amount of Young Adult publications which pushed the threshold of topics that adolescents faced such as rape, suicide, parental death, and murder. Also in the 1980s, "teenagers seemed to want to read about something closer to their daily lives-romance novels were revived" (Cart 99). In the 1990s, Young Adult Literature pushed adolescent issues even further by including topics such as, drinking, sexuality, drug use, identity, beauty, and even teen pregnancy" (Lubar). Also in the 1990s, it seemed as though the era of Young Adult Literature was going to lose steam but "due in part to an increase in the number of teenagers in the 1990s the field matured, blossomed, and came into its own with the better written, more serious, and more varied young adult books published during the last two decades" (Tomlinson and Lynch-Brown 5).

Teens have also become more and more marketable to text publications, bookstores have begun dedicating entire sections of their bookshelves to "teen" and "young adult" novels and texts, and movies are now produced more often that portray popular young adult texts with adolescent protagonists. As the genre continues to become more popular, and authors continue to publish texts that adolescents can relate to, Young Adult Literature will continue to be read and supported by adolescent and adult readers alike.

Examples of other novels that predate the young-adult classification, but that are now frequently presented alongside YA novels are :

''Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm'' (1903)

''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908)

''The Secret Garden'' (1909)

''The Yearling'' (1938)

''My Friend Flicka'' (1941)

''Johnny Tremain'' (1943)

''The Outsiders'' (1967)

''The Pigman'' (1968)

Popular contributions to young-adult fiction

V.C. Andrews (1923–1986): American author of several popular gothic horror family sagas for teenagers; examples include ''Flowers in the Attic'' and ''Melody''.

Laurie Halse Anderson: American author of both fiction and non-fiction. Some of her more well known novels include ''Speak'', ''Fever 1793'', ''Catalyst'', ''Prom'', ''Twisted'', and ''Wintergirls''. Anderson is a Margret A. Edwards Award recipient.

Clive Barker Although not usually a young adult writer, "Abarat" was written for a young adult audience and is considered one of his most important works.

David Belbin (born 1958): English author. His novels include ''Love Lessons'' and ''Denial''.

Tim Bowler (born 1953): English author. His novels include ''River Boy'' and ''Frozen Fire''.

Judy Blume (born 1938): American author; wrote teen classics ''Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.'' and ''Forever''.

Malorie Blackman (born 1962): British author of the award winning ''Noughts & Crosses Series'' and ''Boys Don't Cry''.

Rae Bridgman: Canadian author known for her fantasy-adventure series ''The MiddleGate Books'', including ''The Serpent's Spell'', ''Amber Ambrosia'' and ''Fish & Sphinx''

Meg Cabot (born 1967): American author of many popular books and series, such as ''The Princess Diaries'' series.

Kate Cann: Young adult trilogies and "Holiday" stand-alones.

Isobelle Carmody (born 1958): Wrote the award-winning, Obernewtyn Chronicles. Born in Melbourne, Australia as was Garth Nix, they are often compared and are close friends.

P. C. Cast and her daughter Kristin Cast: American writers of the ''House of Night'' series of vampire-based fantasy novels.

Eoin Colfer (born 1965): Irish author noted for the ''Artemis Fowl'' series.

Suzanne Collins (born 1964): American author of the popular ''The Hunger Games trilogy'' which includes ''The Hunger Games'', ''Catching Fire'' and ''Mockingjay''.

Susan Cooper (born 1935): British author, Susan Cooper wrote the popular ''The Dark is Rising'' series.

Joe Craig (born 1980): British author, wrote ''Jimmy Coates'' series.

Sarah Dessen (born 1970): American author of such popular young-adult fare as ''The Truth About Forever'' and ''That Summer''.

Cory Doctorow (born 1971): Canadian author. His novels include ''Little Brother'' and ''For the Win''.

Cornelia Funke (born 1958): German author, Cornelia Funke wrote the successful ''Inkheart'' trilogy.

John Green (born 1977): The American Michael L. Printz Award winning author of ''Looking for Alaska'', ''An Abundance of Katherines'', and ''Paper Towns'', also awarded a 2007 Michael L. Printz Award Honor for ''An Abundance of Katherines'' and the 2009 Edgar Award for Best Young Adult Novel for ''Paper Towns''.

William Golding (1911–1993): British author, Nobel Prize for Literature laureate best known for his novel ''Lord of the Flies''.

Lisi Harrison: author of bestselling series ''The Clique'' and The Alphas

Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988): American science fiction writer, whose novels include ''Tunnel in the Sky'' and ''Citizen of the Galaxy''.

Charlie Higson (born 1958): British author, wrote ''Young Bond'' series.

S.E. Hinton (born 1950): American author, wrote ''The Outsiders'', ''Rumble Fish'', ''That Was Then, This Is Now'', and ''Tex''.

Ellen Hopkins (born 1955): American ''New York Times'' Bestselling author, wrote "Crank" series, and several other novels in verse

Anthony Horowitz (born 1956): British author, Anthony Horowitz is writing the best selling ''Alex Rider'' series.

Brian Jacques (1939-2011): British author of the successful and critically acclaimed ''Redwall'' series.

Maureen Johnson (born 1973): American author of ''13 Little Blue Envelopes'' and the ''Suite Scarlett'' series.

Jana Laiz (born 1960): American author of ''Weeping Under This Same Moon'' the award winning novel which debuted in 2008.

C. S. Lewis (1898–1963): British author, 95 million copies of his ''Chronicles of Narnia'' series have been published worldwide since ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' debuted in 1950.

Megan McCafferty (born 1973): American author of the New York Times Bestselling ''Jessica Darling'' series, which debuted in 2001.

Lurlene McDaniel (born 1948): American author; penned a series of novels dealing with terminal illness that were enormously popular during the 1980s and 1990s.

Stephenie Meyer (born 1973): American creator of the popular vampire romance franchise ''Twilight''.

Robert Muchamore (born 1972): British author, known for writing the hugely successful ''CHERUB'' series, and the new spin-off series, ''Henderson's Boys''.

Walter Dean Myers (born 1937) : American author, known for his writing about Harlem including ''Fallen Angels'', ''Monster'', ''Scorpions'' and many other books.

Garth Nix (born 1963): Australian author, Garth Nix wrote the ''Keys to the Kingdom'' and ''Old Kingdom'' series.

Francine Pascal (born 1938): American creator of the popular ''Sweet Valley Twins'' and ''Sweet Valley High'' franchises.

Gary Paulsen (born 1939): American author, wrote ''Hatchet'' and many other young-adult novels.

Philip Pullman (born 1946): British author, Philip Pullman wrote the successful and controversial ''His Dark Materials'' trilogy.

John E. Richman (born 1947): American author of ''Montana Adventure Series'' a trilogy of young adult novels set in the American West, circa 1880s.

Rick Riordan (born 1964): American author, wrote the award winning Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, the best-selling The Kane Chronicles, and The Heroes of Olympus

J. K. Rowling (born 1965): British author, J.K. Rowling is an award winning young-adult author today and arguably the most successful. Being the author of the extremely successful and critically well received ''Harry Potter'' series, her books have been sold in more than 400 million copies worldwide and are translated into more than 63 languages. She is also the first billionaire-author (in terms of US-dollars).

J.D. Salinger (1919–2010): American author of the young adult classic ''The Catcher in the Rye''.

Elizabeth Scott (born 1972) : American author, writes romance along with contemporary issue fiction, ''The Unwritten Rule'', ''Stealing Heaven''.

Jerry Spinelli (born 1941): Very prolific American author of young adult fare such as ''Stargirl'' and ''Eggs''.

Jonathan Stroud (born 1970): British author, wrote the best-selling ''Bartimaeus Trilogy'' amongst other books.

Cecily von Ziegesar (born 1970): American author of the popular teen novels ''Gossip Girl''.

Mark Walden (born 197?): British author, wrote the bestselling ''H.I.V.E.'' series.

Scott Westerfeld (born 1963): Scott has written books such as the ''Uglies'' series which contains the best selling books ''Uglies'' ''Pretties'' ''Specials'' and ''Extras''. He also wrote ''So Yesterday'' and ''Peeps'' as well as the ''Midnighters trilogy''. ''So Yesterday'' won an award for ''American Library Association'' 2005 best book for young adults, and ''Uglies'' and ''Peeps'' got the 2006 ''American Library Association'' best book for young adults award.

Edward Irving Wortis (pen name Avi; born 1937): American author of critically acclaimed young adult historical fiction, such as ''Something Upstairs'' and ''The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle''.

Paul Zindel (1936–2003): This Pulitzer-Prize winning American author wrote over 40 young adult novels, including ''The Pigman''. His books have sold over 10 million copies and have been translated into languages all over the globe.

Genre

Young Adult Literature has become a genre which covers various text types including: novels, graphic novels, short stories, and poetry. Much of the literature published consists of young adult fiction which in itself contains several different types of text, but the genre also contains other various types of non-fiction such as biographies, autobiographies, journal entries/diaries, and letters. Although many genres exist in young adult literature, the problem novel tends to be the most popular among young readers. Problem novel refers to young adult novels in the realistic fiction category that “addresses personal and social issues across socioeconomic boundaries and within both traditional and nontraditional family structures” (Cole 98). Memoirs are also popular forms of Young Adult Literature. The genre itself has been challenged due its seemingly mature content by critics of Young Adult Literature, but "other converted critics have embraced Young Adult so dearly that they have scoured the canon for any classics they could adopt into the YA family" (Stephens 2007).

Themes

Young Adult Literature uses a wide array of themes in order to appeal to a wide variety of adolescent readers. Some of these themes include: identity, sexuality, science fiction, depression, suicide, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, familial struggles, bullying, and numerous others. Some issues that are talked about in young adult literature are things such as friendship, love, race, money, divorce, relationships within families. “The culture that surrounds and absorbs young adults plays a huge role in their lives. Young Adult Literature explores themes important and crucial to adolescence such as relationships to authority figures, peer pressure and ensuing experimentations, issues of diversity as it relates to gender, sociocultural, and/or socioeconomic status. Primarily, the focus is centered around a young lead character and the reader experiences emotions, situations, and the like through this character and is able to see how these problems/situations are resolved. It also needs to play a significant role in how we approach this group and the books we offer them to read” (Lesesne 14). Reading about issues that adolescents can relate to allows them to identify with a particular character, and creates a sense of security when experiencing something that is going on within their lives. "Whether you call them archetypes or stereotypes, there are certain experiences and certain kinds of people that are common to adolescents. Reading about it may help a young person validate his or her own experience and make some kind of meaning out of it" (Blasingame, 12). In a paper written by April Dawn Wells, she discovers seventeen common traits of young adult novels. These include: “friendship, getting into trouble, interest in the opposite sex, money, divorce, single parents, remarriage, problems with parents, grandparents, younger siblings, concern over grades/school, popularity, puberty, race, death, neighborhood, and job/working.

Characteristics

Young adult literature contains specific characteristics that are present throughout the genre. These characteristics encompass: “multi-themed story, tension versus shock effect, memorable characters, accurate facts and details, no unlikely coincidences, original idea, memorable voice, authentic dialogue, effective/clear writing style, sense of humor, widespread appeal, intriguing openings and memorable closings” (Cole 61-65). Other characteristics of Young Adult Literature include: "(1) Characters and issues young readers can identify with; those issues and characters are treated in a way that does not invalidate, minimize, or devalue them; (2) Is framed in language that young readers can understand; (3) Emphasizes plot above everything else; and (4)Is written for an audience of young adults" (Blasingame 11). Overall, Young Adult Literature needs to contain specific elements that will not only interest adolescent readers, but elements that relate directly to real situations adolescents face, and contain believable, empathetic characters.

Usage in Education

Research suggests young adult literature can be advantageous to reluctant student readers by addressing their needs. Authors who write young adult literature have an adolescent’s age and interests in mind. The language and plots of young adult literature are similar to what students are accustomed to finding in reality, television, movies, and popular culture (Bucher, Manning, 328-332).

The following are criteria that researchers have come up with to evaluate the effectiveness of young adult literature in the classroom (Bucher and Manning, 9-10). • The subject matter should reflect age and development by addressing their interest levels, reading and thinking levels. • The content should deal with contemporary issues and experiences with characters adolescents can relate. • Subjects can relate to dealing with parents and adults, illness and death, peer pressure in regards to drugs, sex, and the complications of addiction and pregnancy. • The content should consider existing global concerns such as cultural, social, and gender diversity; environmental and political issues as it relates to adolescents.

Young Adult Literature has been integrated into classrooms in order to increase student interest in reading. Research has been performed on what type of impact the introduction YA Lit has on students, particularly adolescent males and struggling readers: "Researchers have shown that introducing YA Literature to males improves their reading ability. YA Literature, because of its range of authors and story types, is an appropriate literature for every adolescent male who needs compelling material that speaks to him" (Gill). Research shows that not only adolescent males have been labeled as reluctant readers, struggling readers use reluctance as a coping mechanism. Young Adult Literature has been used to open up the door of reading literature to these readers as well: "When voluntary reading declines, the problems of struggling readers are only aggravated. By allowing adolescents to read good young adult literature, educators are able to encourage independent reading, which will, in turn, help adolescents develop the skills necessary to succeed" (Bucher and Manning).

Another reason that Young Adult Literature has been incorporated into classrooms is to be paired with classic texts that are traditionally read in classrooms, and required by many schools curricula. Using YA Lit alongside a canonical piece of text can increase a students comprehension of the common themes the various texts have, and make reading a classic text more enjoyable: "Young adult literature can spark interest in the classics and vice versa. Although it's clear that young adult literature is more accessible, that doesn't warrant denying the classics to struggling readers. The classics shouldn't be reserved for exceptional students, and Young Adult Literature shouldn't be reserved for at-risk readers. (Cole 513).

Situational Archetypes in Literature The classic canon in high school literature classes can often be too overwhelming and far removed from everyday life of the adolescence. Sarah K. Herz and Donald Gallo suggest using archetypes from traditional literature to “build bridges” to the classics through young adult literature. Young Adult Literature offers teachers an effective way to introduce the study of archetypes in literature by grouping a variety of titles around archetypal situations and characters. Herz and Gallo suggest before or after studying a traditional classic or contemporary novel it is a good time to introduce the concept of archetypes in literature. Based on the Jungian theory of archetypes, consider a literary archetype as a character type or theme which recurs frequently in literature (Herz and Gallo, 64-66). Recognizing archetypes in literature will help students build the foundation for making connection among various works of literature. Students can begin to grasp and identify the archetypal images and patterns that appear in new forms. Archetypes also help students become more conscious of an author’s style and to think about and recognize the way in which a particular writer develops a character or story (Herz and Gallo, 66).

Using Classic Situational Archetypes in the Classroom A partial list of classic situational literary archetypes as comprised by Herz and Gallo in two separate editions of their book, From Hinton to Hamlet: Building Bridges between Young Adult Literature and the Classics. The Young Adult Novels are paired with Classic Novels based on situational archetypes.(Herz and Gallo, 66-70).

Birth/Death/Rebirth:

Presents the main character in a conflict. Through pain and suffering, the character’s spirit survives the fight and through a development of self awareness the main character is reborn.

''Breathing Underwater'' by Alex Flinn / ''Hamlet'' by William Shakespeare

The Fall: Expulsion from Eden.

The main character is expelled because of undesirable actions on his or her part.

''Speak'' by Laurie Halse Anderson / ''The Scarlet Letter'' by Nathanial Hawthorne

The Journey.

The protagonist takes journey, either physically or emotionally, and brings meaning in their life.

''The Crazy Horse Electric Game'' by Chris Crutcher / ''The Odyssey'' by Homer and ''Of Mice and Men'' by John Steinbeck.

The Test or Trial.

The main character experiences growth and change; he or she experiences a transformation.

''The True Confessions by Charlotte Doyle'' by Avi, ''Permanent Connections'' by Sue Ellen Bridgers, ''Dancing on Dark Waters'' by Alden Carter, and ''Driver's Ed.'' by Caroline Cooney / ''The Red Badge of Courage'' by Stephen Crane and ''The Color Purple'' by Alice Walker.

Annihilation; Absurdity; Total Oblivion.

In order to exist in an unbearable world, the main character accepts that life is “absurd, ridiculous, and ironic”.

''The Giver'' by Lois Lowry / ''Catch 22'' by Joseph Heller and ''Slaughterhouse Five'' by Kurt Vonnegut Jr..

Parental Conflicts and Relationships.

The protagonist deals with parental conflict by rejecting or bonding with parents.

''Tiger Eyes'' by Judy Blume, ''Midnight Hour Encores'' by Bruce Brooks, ''Ironman'' by Chris Crutcher, and ''The Runner'' by Cynthia Voigt / ''Ordinary People'' by Judith Guest, ''Death of a Salesman'' by Arthur Miller, ''Romeo and Juliet'' by William Shakespeare, ''The Joy Luck Club'' by Amy Tan, and ''The Glass Menagerie'' by Tennessee Williams.

The Wise Old Woman or Man.

This figure protects or assists the main character in facing challenges.

''Phoenix Rising'' by Karen Hesse, ''Memoirs of a Bookbat'' by Kathryn Lasky, ''Jacob I have Loved'' by Katherine Paterson, and ''Remembering The Good Times'' by Richard Peck / ''To Kill A Mocking Bird'' by Harper Lee and ''The Grapes of Wrath'' by John Steinbeck.

The Hero.

The main character leaves his or her community to go on an adventure, performing actions that bring honor to the community.

''Fat for Sarah Byrnes'' by Chris Crutcher and ''Make Lemonade'' by Virginia Euwer Wolff / ''A Tale of Two Cities'' by Charles Dickens and ''Cyrano de Bergerac'' by Edmond Rostand.

The Sacrificial Redeemer.

The protagonist is willing to die for a belief; the main character maintains a strong sense of morality.

''The Chocolate War'' and ''The Bumblebee Flies Anyway'' by Robert Cormier / ''Julius Caesar'' by William Shakespeare and ''Antigone'' by Sophocles.

Other suggestions for classical/young adult text pairings using YA publications (List generated by Joan Kaywell, as cited in Cole 515-516):

Classical Text / Young Adult Text / Common Themes / Topics

''To Kill a Mockingbird'' by Harper Lee / ''Monster'' by Walter Dean Myers / Trial: Guilty before Innocent

''Lord of the Flies'' by William Golding / ''The Clique'' by Lisi Harrison / Use and Abuse of Power

''The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' by Mark Twain / ''The Watsons Go To Birmingham 1963'' by Christopher Paul Curtis / Prejudice

''Fahrenheit 451'' by Ray Bradbury / ''Feed'' by M. T. Anderson / Exploring the Future

''Dracula'' by Bram Stoker / ''Twilight'' by Stephenie Meyer / Vampires

''The Scarlet Letter'' by Nathaniel Hawthorne / ''Sandpiper'' by Ellen Wittlinger / Sexual Behavior Alienation

''Catcher in the Rye'' by J. D. Salinger / ''America'' by E. R. Frank / Mental Illness Rebellion

Edgy content

From its very beginning, young-adult fiction has portrayed teens confronting situations and social issues that have pushed the edge of then-acceptable content. Such novels and their content are sometimes referred to as "edgy."

In particular, authors and publishers have repeatedly pushed the boundaries of what was previously considered acceptable regarding human sexuality. Examples include:

Paul Zindel's ''The Pigman'' (1968) (teen smoking, drinking, pranks, peer pressure)

Paul Zindel's ''My Darling, My Hamburger'' (1969) (a teen's first sexual encounter and abortion)

Judy Blume's ''Forever'' (1975) (a teen's first sexual encounter and contraception)

Nancy Garden's ''Annie on My Mind'' (1982) (two high-school girls who fall in love)

Shelley Stoehr's ''Crosses'' (1991) (self-mutilation)

Chris Crutcher's ''Staying Fat for Sarah Byrnes'' (1993) (religion, peer pressure, child abuse, abortion, suicide)

Melvin Burgess's ''Junk'' (1996) (US title: ''Smack'' (heroin addiction, teenage prostitution, squatting)

Rob Thomas's ''Rats Saw God'' (1996) (drugs, sex)

David Belbin's ''Love Lessons'' (1998) (teacher/student sexual affair)

Linda Glovach's ''Beauty Queen'' (1998) (teenage exotic dancing and heroin addiction)

Laurie Halse Anderson's ''Speak'' (1999) (rape)

Stephen Chbosky's ''The Perks of Being a Wallflower'' (1999) (suicide, teenage sexuality, drug use, and abusive relationships)

Sarah Dessen's ''Dreamland'' (2000) (emotionally, mentally, and physically abusive relationships, drug abuse, and running away)

Alex Flinn's ''Breathing Underwater'' (2001) (emotionally, mentally, and physically abusive relationships)

Alex Sanchez's ''Rainbow Boys'' (2001) (high school boys exploring gay sex, accepting their sexuality, and falling in love)

Patricia McCormick's ''Cut'' (2001) (self-mutilation)

Linda Newbery's ''The Shell House'' (2002) (a split narrative, one concerning a homosexual relationship during the First World War, the other in the present day concerning a possible gay relationship between teenage boys)

KL Going's ''Fat Kid Rules The World'' (2003) (obesity, depression, homelessness, drug addiction, social alienation)

Alice Hoffman's ''Green Angel'' (2003) (self-mutilation)

Angela Johnson's ''The First Part Last'' (2003) (teen fatherhood)

Jonathan Trigell's ''Boy A'' (2004) (rehabilitation, suicide, abuse, media)

Julie Anne Peters' ''Luna'' (2004) (transsexuality)

John Green's ''Looking for Alaska'' (2005) (Under age drinking, smoking, oral sex)

Steve Berman's ''Vintage: A Ghost Story'' (2007) (depressed gay boy who deals with suicide and loneliness)

An Na's ''The Fold'' (2008) (plastic surgery, race relations, lesbianism)

Elizabeth Scott's ''Living Dead Girl'' (2008) (kidnapping, rape, oral sex, violence)

Greg Neri ''Surf Mules'' (2009) (drug trafficking)

Lucy Christopher ''Stolen'' (2010) (kidnapping)

Joanne Hichens's ''Stained'' (2009) (sexual abuse, teen pregnancy, post-natal depression, drugs, suicide)

David-Matthew Barnes's ''Mesmerized'' (2010) (gay teen love, hate crime) and ''Swimming to Chicago'' (2011) (gay teen love, teen pregnancy)

YA novels currently in print include content about peer pressure, illness, divorce, drugs, gangs, crime, violence, sexuality, incest, oral sex, and female/male rape. Critics of such content argue that the novels encourage destructive or immoral behavior. Others argue that fictional portrayal of teens successfully addressing difficult situations and confronting social issues helps readers deal with real-life challenges.

Debate continues regarding the amount and nature of violence and profanity appropriate in young-adult fiction.

Hyphens (young adult vs. young-adult)

Recognition of the noun ''young adult'' and its punctuation as an adjectival modifier are inconsistent. Some dictionaries recognize ''young adult'' as a noun , while others do not . When recognized (as by Random House), ''young adult'' is treated as an open compound noun, with no hyphen.

When the noun ''young adult'' is placed before another noun (such as ''fiction'', ''novel'', ''author''), however, the use of a hyphen varies widely. For example, an Internet search (of the Web or of news articles) using the key words ''young adult fiction'' shows widespread inconsistency in hyphenation. Although ''the Chicago Manual of Style'' falls short of declaring the omission of the hyphen as grammatically incorrect, it clearly addresses the issue in "Compounds and Hyphenation," sections 7.82-7.86: "When such compounds precede a noun, hyphenation usually makes for easier reading. With the exception of proper nouns (such as United States) and compounds formed by an adverb ending in ''ly'' plus an adjective, it is never incorrect to hyphenate adjectival compounds before a noun." The ''Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference'' is a little more forceful on the subject: "The most complicated business conducted by hyphens is uniting words into adjectival compounds that precede nouns. Many writers neglect to hyphenate such compounds, and the result is ramshackle sentences that often frustrate the reader." The ''Wikipedia Manual of Style'' also addresses the issue of hyphens for compound adjectives.

Although none of the sources cited above list ''young adult'' as an example, each clearly expresses a preference for hyphenating compound modifiers. With that in mind, ''young adult'' is a noun (without a hyphen) as defined by Random House. But when the noun ''young adult'' precedes another noun, it becomes a compound modifier and warrants a hyphen, as in young-adult fiction, young-adult author, young-adult novel, and so on. Because the sources do not declare the absence of a hyphen as grammatically incorrect, widespread inconsistencies in the punctuation of ''young adult'' are likely to continue, either out of ignorance or as conscious choice of style.

Literature

Whether any particular work of fiction qualifies as literature can be disputed. In recent years, however, YA fiction has been increasingly treated as an object of serious study by children's literature critics. A growing number of young-adult-fiction awards recognize outstanding works of fiction for adolescents.

Trends

The category of YA fiction continues to expand into new genres: graphic novels, light novels, manga, fantasy, mystery fiction, romance novels, even subcategories such as cyberpunk, splatterpunk, techno-thrillers, and contemporary Christian fiction. New formats such as ebooks make it easier for teens to access these online.

Boundaries between children's, YA, and adult fiction

The distinctions between children's literature, YA literature, and adult literature have historically been flexible and loosely defined. This line is often policed by adults who feel strongly about the border. At the lower end of the YA age spectrum, fiction targeted to readers age 10 to 12 is referred to as middle-grade fiction. Some novels originally marketed to adults have been identified as being of interest and value to adolescents and, in the case of several books such as the Harry Potter novels, vice versa.

Awards

Various young-adult-fiction awards are presented annually, and mark outstanding adolescent literature writing.

The Michael L. Printz Award is an award for a book that exemplifies literary excellence in young adult literature. It is named for a Topeka, Kansas school librarian who was a long-time active member of the Young Adult Library Services Association.

The William C. Morris YA Debut Award first awarded in 2009, honors a debut book published by a first-time author writing for teens and celebrating impressive new voices in young adult literature. The first William C. Morris award was given to Elizabeth C. Bunce for ''A Curse Dark as Gold''.

The Margaret A. Edwards Award was established in 1988, honors an author, as well as a specific body of his or her work, for significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature. The annual award is administered by YALSA and sponsored by School Library Journal magazine. It recognizes an author's work in helping adolescents become aware of themselves and addressing questions about their role and importance in relationships, society, and in the world.

The Alex Awards are given annually to ten books written for adults that have special appeal to young adults. The winning titles are selected from the previous year's publishing. The Alex Awards were first given annually beginning in 1998 and became an official ALA award in 2002.

Odyssey Award honors the producer of the best audiobook produced for children and/or young adults, available in English in the United States. Co-administered with Association for Library Service to Children.

YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction for Young Adults honors the best nonfiction book published for young adults (ages 12–18) during a November 1 – October 31 publishing year.

See also

Children's literature

Children's literature periodicals

Gay male teen fiction

Lesbian teen fiction

List of young adult authors

Young Adult Library Services Association

Light novel

List of light novels

Novella

Visual novel

Verse novel

Notes

Blasingame, James. ''Books That Don't Bore 'Em: Young Adult Books That Speak to This Generation''. New York: Scholastic, 2007. Print.

Bucher, K., Manning, M. Lee. "Young Adult Literature and the School Curriculum" ''education.com'' Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall. 2006.Web. 12 May 2009.

Bucher, Katherine Toth, and M. Lee. Manning. Young Adult Literature: Exploration, Evaluation, and Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2006. Print.

Cart, Michael. ''From Romance to Realism: 50 Years of Growth and Change in Young Adult Literature''. New York: Harper Collins, 1996. Print.

Cole, Pam B. ''Young Adult Literature: In the 21st Century''. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009. Print.

Gill, Sam D. "Young Adult Literature for Young Adult Males". ''The Alan Review'' Winter 1999. Web. 12 May 2009.

Herz, Sarah K., and Donald R. Gallo. From Hinton to Hamlet: Building Bridges between Young Adult Literature and the Classics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996. Print.

Herz, Sarah K., and Donald R. Gallo. From Hinton to Hamlet: Building Bridges between Young Adult Literature and the Classics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2005. Print.

Lesesne, Teri S. ''Making the Match: The Right Book for the Right Reader at the Right Time, Grades 4-12''. Maine: Stenhouse Publishers, 2003. Print.

Lubar, David. "The History of Young Adult Novels". ''The Alan Review'' Spring 2003. Web. 12 May 2009.

Stephens, Jonathan. "Young Adult: A Book by Any Other Name...:Defining the Genre". ''The Alan Review'' Fall 2007. Web. 12 May 2009.

Thomlinson, Carl M., Lynch-Brown, Carol. ''Essentials of Young Adult Literature''. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. 2007. Print.

Other publications

''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', serial publication (Gale, 1989+) with bio-bibliographies of novelists, poets, dramatists, filmmakers, cartoonists, painters, architects, and photographers which appeal to teenagers. Entries typically are six to twelve pages in length, have a black & white photo of the author/artist and other illustrations. Recent volumes include a sidebar recommending similar books/works the reader might like also.

ALA Best Books for Young Adults by YALSA, edited by Holly Koelling. ''Books for the Teen Age'', annual book list selected by teens for teens, sponsored by the New York Public Library '' More Outstanding Books for the College Bound'', by YALSA (Young Adult Library Services Association), professional organization for librarians serving teens in either public libraries or school library/media centers; a division of ALA.

Diana Tixier Herald. (2003) ''Teen Genreflecting''. 2nd ed. Wesport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited.

Judging a Book by Its Cover:  Publishing Trends in Young Adult Literature, by Cat Yampbell, ''The Lion and the Unicorn''; Sep 2005; 29:3; Children's Module, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp348–372, at p350-351.

Frances FitzGerald, "The Influence of Anxiety" in ''Harper's'', September 2004, p. 62-70

Grenby, Matthew. “Introduction.” ''The Guardian of Education''. Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 2002. ISBN 1843710110

References

External links

In defense of mean-girl books, by Lianne George, ''Macleans'', 15 Oct 2007.

"New Trend in Teen Fiction: Racy Reads; Parents Alarmed that Books are More 'Sex and the City' than Nancy Drew", by Janet Shamlian, ''NBC News'', 15 Aug 2005.

"Now and ''Forever'': The Power of Sex in Young Adult Literature," by Tanya Lee Stone, ''VOYA'', Feb 2006.

NPR: Multicultural Books Offer Diverse Reading Experience Michel Martin interviews ALA President Loriene Roy, 19 Jul 2007.

"Racy Reading; Gossip Girl Series is Latest Installment in Provocative Teen Fiction, and It's As Popular As It Is Controversial," by Linda Shrieves, ''The Orlando Sentinel'', 6 Aug 2005.

"Teens and their Literature are Rocking the Marketplace", ''Seattle Post Intelligencer'', 7 Mar 2007.

"Teens Reading More Challenging Books", ''WDBJ-7'', 5 May 2007.

"Who Says Teens Don't Read?" by Erinn Hutkin, ''Roanoake Times'', 30 Oct 2007.

"Young Adult Fiction: Wild Things," by Naomi Wolf, ''The New York Times'', 12 Mar 2006.

''A Change in the Weather'' by Robert Gould, a modern-day fairy tale for young adults.

The Pearson Prize – Teen Choice Book Award, open to any book appealing to young adults and published in English

ca:Literatura juvenil de:Jugendliteratur es:Literatura juvenil nl:Jeugdliteratuur#Jeugdliteratuur ja:ジュブナイル simple:Young-adult fiction sl:Mladinska literatura fi:Nuortenkirjallisuus sv:Ungdomslitteratur th:วรรณกรรมเยาวชน

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Samantha Ronson
background	solo_singer
born	August 07, 1977
origin	London, England
genre	Hip hopPop rock
occupation	DJSinger-songwriter
years active	1993–present
associated acts	DJ AMMark Ronson
website	}}

Samantha Judith Ronson (born 7 August 1977) is an English singer-songwriter and disc jockey who lives in Los Angeles, California.

Biography

Ronson was raised in St John's Wood, London before her family relocated to New York City following her parents' divorce and her mother's subsequent marriage to Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones. She is the daughter of writer-socialite Ann Dexter-Jones and music executive and real estate entrepreneur Laurence Ronson. Her parents are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, with ancestors from Russia, Lithuania and Austria. Ronson's family name was originally Aaronson but her grandfather Henry Ronson changed it to Ronson. Ronson is related to former British Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Brittan (Lord Brittan of Spennithorne), and is the younger sister of music producer Mark Ronson and the twin sister of fashion designer Charlotte Ronson Ronson also has five younger half-siblings and one step-sibling. Chris (step-sibling), Alexander and Annabelle, through her mother's remarriage to Mick Jones as well as David, Henrietta, and Joshua, through her father's remarriage to Michele Human. Her paternal uncle and aunt are Gerald and Dame Gail Ronson. Ronson's stepfather Mick Jones contributed to a childhood surrounded by music. This marriage produced Ronson's two younger half siblings Alexander and Annabelle. Ann and Mick divorced in 2007. At age sixteen Samantha Ronson was in a rap group called the ''Low Lifes''.

Career

Ronson spun live for MTV's New Year's Eve 2001 show from the network's studios in Times Square. In 2002, it was announced Duncan Sheik would be co-producing an album for Ronson that would be out in the spring. In 2004, she opened for JC Chasez on his Schizophrenic tour.

Ronson became the first rock act signed to Roc-A-Fella Records. She released four songs under the label "Super" with very little public interest: "Pull My Hair Out", "Fool", "If It's Gonna Rain" and "Built This Way," and wrote and recorded her first album, ''Red''. "Built This Way" was featured in the movie ''Mean Girls'' starring Lindsay Lohan and Rachel McAdams. Although ''Red'' was never officially released, downloads were made available from her MySpace page. Ronson has also made a number of appearances on mix tapes produced by artists on the Roc-A-Fella label. In a January 2008 interview with MTV News, it was revealed Ronson had parted ways with her label and is currently focusing on DJing. She is or was a co-owner of the New York City nightclub The Plumm, along with actor Chris Noth and Noel Ashman, among others.

Legal actions

In May 2007, Lindsay Lohan crashed her Mercedes-Benz in Beverly Hills. Police found a "small amount" of cocaine in her car and blogger Perez Hilton posted on his blog that the drugs belonged to Ronson, using another celebrity gossip blog as a source for the story. Two weeks later he started selling "Blame Samantha" t-shirts and called Ronson a "lezbot dj". Ronson hired Martin Garbus to start a defamation suit against Hilton and the original source for the story, ''Celebrity Babylon''. ''Celebrity Babylon'' agreed to issue a retraction and apology on the understanding that Ronson would drop the claim; Hilton's lawyers asked the judge to throw out the case as an assault on his free speech rights. Garbus thought that it would be impossible to produce evidence that Hilton had acted with malice and reached an agreement with Hilton which would have kept Ronson from paying his legal fees. Ronson wanted Hilton's retraction and vetoed the proposal. Around the same time Garbus presented a $100,000 bill after the $25,000 retainer had been accounted for. Garbus withdrew from the case and neither he nor Ronson appeared at Hilton's hearing, where the judge ruled in Hilton's favour dismissing the case and ordering Ronson to pay Hilton's $85,000 legal fees. Two weeks later Garbus sued Ronson in New York for close to $142,000 in fees and services. He later dropped that suit. In May, Ronson filed suit against Garbus in Los Angeles County Superior Court, contending that his incompetence had lost the case against Hilton and asking for damages in excess of $300,000. Among the allegations was that Garbus failed to fulfill his duties as her attorney because he was focused on collecting his fees. In response to Ronson's malpractice suit he countersued to recover his fees.

On August 1st, 2011, Ronson was pulled over in Baker, California, while driving her Porsche Targa back home from Las Vegas. She was stopped for driving 89 m.p.h. in a 70 m.p.h. speed zone, initially but was given a balance test, since she seemed impaired. She was arrested for 2 misdemeanors for driving under the influence. Police claimed Ronson was cooperative and friendly.

Relationship with Lindsay Lohan

In 2008, media outlets began commenting on Ronson and actress Lindsay Lohan, who were regularly seen being affectionate in public. Several newspapers, including ''The Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times'', published opinion pieces describing their relationship as romantic. Lohan long refrained from commenting on the exact nature of their relationship, stating through her publicist that she "wants to keep her private life private." When pressed by a paparazzo to deny the rumours, Ronson responded, "Are you retarded?"

In September 2008, it was widely reported that Lohan confirmed on the syndicated radio program, ''Loveline'', that she was, in fact, dating Ronson. During the program, DJ Stryker asked "You and Samantha have been going out for how long now?...Like two years, one year, five months, two months?" to which Lohan laughed, and replied "For a very long time." Stryker then went on to say "Well, I hope you guys stay together. You are a very lovely looking couple", to which Lohan replied, "Thank you very much." Lohan's publicist originally stated that there was no confession; however, on 14 October, following a tabloid report by Britain's ''Daily Mail'' that claimed Lohan and Ronson's relationship was "on the rocks", Lohan's publicist told ''Access Hollywood'' that the report was inaccurate and, "They are fine." When personally asked by a paparazzo, Ronson responded, "Are you fucking kidding me!?"

Lohan's father, Michael Lohan, has been very outspoken in his disapproval of Lohan's lesbian relationship with Ronson and, on 24 September 2008, Lohan wrote a response to him via e-mail to the ''New York Post'': "Samantha is not evil, I care for her very much and she's a wonderful girl.... She loves me, as I do her."

Lohan opened up about her relationship with Ronson in the December 2008 issue of ''Harper's Bazaar'' magazine. She stated, "I think it's pretty obvious who I'm seeing... I think it's no shock to anyone that it's been going on for quite some time... She's a wonderful person and I love her very much."

On 6 April 2009, Lohan announced that she was taking a break from seeing Ronson to focus on work. Ronson stated, in a July 2010 interview with ''The Times'', that she loves Lohan as a human being, but the paparazzi attention grew to be too much, saying "I'm not gonna not hang out with somebody that I care about because of that s**t." She also stated "I’m not gay! I’m an equal-opportunity player! I still go back and forth."

Albums

Samantha Ronson & DJ AM - ''Challah'' (2003)

Singles

"Pull My Hair Out" (2004)

"Built This Way" (2004)

"Fool" (2000)

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:1977 births Category:Bisexual musicians Category:Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni Category:English female singers Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English-language singers Category:English Jews Category:English people of Austrian descent Category:English people of Lithuanian descent Category:English people of Russian descent Category:English socialites Category:Hip hop DJs Category:LGBT Jews Category:LGBT people from England Category:Lindsay Lohan Category:Nightclub owners Category:People from London Category:Twin people from England

es:Samantha Ronson it:Samantha Ronson nl:Samantha Ronson ja:サマンサ・ロンソン no:Samantha Ronson pl:Samantha Ronson pt:Samantha Ronson ru:Ронсон, Саманта fi:Samantha Ronson sv:Samantha Ronson

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Dina Lohan
birth name	Donata Sullivan
birth date	September 15, 1962
birth place	New York City, New York, United States
nationality	American
known for	Reality show ''Living Lohan''
occupation	Entrepreneur, manager, actress, television personality, former dancer
years active	1998–present
spouse	Michael Lohan (1985–2007)
children	Lindsay (b. 1986)Michael Douglas Jr. (b. 1987)Ali (b. 1993)Dakota "Cody" (b. 1996)
relatives	John L. Sullivan (father) (deceased)Ann Sullivan (mother)Matt (brother)Paul (brother)
footnotes	}}

Donata "Dina" Lohan (née Sullivan; born September 15, 1962) is a television personality and occasional actress who rose to fame as the mother and manager of actress/pop singer Lindsay Lohan, and Lindsay's younger sister Ali Lohan, with whom Dina co-starred in the reality show ''Living Lohan''.

Family and marriage

Lohan was born and raised in New York City to John and Ann Sullivan. She has two brothers, Matt and Paul. She was a former singer and dancer.

In 1985, she married Michael Lohan. The couple briefly separated in 1988, and later reunited. They separated again in 2005 and finalized their divorce in 2007. He later worked as a former Wall Street trader and businessman who inherited his father's pasta business and has been in trouble with the law on several occasions. The Lohans have four children: Lindsay (born 1986), Michael (born 1987), Ali (born 1993), and Dakota (born 1996).

Career

Dina and her younger daughter Ali began a reality show, ''Living Lohan'', which debuted on May 26, 2008 on the cable television network ''E!''. Dina is also one of the executive producers of the series.

Controversy

Lohan has been the subject of media scrutiny for making her daughter Ali the star of a reality television program, and for her regard to her daughter Lindsay's recovery from drug and alcohol abuse. She has responded to the latter matter by insisting that Lindsay's problems were not her fault, nor those of Lindsay's friends, but were the result of personal choices, for which Lindsay would have to take responsibility, and that Lindsay was in the process of rebuilding her life. She has also been accused of capitalizing on Lindsay's fame and personal struggles in order to launch her own career, having been criticized for bringing cameramen from the entertainment newsmagazine series ''Entertainment Tonight'' to film her visiting Lindsay in drug rehabilitation, to the ire of her daughter and the facility staff.

Lohan's claimed career as a Radio City Rockette has also been questioned. According to the ''New York Post'' a spokesperson for Radio City asserted that there was no record of Lohan ever being a Rockette, and that executives at Cablevision, which owns Radio City, were indignant that Lohan would claim otherwise.

On August 5, 2008, Anderson Cooper appeared as a guest co-host on the ABC talk show ''Live with Regis and Kelly'', during which he stated, in reference to ''Living Lohan'', "I can't believe I'm wasting a minute of my life watching these horrific people", and remarked that Ali Lohan appeared to be a sixty-year-old. In an interview with ''OK!'' magazine, Dina Lohan responded, "people are just cruel...This is bad karma for him". Cooper did not respond directly to Lohan's comments, but clarified that while he felt bad for Ali Lohan, he opined that she should be living the conventional life of a teenager, and not be made to star in a reality television show. Michael Lohan also responded to Cooper's comments, telling ''Access Hollywood'', "I think Anderson Cooper is an opinionated, hypocritical idiot who should be an adult and keep his opinion to himself...He is the last person to judge anyone, when he and his own family have their own issues."

Appearances

Magazines

''The Boulevard Magazine'' cover, October 2006.

Filmography

Films

!Year	!Film	!Role	!Notes
1998		Woman in Airport	uncredited
2003		Woman Dancing in the Wedding	uncredited
2004	''Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen	Woman Walking on the Street	uncredited

''Living Lohan'' (2008) TV series .... Herself (2008)

''Entertainment Tonight'' .... Herself (3 episodes, 2007)

''Entertainment Tonight'' July 27, 2007 (2007) TV episode .... Herself

''Entertainment Tonight'' January 22, 2007 (2007) TV episode .... Herself

''Entertainment Tonight'' January 19, 2007 (2007) TV episode .... Herself

''E! True Hollywood Story'' .... Herself (1 episode, 2005) - Lindsay Lohan (2005) TV episode .... Herself

''Driven'' .... Herself (1 episode, 2002) - Lindsay Lohan (2002) TV episode .... Herself

References

External links

Dina Lohan at Internet Movie Database

Dina Lohan at TV.com

Dina Lohan at Living Lohan TV

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:American film actors Category:American television personalities Category:American people of Irish descent Category:People from New York City Category:Lindsay Lohan

ru:Лохан, Дина

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Lindsay Lohan
background	solo_singer
birth date	July 02, 1986
birth place	New York City
genre	Pop rock
occupation	Actress, singer, fashion designer, model
years active	1989–present
label	Casablanca, Universal Motown
website	}}

Lindsay Lohan (; born July 2, 1986) is an American actress, pop singer and model. She began her career as a child fashion model before making her motion picture debut in Disney's 1998 remake of ''The Parent Trap'' at the age of 11. Lohan gained further fame between 2003 and 2005 with leading roles in the films ''Freaky Friday'', ''Mean Girls'' and ''Herbie: Fully Loaded'', subsequently appearing in independent films including Robert Altman's ''A Prairie Home Companion'' and Emilio Estevez's ''Bobby''.

Her career was interrupted in 2007 as two driving under the influence (DUI) incidents and three visits to rehabilitation facilities led to the loss of several movie deals. Resuming her career, she guest starred in the TV series ''Ugly Betty'' in 2008, starred in the 2009 comedy ''Labor Pains'', and appeared in Robert Rodriguez's ''Machete'' in 2010. Lohan launched a second career in pop music in 2004 with the album ''Speak'' and followed up with ''A Little More Personal (Raw)'' in 2005. She has attracted significant publicity, particularly surrounding her personal life.

Life and career

Early life and education

Lohan was born on July 2, 1986, in New York City and grew up in Merrick and Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island, New York. She is the eldest child of Donata "Dina" (née Sullivan) and Michael Lohan. Lindsay has three younger siblings, all of whom have been models or actors: Michael Jr. (who appeared with Lindsay in ''The Parent Trap''), Aliana ("Ali"), and Dakota ("Cody"), the youngest Lohan child. Lohan is of Irish and Italian heritage and was raised as a Catholic. Her maternal family were "well known Irish Catholic stalwarts" and her great-grandfather, John L. Sullivan, was a co-founder of the Pro-life Party in Long Island. Lohan attended Cold Spring Harbor High School, where she did well in science and mathematics until grade 11 when she started homeschooling.

Lohan's parents have a turbulent history. They married in 1985, separated when she was three, and later reunited. They separated again in 2005 and finalized their divorce in 2007. Her father, Michael, is a former Wall Street trader who has been in trouble with the law on several occasions, while her mother, Dina, is a former singer and dancer.

1989–2002: Early career and ''The Parent Trap''

Lohan began her career as a child model with Ford Models at the age of three. She modeled for Calvin Klein Kids and Abercrombie kids, and appeared in over 100 television commercials, including those for Pizza Hut and Wendy's, as well as a Jell-O spot with Bill Cosby. By the age of 10, when Lohan played Alexandra "Alli" Fowler in the series ''Another World'', ''Soap Opera Magazine'' said she was already considered a show-business veteran.

Lohan remained in the role for a year, before leaving to star in Disney's 1998 family comedy ''The Parent Trap'', a remake of the 1961 movie. She played dual roles of estranged twins who try to reunite their long-divorced parents, played by Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson. The film earned $92 million worldwide, and critic Kenneth Turan called Lohan "the soul of this film as much as Hayley Mills was of the original", going on to say that "she is more adept than her predecessor at creating two distinct personalities". The film won Lohan a Young Artist Award for best performance in a feature film as well as a three-film contract with Disney.

At the age of 14, Lohan played Bette Midler's daughter in the pilot episode of the short-lived series, ''Bette'', but resigned her role when the production moved from New York to Los Angeles. She also starred in two Disney television movies: ''Life-Size'' opposite Tyra Banks in 2000, and ''Get a Clue'' in 2002.

2003–04: ''Freaky Friday'', ''Mean Girls'' and ''Speak''

Lohan starred as Anna Coleman alongside Jamie Lee Curtis in the 2003 family comedy ''Freaky Friday''. At Lohan's own initiative, her character was rewritten and changed from a Goth style to be more relatable. Critic Roger Ebert wrote that Lohan "has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona". ''Freaky Friday'' earned Lohan the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards and, as of 2010, it remains her most commercially successful film, earning $160 million worldwide as well as an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Aiming to become a triple threat—actor, singer and dancer, similar to Ann-Margret and Marilyn Monroe—Lohan began showcasing her singing through her acting. For the ''Freaky Friday'' soundtrack, she sang the closing theme, "Ultimate", as well as recording four songs for the ''Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen'' soundtrack. Producer Emilio Estefan, Jr. signed Lohan to a five-album production deal in 2002. Two years later, Lohan signed a recording contract with Casablanca Records, headed by Tommy Mottola.

In 2004, Lohan starred in two lead roles. The first, ''Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen''—Lohan's first role in a film that was not a remake—earned a domestic box office total of $29 million, with Brandon Gray of Box Office Mojo commenting that it was "well above expectations as it was strictly for young girls". The film overall, however, did not meet with critical acclaim. Robert K. Elder of Metromix wrote that, "though still a promising star, Lohan will have to do a little penance before she's forgiven for ''Confessions''".

The teen comedy ''Mean Girls'' was Lohan's first movie independent of Disney. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $129 million worldwide and, according to Brandon Gray, "cementing her status as the new teen movie queen", while Steve Rhodes wrote that "Lohan dazzles us once more. The smartly written script is a perfect match for her intelligent brand of comedy." Lohan received four awards at the 2004 Teen Choice Awards for ''Freaky Friday'' and ''Mean Girls'', including Breakout Movie Star. ''Mean Girls'' also earned her two awards at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards, Best Female Performance and Best On-Screen Team along with several other cast members.

Lohan, then 17, became the youngest-ever host of the MTV Movie Awards in 2004. Following ''Mean Girls'', which was scripted by Tina Fey and featured several alumni of ''Saturday Night Live'', Lohan hosted the show three times between 2004 and 2006, as well as hosting the 2006 World Music Awards.

''Speak'', Lohan's debut album, was released in December 2004, peaking at number four on the ''Billboard'' 200 and earning Platinum certification by early 2005. Lohan cowrote six of the twelve songs on the album. The album was praised by Linda McGee of RTÉ, who awarded it 4 out of 5 stars and commented that "''Speak'' opens with all the raw emotion and teenage angst that you'd expect from an artist of Lohan's age" and that, "while her vocals are not sensational, their gritty edge keeps Lohan more than afloat throughout this album" as well as comparing the album to the early music of Avril Lavigne. Allmusic, however, awarded it 2 out of 5 stars and claimed the album "feels more like a byproduct of an overdriven, overamplified celebrity culture than an actual album". Though primarily a pop album, ''Speak'' was introduced with the single "Rumors". Described by ''Rolling Stone'' as "a bass-heavy, angry club anthem", "Rumors" details Lohan's complaints with the paparazzi and eventually earned a Gold certification in the United States.

While shooting ''Herbie: Fully Loaded'' in 2004, Lohan was hospitalized with a kidney infection brought on by stress in her personal life and of recording her first album while the film was in production, prompting ''Vanity Fair'' to label it Lohan's "first disastrous shoot". The magazine also described how Lohan terminated the promotional tour and was de-emphasized on the movie poster due to "un-Disney-like behavior". Lohan began dating actor Wilmer Valderrama in 2004, guest-starring in an episode of ''That '70s Show'', of which Valderrama was a regular. According to ''Vanity Fair'', the breakup with Valderrama contributed to Lohan's issues during the shooting of ''Herbie: Fully Loaded''.

With ''Mean Girls'', Lohan's public profile was raised significantly and paparazzi began following her. She spent several years living out of hotels in Los Angeles, of which two years were spent at Chateau Marmont. In late 2007, after settling down in more permanent residence, she explained that she spent so much time in hotels because she "didn't want to be alone" but that "it wasn't a way of life ... not very consistent." Lohan has had a series of car accidents that have been widely reported, with minor crashes in August 2004, October 2005, and November 2006, when Lohan suffered minor injuries because a paparazzo who was following her for a photograph hit her car. Police called the crash intentional, but prosecutors said there was not enough evidence to file criminal charges.

2005: ''Herbie: Fully Loaded'' and ''A Little More Personal (Raw)''

Lohan returned to Disney in 2005 for ''Herbie: Fully Loaded,'' the fifth film in the series with the anthropomorphic car Herbie. ''Fully Loaded'' earned $144 million worldwide and received mixed reviews. Stephen Holden of ''The New York Times'' called Lohan "a genuine star who ... seems completely at home on the screen", while James Berardinelli wrote that, "as bright a starlet as she may be, Lohan ends up playing second fiddle to the car." In 2005, Lohan became the first person to have a My Scene celebrity doll released by Mattel. She also voiced herself in the animated direct-to-DVD film ''My Scene Goes Hollywood'', based on the series of dolls.

Lohan's second album, ''A Little More Personal (Raw)'', was released in December 2005, debuting at number 20 on the Billboard 200 chart, falling under the top 100 within six weeks. Lohan cowrote six of the twelve songs on the album. ''Slant Magazine'' called the album "contrived ... for all the so-called weighty subject matter, there's not much meat on these bones." The album was certified Gold in early 2006. The music video for the album's first single, "Confessions of a Broken Heart (Daughter to Father)", was directed by Lohan and featured the acting debut of her sister, Ali Lohan. The video was a dramatization of the pain Lohan says her family has suffered at the hands of her father. It was Lohan's first song to chart on the ''Billboard Hot 100'', peaking at number 57.

Lohan's parents legally separated in December 2005 and finalized their divorce in 2007. Lohan spoke in 2007 about her childhood: "I feel like a second parent in the sense that I helped raise my family...I was put between my mother and father a lot. Well, I would put myself between them to try and keep the peace, and I felt good doing that." Despite the conflicts, Lohan calls herself "a family girl" and has spoken very fondly of her family, including her father. However, in 2007 and again in 2008 she stated that she was no longer in contact with him, describing his unpredictable behavior as hard to deal with. In November 2009, her father released recordings of private phone calls with and about Lohan to the media. She commented on Twitter: "I haven't had a real relationship w/Michael Sr. in years."

Lohan's next widely released film, the romantic comedy ''Just My Luck'', opened in May 2006 and, according to ''Variety'', earned Lohan over $7 million. The opening weekend box office takings of $5.7 million "broke lead actress Lindsay Lohan's winning streak" according to Brandon Gray. The film received poor reviews and earned Lohan her first Golden Raspberry nomination for worst actress.

2006–07: Independent movies and career interruptions

Following ''Just My Luck'', Lohan focused on smaller roles in more mature, independent movies. Robert Altman's ensemble comedy ''A Prairie Home Companion'', in which Lohan co-stars with Meryl Streep and Lily Tomlin, had a limited release in June 2006. Peter Travers wrote for ''Rolling Stone'' that "Lohan rises to the occasion, delivering a rock-the-house version of 'Frankie and Johnny'". Co-star Streep said of Lohan's acting: "She's in command of the art form" and "completely, visibly living in front of the camera". The Emilio Estevez drama ''Bobby'' was released in theaters in November 2006. Lohan received favorable comments for her performance, particularly a scene opposite Sharon Stone. As part of the ''Bobby'' ensemble cast, Lohan was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and won an award for Ensemble Acting at the Hollywood Film Festival where she also won a Breakout Award for her work in 2006. Lohan's next appearance was in ''Chapter 27'' as a John Lennon fan who befriends Mark David Chapman (Jared Leto) on the day he murders Lennon. Filming finished in early 2006, but was not released until March 2008 due to difficulties in finding a distributor. In May 2007, the drama ''Georgia Rule'', in which Lohan stars alongside Felicity Huffman and Jane Fonda, was released. Owen Gleiberman of ''Entertainment Weekly'' wrote that "Lohan hits a true note of spiteful princess narcissism". During filming in 2006, Lohan was hospitalized, her representative saying "she was overheated and dehydrated". At the time Lohan was going through a breakup with restaurant owner Harry Morton. This contributed to her problems on the set according to ''Allure''. In a letter that was made public, studio executive James G. Robinson called Lohan "irresponsible and unprofessional". He mentioned "various late arrivals and absences from the set" and that "we are well aware that your ongoing all night heavy partying is the real reason for your so-called 'exhaustion'." Co-star Fonda later commented that "when she showed up on the set, she was always great."

In 2006, Lohan attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Lohan, who has suffered from asthma since the age of two, is also a smoker. In early January 2007, production on the film ''I Know Who Killed Me'' was put on hold when Lohan underwent appendix surgery. Later in the month, Lohan admitted herself to the Wonderland Center rehabilitation facility. Lohan checked out on February 16, 2007 after completing a 30-day stay. During the stay she continued shooting the film, returning to the facility at night. Shortly thereafter, Lohan withdrew from a film adaptation of Oscar Wilde's ''A Woman of No Importance'', her publicist stating that Lohan needed to "focus on getting better". Lohan was replaced in ''The Edge of Love'' in April 2007, shortly before filming was to begin, with the director citing "insurance reasons" and Lohan later explaining that she "was going through a really bad time then." In May 2007, Lohan first dated British TV personality Calum Best.

Lohan was then cast in the film ''Poor Things''. On May 26, four days before production was set to start, she was arrested for DUI and subsequently re-entered rehab. The film's producers initially voiced support and production was put on hold. Lohan had lost control of her car and run the vehicle up a curb. Beverly Hills police also found what they preliminarily identified as a "usable" amount of cocaine in her car. After receiving treatment for minor injuries, Lohan was arrested on a misdemeanor charge of driving under the influence of alcohol. She subsequently entered the Promises Treatment Center rehabilitation facility, where she stayed for 45 days. Upon her release to outpatient care, Lohan was voluntarily fitted with a SCRAM bracelet to monitor her sobriety.

On July 24, 2007, three weeks before filming was scheduled to resume on ''Poor Things'', Lohan was arrested for a second DUI and again returned to rehabilitation. Lohan refused a field sobriety test in Santa Monica and was taken to a police station where her blood alcohol level was found to be above the legal limit. While conducting a search, the police found a small amount of cocaine in her pocket. Lohan was booked on a felony charge of possession of cocaine and misdemeanor charges of driving under the influence and driving with a suspended license. In August 2007, Lohan entered Cirque Lodge Treatment Center in Sundance, Utah for a third stint at rehabilitation, staying until discharge on October 5, 2007. Ultimately, ''Hollywood Reporter'' said, she "fell out of" the ''Poor Things'' production. Later in 2007, Lohan dated then snowboarder Riley Giles, whom she met during rehab.

In the wake of her second DUI arrest, Lohan withdrew from a scheduled appearance on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'' in which she had been due to promote ''I Know Who Killed Me'', a low-budget thriller-mystery in which she stars as a stripper with a dual personality. The film premiered to what ''Entertainment Weekly'' called "an abysmal $3.5 million". It earned Lohan a dual Razzie nomination for Worst Actress, with Lohan coming first and second, tying with herself.

Hollywood executives and industry insiders commented that it would be difficult for Lohan to find employment until she could prove that she was sober and reliable, citing possible issues with securing insurance. Robinson, the producer who previously criticized Lohan's work ethic on ''Georgia Rule'', said that he would work with her again if she got the proper medical care, and went on to describe her as "one of the most talented young women in the movie business today."

On August 23, 2007, Lohan pleaded guilty to misdemeanor cocaine use and driving under the influence and was sentenced to one day imprisonment and 10 days' community service. She was also ordered to pay fines and complete an alcohol education program, and was given three years probation. Lohan released a statement in which she said "it is clear to me that my life has become completely unmanageable because I am addicted to alcohol and drugs". On November 15, 2007, Lohan served 84 minutes in jail. A sheriff spokesman cited overcrowding and the nonviolent nature of the crime as reasons for the reduced sentence. The probation was extended by an additional year in October 2009, following several instances in which Lohan failed to attend the court-ordered substance abuse treatment classes.

Following a switch to Universal Motown, Lohan began working on a third album, tentatively titled ''Spirit in the Dark'', in late 2007 and released "Bossy" in May 2008. In November 2008, Lohan stated that work on the new album had stalled and that she wanted to avoid the stress of working on movies and music at the same time. In February 2010, Ne-Yo, with whom Lohan had been collaborating, stated in an interview, "We were doing some stuff and then it just fell off and hasn't got back on. I'm not gonna hold my breath."

2008–09: Television appearances and fashion

In May 2008, Lohan made her first screen appearance since ''I Know Who Killed Me'', on ABC's television series ''Ugly Betty''. She guest starred in four episodes, spanning seasons two and three in 2008, as Kimmie Keegan, an old schoolmate of the protagonist Betty Suarez. Lohan made a cameo appearance in the drug themed music video for the May 2008 N*E*R*D song "Everyone Nose". Lohan has featured in various men's magazines. She was voted No.10 on the list of "100 Sexiest Women" by readers of ''FHM'' in 2005, No.13 in 2006, No.30 in 2007, and No.41 in 2008, while ''Maxim'' placed her third on its "Hot 100" list in 2006 and first in 2007. In a poll by ''The Daily Mirror'' in February 2010, Lohan was voted tenth on a list of "sexiest redheads ever". Lohan has been the face of Jill Stuart, Miu Miu, and Dooney & Bourke, as well as the 2008 Visa Swap British fashion campaign as well as being the face of Italian clothing company Fornarina for its Spring/Summer 2009 campaign. thumb|Lohan named her clothing collection ''[[6126 Collection|6126'' after the birthdate of Marilyn Monroe (pictured) whom Lohan greatly admires]] Lohan has a long-lasting fascination with Marilyn Monroe going back to when she saw ''Niagara'' during ''The Parent Trap'' shoot. In the 2008 ''Spring Fashion'' edition of ''New York'' magazine, Lohan re-created Monroe's final photo shoot, known as ''The Last Sitting'', including nudity, saying that the photo shoot was "an honor". The ''New York Times'' critic Ginia Bellafante found it disturbing, saying "the pictures ask viewers to engage in a kind of mock necrophilia. ... At 21 [Lohan] seems even older than Monroe, who was 36 in the originals ... [and] the photographs bear none of Monroe's fragility". In 2008, Lohan launched a clothes line, whose name ''6126'' was designed to represent Monroe's birth date (June 1, 1926). The line started with leggings, before expanding to a full collection, covering 280 pieces as of April 2010. In April 2009, Lohan released a self-tanning spray under the brand name ''Sevin Nyne'' in collaboration with Sephora. In September 2009, Lohan became an artistic adviser for the French fashion house Emanuel Ungaro; a collection by designer Estrella Archs with Lohan as adviser was presented in October, receiving a "disastrous" reception, according to ''Entertainment Weekly'' and ''New York''. Lohan left the company in March 2010.

During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Lohan offered her services to Barack Obama's election effort, including hosting events aimed at young voters; but her offer was declined. An unnamed source within the Obama campaign told the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' that Lohan was "not exactly the kind of high-profile star who would be a positive for us." She nonetheless posted MySpace blogs with her opinions on the election, urging voters to support Obama, criticizing media coverage of vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, and describing Palin as homophobic, anti-abortion and anti-environmentalist. Lohan had previously expressed an interest in going to Iraq, during the Iraq War in 2006, on a USO tour with Hillary Clinton. Back in 2004, Lohan stated that she did not like to talk about politics in order to avoid alienating any part of her fanbase.

Lohan dated DJ Samantha Ronson in 2008 and 2009. Lohan co-hosted club events with Ronson and accompanied her when she was DJ-ing. Speaking about her sexual orientation, Lohan has said she is not a lesbian. When asked if she is bisexual, she responded "Maybe. Yeah", adding "I don't want to classify myself." In April 2009, following her breakup with Ronson, Lohan appeared in a skit on the comedy website Funny or Die. The self-deprecating video is a spoof of the personal ads on dating website eHarmony. It was viewed 2.7 million times in the first week and received favorable comments from the media.

In the 2009 comedy ''Labor Pains'', Lohan plays a woman who pretends to be pregnant. During the shoot, Lohan's manager worked with the paparazzi to encourage the media to show her working, as opposed to partying. It was originally planned for a theatrical release, but instead appeared as a TV movie on the ABC Family cable channel in July 2009, "a setback for the star" according to ''Variety''. The premiere received 2.1 million viewers, "better-than-average" for the channel according to E! Online. Joanna Weiss of ''The Boston Globe'' commented that Lohan "looks to be coasting through a part that requires little effort, anyway". Alessandra Stanley of the ''New York Times'' said "this is not a triumphant return of a prodigal child star. ... [''Labor Pains''] never shakes free of the heavy baggage Ms. Lohan brings to the role".

Lohan was a guest judge on US TV style contest ''Project Runway'' sixth season premiere episode, which aired in August 2009.

Also in August 2009, Lohan's home was burglarized by The Bling Ring, a group of fashion-motivated burglars whose ringleader considered Lohan to be their ultimate conquest. Video surveillance of the burglary recorded at Lohan's home played a large role in breaking the case, which ultimately led to the arrests of the group's members.

2010–present

In the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, Lohan gave fund-raising assistance to the British Red Cross in March 2010 to provide aid for the country. The same month, Lohan commenced legal proceedings in which she sought $100 million from financial services company E-Trade for a television advertisement that Lohan claimed invoked her likeness without her permission. On September 21, 2010, the parties announced they had reached a settlement in the case, the terms of which are confidential. She appeared on British comedy chat show ''Alan Carr: Chatty Man'' on March 11, 2010, during which she spoke about her fashion work and her fascination with Marilyn Monroe, and refused to answer questions from host Alan Carr about her sexuality.

Lohan narrated and presented the BBC Three documentary ''Lindsay Lohan's Indian Journey'' about human trafficking in India. The program was filmed during a week in India in December 2009 and aired in April 2010. An Indian charity group critiziced Lohan for a Twitter post where she appeared to take credit for one of their raids, but the BBC said it was a misinterpretation. A reviewer for ''The Times'' said that rather than highlight trafficking "the spotlight was effectively turned on Lohan and under it she wilted." A review in ''The Independent'' found it "very compelling" and said that the inclusion of Lohan was "definitely not a terrible choice. Just a very, very odd one." Lohan said the experience was "truly humbling" and "I hope my presence in India will bring awareness to the really important issues raised in making this film."

In April 2010 Lohan was cast as adult-film performer Linda Lovelace, star of ''Deep Throat'', in the film ''Inferno''. In November, while Lohan was in court mandated rehab, the offer was withdrawn with one producer saying it was impossible to insure her. The co-owner of Dina Lohan's production company said that Lohan had made the decision to leave the movie: "She was definitely not fired." He also said that she is "100 percent insurable." Lohan appears in one sketch in the movie ''Underground Comedy 2010 ''. She is dressed up as Marilyn Monroe, while still visibly wearing a SCRAM bracelet, and shoots at paparazzi photographers. As of September 2010, the movie was still seeking a distributor.

In May 2010, Lohan did not appear for a scheduled DUI progress report hearing. The judge issued a bench warrant for Lohan's arrest, but rescinded the warrant after Lohan's representatives posted bail. Lohan's lawyer said her passport was stolen while she attended the Cannes Film Festival in France. At a rescheduled hearing on May 24, 2010 Lohan was ordered to attend weekly alcohol education classes, wear an alcohol-monitoring bracelet, refrain from drinking alcohol, and undergo random weekly drug tests to remain free on bail.

In June 2010, Lohan made an appearance on the Bravo television series ''Double Exposure''. She also gave an interview to ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' that month, telling the paper "I'm still young and I'm still learning but that doesn't mean that what they say is true, that I'm getting messed up and all this crazy stuff and that I'm constantly partying or whatever."

At a July 6 probation revocation hearing, the judge determined that Lohan had violated the terms of her probation and sentenced her to 90 days in jail, starting July 20; in addition, the judge ordered Lohan to check into an inpatient rehab program for three months after her release from jail. On July 20, Lohan appeared in court and was taken into custody to begin her jail term. She was released on August 2 after serving 14 days of the sentence. The short term served was due to a policy of early release of non-violent offenders to reduce jail overcrowding. She was immediately taken to an inpatient rehabilitation facility where she was expected to stay another 90 days. However, on August 24 Lohan was released after only 23 days. Her lawyer stated that "the treating doctors at UCLA felt she had done everything required of her there." Lohan continued with mandatory outpatient therapy but was able to resume work. She was ordered to submit to random drug and alcohol screenings and attend psychotherapy and behavior therapy twice a week, as well as five 12-step sessions a week. The judge said that any failure to attend the sessions or to pass the drug tests could result in a 30-day jail sentence. A new hearing was scheduled for November 1, until which time Lohan was required to remain in Los Angeles.

Robert Rodriguez's action exploitation film ''Machete'' opened on September 3, 2010. Lohan filmed her scenes for the movie in August and September 2009. She plays April, the spoiled daughter of a wealthy businessman. Her character takes drugs, is naked in much of her appearance and later dons a nuns habit while toting a machine gun. ''The Washington Post'' described Lohan's character as "a campier, trampier version of herself – or at least her tabloid image". Premiere.com said she was "terrible" while ''Variety'' called it "her best work in some time." Eric D. Snider from Film.com said all three main actresses in the film did "laughably flat performances" but also questioned if it was due to Rodriguez's direction. Because of her rehabilitation and legal engagements Lohan did not participate in promotion of the movie or appear at the L.A. premiere.

On September 24 Lohan's probation was revoked following a failed drug test. She spent part of the day in jail before being released on bail. A few days later she entered the Betty Ford Center, a drug and alcohol treatment center, where she remained on court order for three months until early January 2011.

On February 9, 2011, Lohan was charged with the theft of a necklace reported stolen from a jewelry store in January. She was sentenced to 120 days in prison and 480 hours of community service for misdemeanor theft and probation violation, to which she pled no contest. Due to jail overcrowding, Lohan served the sentence under house arrest, wearing a tracking ankle monitor, for 35 days between May 26 and June 29. While under house arrest, Lohan failed a random alcohol test. A judge decided it did not constitute a probation violation and Lohan would receive no additional punishment.

In April 2011, it was announced that Lohan has signed on to appear opposite John Travolta in the upcoming movie ''Gotti: Three Generations''. She was cast to play Kim Gotti, wife of New York City mobster John Gotti Jr.. Production is planned to start in fall 2011. Lohan is also set to appear in ''Mob Street'' from the same production team, based on a screenplay by Chazz Palminteri.

Filmography

+ Film roles
Year	Title	Role	Notes
1998		Hallie Parker / Annie James	Remake of the 1961 film of The Parent Trap (1961 film)
2000	''[[Life-Size''	Casey Stuart	Television film
2002	''Get a Clue''	Alexandra "Lexy" Gold	Disney Channel Original Movie
2003		Anna Coleman	Remake MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Star Nominated—Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress
2004	''Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen''	Mary Elizabeth "Lola" Cep
2004	''Mean Girls''	Cady Heron	MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team Teen Choice Award for Choice Actress – Comedy Teen Choice Award for Choice Blush Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Star Nominated—Best Young ActressNominated—Kids Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress Nominated—Teen Choice Award for Choice Chemistry Nominated—Teen Choice Award for Choice Liar
2005	''Herbie: Fully Loaded''	Maggie Peyton	Kids Choice Awards
2006		Ashley Albright	Nominated—[[Teen Choice Awards
2006		Lola Johnson
2006	''[[The Holiday''	Herself	Cameo appearance
2006		Diane Howser
2007	''Georgia Rule''	Rachel Wilcox
2007	''I Know Who Killed Me''	Aubrey Flemming / Dakota Moss
2008	''Chapter 27''	Jude Hanson
2009	''Labor Pains''	Thea Clayhill	ABC Family Original Movie
2010		April Booth
2011	''Underground Comedy''	Marilyn

+ Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1996		Alli Fowler	Soap Opera
2000		Rose Midler	"Pilot" (Season 1, Episode 1)
2004	''King of the Hill''	Jenny Medina	"Talking Shop" (Season 8, Episode 22)
2005	''That '70s Show''	Danielle
2008	''Ugly Betty''	Kimmie Keegan	"[[Jump (Ugly Betty)

Discography

''Speak'' (2004)

''A Little More Personal (Raw)'' (2005)

Awards

References

; General

; Specific

External links

Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from New York Category:American child actors Category:American child singers Category:American documentary filmmakers Category:American female models Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American musicians of Irish descent Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American pop singers Category:American pop singer-songwriters Category:American soap opera actors Category:American television actors Category:Motown artists Category:Musicians from New York City Category:People from Hempstead (town), New York Category:People from Suffolk County, New York Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers Category:Universal Records artists

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Michael Scott Shannon (born in St. Louis, Missouri) is a radio disc jockey, current co-host of the "Scott and Todd in the Morning" show on WPLJ, host of The True Oldies Channel, and the official voice of ''The Sean Hannity Show''.

Early Radio Career

Born in St. Louis, Scott Shannon grew up an Army brat, in Indianapolis, Indiana. Scott started his radio career during his own Army stint at WFBS 1450 AM in Spring Lake, North Carolina (now WFBX). From there he moved to WCLS 1580 AM in Columbus, Georgia. After leaving the army, Shannon worked full-time in radio at WABB, where he acquired the name "Super Shan". After a short time at WMPS in Memphis, Scott moved to Nashville as the evening disc jockey at WMAK 1300 AM. Shannon later became program director of WMAK. Under his direction, the station became the market's top-rated station.

Record Promotion Career

Shannon left Nashville to take a job as a record promoter with Casablanca Records and while there in 1977, recorded an album with Jack (Stack-A-Track) Grochmal. Calling themselves "Wildfire", they had a #49 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 remaking a Jerry Keller song from 1959 called "Here Comes Summer". Scott returned to radio in Washington, D.C. as program director of WPGC-FM, taking that station to the #1 spot in the Arbitron ratings. From there to WQXI in Atlanta. Then, in Tampa, Florida, Scott, along with partner Cleveland Wheeler, developed the morning zoo radio format while at WRBQ, known as Q105. Again, he shined in the ratings, this time making his station one of the most listened to in the United States. He was also primarily responsible for the renaissance of the musical career of vocalist Charlene, whose song "I've Never Been to Me" he revived by his programming of the long-dormant track.

Scott also had hosted a "where are they now?" radio program in 1989, where the subject of the day was the one hit wonder, Benny Mardones, who had the 1980 hit "Into The Night". Scott began putting the record in rotation in 1989, and soon after, many other DJs around the nation re-added the song to their playlists. The song re-entered the top 20 singles chart, prompting a resurgence in Benny Mardones's career including a new re-recording of the song, touring schedule, and new record.

The Z Morning Zoo

Scott is perhaps most famous within the radio business for his work on Z100 in New York City in the mid to late 80's. Shannon, along with former disc jockey Ross Brittain of WABC's popular "Ross & Wilson Show", founded the "Z Morning Zoo." He was the driving force in helping Z100 become the top-rated FM station in New York City in just 74 days after signing on the air. Z100 capitalized on using a Top 40 radio format. During this period, Shannon also served as one of the original VJs on VH1.

Pirate Radio KQLZ

In 1989, Shannon left Z100 in what was an emotional farewell to head to Los Angeles to start up Pirate Radio, KQLZ. Pirate Radio employed a similar Top 40 concept. As the 1990s started, Top 40 radio began to struggle and eventually Pirate Radio struggled as well, leading to Shannon's departure. He was known as "El Diablo" in Los Angeles because of a billboard image that made him look like the devil.

Back to New York

In 1991 he returned to New York and resurfaced on Z100's biggest rival, WPLJ. WPLJ had also been struggling since its glory days of the mid 1980s, and Shannon became program director and morning drive co-host. At the outset, the station was aimed right at Z100 and used the slogan "Mojo Radio," downplaying the WPLJ call letters, but this approach was eventually changed. Shannon created a Top 40 format that was geared more toward the adult contemporary audience, brought in co-host Todd Pettengill to form "The Big Show," and the WPLJ call letters were re-emphasized. The "new" WPLJ has not generally equalled the ratings of Z100, but it has found a niche in the New York radio market.

True Oldies Channel

In addition to his New York morning show, Scott can be heard across the country on The True Oldies Channel radio network.

Industry Recognition

Scott is one of several disc jockeys honored in an exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.

In 2000, ''FMBQ'', a radio trade magazine, named Shannon "Program Director of the Century."

In 2003, he was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in Washington, D.C., and in 2006 he was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in Chicago, Illinois.

Scott has also been a successful radio consultant in the 1990s for WPLY Philadelphia and WKCI-FM New Haven.

In September of 2010, Scott was named Network/Syndicated Personality of the Year at the 2010 National Association of Broadcasters' Marconi Radio Awards.

Personal information

Shannon lives in Westchester County, New York

References

External links

Scott Shannon biography

Where Are They Now?

Category:American radio personalities Category:National Radio Hall of Fame inductees Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri

fi:Scott Shannon