- published: 21 Dec 2015
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The standard gauge (also Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson, International gauge or normal gauge) is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 60% of lines in the world are this gauge (see the list of standard gauge usages). All high-speed lines except Russia, Uzbekistan, Finland are standard gauge. The distance between the inside edges of the rails is defined to be 1,435 millimetres (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in). In the United States and Canada, it is still defined in imperial units, 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches (1,435.1 mm). It is also called UIC gauge, or UIC track gauge, the European gauge in the EU and Russia, or uniform gauge in Queensland.
As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues was track gauge (the distance, or width, between the inner sides of the rails) to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a “standard gauge” of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in allowing inter-connectivity and inter-operability.
In England some early lines in colliery (coal mining) areas in the northeast were 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm); and in Scotland some early lines were 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) (Scotch gauge). By 1846, in both countries, these lines were widened to standard gauge. Parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the second half of the 19th century Britain and the USA had several different track gauges. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent; notably, the South's 5 ft (1,524 mm) broad gauge was converted to be compatible with standard gauge over the course of two days beginning 31 May 1886.See Track gauge in the United States.