The thomson (symbol: Th) is a unit that has appeared infrequently in scientific literature relating to the field of mass spectrometry as a unit of mass-to-charge ratio. The unit was proposed by Cooks and Rockwood^[1] naming it in honour of J. J. Thomson who measured the mass-to-charge ratio of electrons and ions.

Definition[link]

The thomson is defined as^[2]

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 1~\mathrm{Th} = 1~\frac{\mathrm{u}}{e} = 1~\frac{\mathrm{Da}}{e} = 1.036426 \times 10^{-8}\,kg\,C^{-1}

where u represents the unified atomic mass unit, Da represents the unit dalton, and e represents the elementary charge which is the electric charge unit in the atomic unit system.

For example, for the ion C₇H₇²⁺ has an exact mass of 91.0 Da. Its charge number is +2, and hence its charge is 2e. The ion will be observed at 45.5 Th in a mass spectrum.

The thomson allows for negative values for negatively charged ions. For example, the benzoate anion would be observed at m/z 121, but at −121 Th since the charge is −e.

Use[link]

The thomson has been used by some mass spectrometrists, for example Alexander Makarov—the inventor of the Orbitrap—in a scientific poster,^[3] papers,^[4][5] and (notably) one book.^[2] The journal Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (in which the original article appeared) states that "the Thomson (Th) may be used for such purposes as a unit of mass-to-charge ratio although it is not currently approved by IUPAP or IUPAC."^[6] Even so, the term has been called "controversial" by RCM's former Editor-in Chief^[7] (in a review the Hoffman text cited above^[2]). The book, Mass Spectrometry Desk Reference, argues against the use of the thomson.^[8] However, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan has written an editorial in support of the thomson unit.^[9]

The thomson is not an SI unit, nor has it been defined by IUPAC.

References[link]

Thomson may refer to:

People[link]

• Thomson (surname), includes a list of people with this name and a description of its origin

Science[link]

• thomson (unit), a unit for mass-to-charge ratio, symbol: Th; named in honor of J. J. Thomson
• Thomson effect, named for William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, which is the heating or cooling of a current-carrying conductor when a temperature gradient is present
• Joule–Thomson effect, named after James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, which explains the temperature change of a fluid when allowed to pass through a porous plug with the system kept thermally insulated
• Thomson's gazelle, a species of gazelle

Places[link]

Australia

• Thomson River (Queensland)
• Thomson River (Victoria)
• Thomson, Victoria a suburb of Geelong

Canada

• David and Mary Thomson Collegiate Institute, a high school located in Toronto, Ontario

Singapore

• Thomson, Singapore
  • Thomson MRT Line, a mass transit line

United States

• Thomson, Georgia
• Thomson, Illinois
• Thomson, Minnesota

Business[link]

• The Thomson Corporation, a Canadian-based information services company
  • Thomson Reuters, a media company created by The Thomson Corporation's purchase of Reuters on 17 April, 2008
• Thomson-CSF, former name for the company Thales Group
• Thomson Local, the UK business directory published by Thomson Directories
• Thomsons Online Benefits, a UK based provider of employee benefit programmes
• Thomson SA, formerly known as Thomson Multimedia, a French electronics manufacturer and media services provider
  • Thomson MO5 and MO6, TO7, TO8 and TO9, microcomputers by Thomson SA in the 1980s
• Various businesses of TUI AG:
  • Thomson Holidays, a UK-based travel company founded by the Thomson Corporation in 1965; now a subsidiary of TUI UK
  • Thomsonfly, a UK airline, part of TUI AG, formerly Britannia Airways
  • Thomson Airways, a UK airline formed from the merger of Thomsonfly and First Choice Airways

See also[link]

• Thompson (disambiguation)
• Thomsen
• Thomason (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up unit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Unit may refer to:

Mathematics[link]

• Unit (ring theory), an element that is invertible with respect to ring multiplication
• 1 (number), the unit number
• Unit vector, a vector with length equal to 1

Science and technology[link]

• Units (software), a software program for unit conversion
• Units of measurement, a standardized quantity of measurement of a physical quantity
• Enzyme unit
• Unit operation, a basic step in a chemical plant process
• Functional unit, a component of a computer system such as the CPU
• Unit of blood, a measurement in blood transfusion equal to one pint or 450 ml
• Unit of alcohol, 10 millilitres of pure ethanol in the United Kingdom
• Rack unit, a measure to describe the height of rack-mounted computer equipment
• Geological unit or rock unit, a volume of identifiable rock or ice
• In statistics:
  • Unit of observation, a type of entity (e.g. person, house, neighborhood) specifying the level at which data is collected
  • Unit of analysis, a type of entity (e.g. person, house, neighborhood) specifying the level at which data is analyzed
  • Statistical unit, a single data point, or collection of data points grouped as a single entity, on which statistical analysis is performed

Entertainment and the arts[link]

• UNIT, a fictional military organization in the science fiction television series Doctor Who
• Unit (album), by the Australian band Regurgitator
• Unit (art collective), a British artists' collective
• G-Unit, a hip-hop music group
• The Units, a synthpunk band
• The Unit, an American television series
• Second unit, a team that shoots footage which is of lesser importance for the final motion picture
• Unit of action, a discrete piece of action (or beat) in a theatrical presentation
• UNIT Post Production, a British company
• The Tony Rice Unit, an American bluegrass group

Other uses[link]

• Unit (housing), a self-contained suite of rooms within a set of similar dwellings
• Unit of account, a monetary unit of measurement
• An apartment
• Multiple unit, a passenger train where each carriage has it own motors
• Military unit
• Strategic business unit
• In real time strategy games, an individual (or squad, depending on the game) infantry or vehicle
• Work unit or danwei (单位), a place of employment in China

See also[link]

• UNITA
• Subunit (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Indranee Thurai Rajah (Tamil: இந்திராணி இராஜா; born 12 April 1963) is a politician and lawyer from Singapore. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), she has been a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency since 2001. She served as a Deputy Speaker of Parliament from 2006 to 2011.

Legal practice[link]

Rajah began her legal career in 1987 with Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. She joined Drew & Napier in 1988 and became a director of the firm in 2001. She is a litigator and has an active court practice as an advocate and solicitor. She specialises in cross-border dispute resolution. She was appointed Senior Counsel by the Chief Justice of Singapore in January 2003.

Recognition[link]

Indranee has been recognized by Asia Pacific Legal 500 for her dispute resolution and international arbitration practice. She has been named as a "Leading Individual in the field of Dispute Resolution" in the 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 editions.

Indranee has also been named as a leading lawyer by Best Lawyers International: Singapore and the 2009 Best Lawyers Annual Guide to Litigation & ADR. In Best Lawyers International: Singapore, Indranee was also named as a leading lawyer for both the Litigation and Arbitration & Mediation categories in 2008 and 2009.

Education[link]

Indranee was educated at Marymount Convent Primary School, Marymount Convent Secondary School and Raffles Institution, before going on to the National University of Singapore, where she completed a Bachelor of Law (Honours) degree in 1986.

References[link]

• Cairnhill Community Club
• CV at the Parliament of Singapore
• Drew & Napier Partners' Profiles

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2011)

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (June 2011)

Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt is an American freelance writer who served as a Senior Policy Advisor in the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education during the first term of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, and staff employee of the US State Department (South Africa, Belgium, South Korea).^[1][2][3] She was born circa 1930. Her father and grandfather were Yale University graduates and members of the Skull and Bones secret society.

She is known for writing the book The Deliberate Dumbing Down of America The book claims that changes gradually brought into the American public education system attempt to eliminate the influences of a child's parents (religion, morals, national patriotism), and mold the child into a member of the proletariat in preparation for a socialist-collectivist world of the future.^[3] She alleges that these changes originated from plans formulated primarily by the Andrew Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Education, Rockefeller General Education Board), and details what she says are the psychological methods used to implement and effect the changes.^[3]

In an interview^[2] concerning secret societies and the elite agenda she disclosed that in the early 1980s she had a chance to meet with Norman Dodd who had been the chief investigator for the United States House Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations commonly known as the B. Carroll Reece Committee. In the video she claims that Dodd discussed a 'network' of individuals including Carnegie who planned to bring about world peace by means of rapid changes in society. These changes would be brought about by involving the populace in various wars and military conflicts. She further claimed that Dodd had discussions with Rowan Gaither, the president of the Ford Foundation in which he revealed that directives from the President of the United States compelled foundations related to the Ford Foundation to direct their funding into bringing about the merger of the USA with the Soviet Union.^[4][5][6]

Mr. Dodd, all of us here at the policy making level of the foundation have at one time or another served in the OSS (the Office of Strategic Services, the forerunner of the CIA) or the European Economic Administration, operating under directives from the White House. We operate under those same directives… The substance of the directives under which we operate is that we shall use our grant making power to so alter life in the United States that we can be comfortably merged with the Soviet Union.

— Rowan Gaither, President Ford Foundation - 1953, Norman Dodd - friend of Iserbyt^[7]

Filmed interviews of Iserbyt have her detail her story that lead her from school board trustee/administrator to becoming a Ronald Reagan administration staff in the U.S. Department of Education, and discovering further to her complete disbelief how these policies of a socialist-collectivist nature originated all the way to President Reagan, Vice President George H. W. Bush, and their policy advisers.

Up until 1960 Reagan, a leading member of United World Federalists (whose purpose was to merge America into a world government), was a charter member of Americans for Democratic Action. Reagan was also a member of the National Advisory Council of the American Veterans Committee^[8] that was supposedly "under communist influence."

Not listening to warnings provided to her in a book about Ronald Reagan (as California Governor, written by United Republicans of California (UROC)) given to her by friend, Iserbyt dismissed the seemingly outrageous claims made in the book a short time prior to her accepting and leaving for the government position. 1982 Reagan relieved her of her duties after leaking an important technology grant for computerized learning--Project BEST: "Better Education Skills through Technology"^[9] brought about by the scholarly writings and a large study by an education specialist named Dr. John I. Goodlad at the Center for Educational Renewal at the University of Washington originally from British Columbia, Canada.^[10] One book Iserbyt was critical of was "Schooling for a Global Age" edited by Charlotte C. Anderson, James M. Becker, Institute for Development of Educational Activities, New York 1979, that Iserbyt cited as having less to do with fostering learning and mainly to do with psychological manipulation of students possibly against the teaching of the child's parents, for example, in arts classes.^[11]

Parents and the general public must be reached also. Otherwise, children and youth enrolled in globally oriented programs may find themselves in conflict with values assumed in the home. And then the educational institution frequently comes under scrutiny and must pull back.

— Dr. John I. Goodlad, Schooling for a Global Age-1979

And again later...

Enlightened social engineering is required to face situations that demand global action now... Parents and the general public must be reached also, otherwise, children and youth enrolled in globally oriented programs may find themselves in conflict with values assumed in the home. And then the educational institution frequently comes under scrutiny and must pull back.

— Dr. John I. Goodlad, "Guide to Getting Out Your Message," National Education Goals Panel Community Action Toolkit: A Do-It-Yourself Kit for Education Renewal (September 1994); 6.^[12]

Through her father Charlotte Iserbyt was able to gain possession of the complete listings of the members, living and dead, of the Yale University Skull and Bones secret society, fashioned into a three-volume set: living members, deceased members, and complete listing of both^{[citation needed]}. She cooperated in the writing of Dr. Antony C. Sutton's book America's Secret Establishment - The Order of Skull & Bones by providing the list of members obtained from her father.^[13]

Fifteen Yale juniors are invited to join the Skulls each year in a process called "tapping". A couple of thousand Yale graduates have been Skulls--WASP males from wealthy Northeastern families: Bush, Bundy, Cheney, Dodge, Ford, Goodyear, Harriman, Heinz, Kellogg, Phelps, Pillsbury, Rockefeller, Taft, Vanderbilt, Weyerhaeuser and Whitney were among its membership.

Iserbyt believes that the Bavarian Illuminati hid inside the Freemasons, and that the Skull and Bones Secret Society is derived from these Illuminati-degree Freemasons from Bavaria whose goals were documented in an original edition 1798 book Proofs of Conspiracy by John Robison in Iserbyt's possession that she claimed was originally owned by the first president of the United States of America, Freemason, George Washington. The ideas of a ruling elite date back prior to Plato's writings about the hierarchical plutocracy. Among the goals of the Order of the Illuminati were to destroy religions, and governments from within, merge the destroyed countries, and to bring about a one world government, a new world order, in their secret control.^[14][15]

In the secret societies interview she states that virtually all of the Carnegie Foundation agreements with the Russian education system were still in place, as well as the U.S. Department of Education programs that Iserbyt claims brought about the downfall of American prosperity since the turn of the century, especially post World War II.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

• Norman Dodd
• Antony Sutton
• John Taylor Gatto
• Judith Reisman^[16]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Back to Basics Reform, or OBE: Skinnerian International Curriculum (1985)
• The Deliberate Dumbing Down of America: A Chronological Paper Trail (1999) ISBN 978-0-9667071-0-6