- published: 18 Jan 2013
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Claudius Ptolemy (/ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaúdios Ptolemaîos, [kláwdios ptolɛmɛ́ːos]; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 100 – c. 170) was a Greco-Egyptian writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, and held Roman citizenship. Beyond that, few reliable details of his life are known. His birthplace has been given as Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid in an uncorroborated statement by the 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes. This is a very late attestation, however, and there is no other reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which were of continuing importance to later Byzantine, Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest, although it was originally entitled the "Mathematical Treatise" (Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, Mathēmatikē Syntaxis) and then known as the "Great Treatise" (Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, Ē Megálē Syntaxis). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. This manuscript was used by Christopher Columbus as the map for his westward-bound path to Asia, in which he discovered the hitherto unknown lands of the Americas. The third is the astrological treatise in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day. This is sometimes known as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά) but more commonly known as the Tetrabiblos from the Greek (Τετράβιβλος) meaning "Four Books" or by the Latin Quadripartitum.
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas [a.lék.san.dros ho mé.gas], from the Greek ἀλέξω (alexō) "defend" and ἀνδρ- (andr-), the stem of ἀνήρ (anēr) "man" and means "protector of men"), was a King (Basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty, an ancient Greek royal house. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt into northwest India and modern-day Pakistan. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.
During his youth, Alexander was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, Alexander succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's Panhellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia. In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire, ruled Asia Minor, and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
Richard David James (born 18 August 1971), best known by his alias Aphex Twin, is an English electronic musician and composer based in London. He is best known for his influential and idiosyncratic work in electronic music styles such as IDM and ambient techno in the 1990s, for which he won widespread critical acclaim. He is also the co-founder of Rephlex Records with Grant Wilson-Claridge.
Initially releasing acid and techno records as AFX and under other aliases, James's first received widespread acclaim for his 1992 album Selected Ambient Works 85-92 and his subsequent 1993 release Selected Ambient Works Volume II. He rose to mainstream popularity with his 1997 EP, Come To Daddy and his 1999 single "Windowlicker". Taking a 14-year hiatus following the release of his 2001 album Drukqs to mixed reviews, James returned in 2014 with a new album, Syro, earning him critical praise and a win for Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album.
James was born in Limerick, Ireland, but he grew up in Lanner, Cornwall, UK, with two older sisters, in a "very happy" childhood during which they "were pretty much left to do what [they] wanted". He enjoyed living there, feeling apart from nearby cities and the rest of the world. James attended Redruth School in Redruth, Cornwall, and claimed to have produced sound on a Sinclair ZX81 (a machine with no sound hardware) at age 11:
Actors: Randin Graves (composer), Mario DeAngelis (producer), Michael Flynn (actor), Brad Johnson (producer), Brad Johnson (director), Danny James (actor), Andrew W. Johnson (actor), Allan Groves (producer), Allan Groves (actor), Allan Groves (writer), Joseph L. Puente (miscellaneous crew), Ron Eliot (actor), Matthew Flynn Bellows (actor), Matthew Flynn Bellows (producer), Kelsie Mathews (actress),
Genres: Action, Short,Actors: Fiona Maher (editor), Lenny Wood (actor), Fiona Maher (producer), Fiona Maher (writer), Fiona Maher (composer), Mick Colligan (actor), Kimberley Barrett (actress), Anthony Cananvan (actor), Leah Stanley (actress), Matt Carolan (actor), Simon Catherall (actor), Terry Lennaine (actor), Tom Ferguson (actor), John Ryding (actor),
Plot: Blair Witch meets Spinal Tap when director Scott Watt runs into the woods to make his debut feature. Saddled with an unreliable cast and mutinous crew, Scott soon learns that the real terror in the making of any horror film lies behind the camera.
Keywords: parody, romp, spoofActors: Andrew Crabtree (actor), Teresa Strebler (actress), Zac Ross (actor), Zac Ross (actor), Zac Ross (actor), Teresa Strebler (actress), David Jeffries (actor), Zac Ross (actor), Joshua Cole (actor), Joshua Cole (actor), David Jeffries (actor), David Jeffries (actor), Teresa Strebler (actress), Zac Ross (writer), Zac Ross (producer),
Genres: Comedy, Short,Actors: Terrence Evans (actor), Hawk Younkins (actor), John Gilbert (actor), Elyse Mirto (actress), Frank Krueger (actor), Joyce Brand (editor), Rayne Aspengren (actress), Charles Haigh (actor), Devon Michaels (actor), Richard Leroy (actor), Chris Pauley (actor), Craig Braun (actor), Carrie Ainsworth (actress), Granger Green (actress), Jamie Walsh (actress),
Plot: With the assassination of his rowdy and bawdy father King Philip in 336 BC, Alexander gathers up his Home-Boy Macedonians (30,000 or so) and crosses the Hellespont to strike Darius and the Persian Horde. The Persians, of course, torched the Acropolis three generations earlier. The Greeks (and Macedonians) never forgot. During his herculean 12-year odyssey, Alexander succeeds in creating a world empire from the Danube to the Indus. Ever the glorious conqueror, he shows not only military genius, but compassion for the conquered. Alexander's women (aside from his mother Olympias) include his life-long consort, Barsine, who takes him on erotic / chemical "trips". There is also Roxanne, the Bactrian princess / wannabe dancer, his possessive first wife and True Love. His second marriage to Stateira, Darius' clueless daughter, doesn't set well with Roxanne, which starts the tragic time-clock ticking. Roxanne opts into a regime-changing scenario-- orchestrated back in Athens by Demosthenes and Macedonian rivals.
Keywords: betrayal, womenActors: Jared Leto (actor), Christopher Plummer (actor), John Kavanagh (actor), Jonathan Rhys Meyers (actor), Colin Farrell (actor), Oliver Stone (actor), Stéphane Ferrara (actor), Jason Croot (actor), Tim Pigott-Smith (actor), Anthony Hopkins (actor), Féodor Atkine (actor), Brian Blessed (actor), Val Kilmer (actor), Angelina Jolie (actress), Rosario Dawson (actress),
Plot: Alexander, the King of Macedonia, leads his legions against the giant Persian Empire. After defeating the Persians he leads his Army across the then known world venturing further than any Westerner had ever gone all the way to India.
Keywords: 25-year-old, 285-bc, 323-bc, 3rd-century-b.c., 4th-century-b.c., african-lion, alexander-the-great, alexandria-egypt, ambition, ancient-egyptActors: Patrick Kirst (composer), Nicholas Hosking (actor), Jerod Edington (actor), Peter Samet (editor), Brett Henenberg (producer), Gina Hendrix (costume designer), Eli Craig (producer), Sam Yousefian (actor), Sam Yousefian (producer), Sam Yousefian (writer), Manuel Urrego (actor), Sam Yousefian (director), Ken Rosier (actor), Maximilian Gutierrez (producer), Mark Robertson (producer),
Plot: Joe has a Zippo lighter engraved with a Praying Mantis by Salvador Dali. It was given to him by his recent ex-gal, Leyla. One night, after Joe has a drunken heart-to-heart with his dog, Ptolemy, he discovers that he still loves Leyla and that he wishes to have her back. Coincidentally, he also discovers that the lighter contains a Hippopotamus Genie who is willing to grant his wish. The Hippo of the Zippo tells him that in order to get the girl, he must enter the underworld and break the Elephant's Egg at the Sparkling Sea. So Joe and Ptolemy set off on a journey through a Dali painting to win back the girl.
Genres: Comedy, Short,Actors: Kirk Thornton (actor), Nicholas Tse (actor), Michael Sorich (actor), Terrence Stone (actor), Toshihiko Seki (actor), Dwight Schultz (actor), Tony Pope (actor), Beau Billingslea (actor), John DiMaggio (actor), Dae-kun Lee (actor), Jordan Chan (actor), Shûichi Ikeda (actor), Bob Papenbrook (actor), Takeshi Aono (actor), John Wesley (actor),
Plot: Alexander the Great was the world's most powerful warrior. Reign is a 21st century science-fiction retelling of the legend of this Macedonian king. A visual masterpiece, Reign tells the story of Alexander's's triumphs through engaging characters, intricate plots and glorious battle sequences.
Keywords: alexandria-egypt, allegory, anime, character-name-in-title, chosen-one, city, egypt, fictional-war, geometry, goddessActors: Gabriel Byrne (actor), Julian Glover (actor), James Mason (actor), James Mason (actor), Robert Stephens (actor), Jane Lapotaire (actress), Nicholas Clay (actor), Ian Charleson (actor), Michael Williams (actor), Robert Sharples (composer),
Genres: Adventure, Biography, Drama, History, Romance,Actors: Geneviève Bujold (actress), George Bernard Shaw (writer), Neville Phillips (actor), Alec Guinness (actor), Michael Bryant (actor), Michael J. Lewis (composer), Iain Cuthbertson (actor), Noel Willman (actor), Clive Francis (actor), Gareth Thomas (actor), Margaret Courtenay (actress), James Cellan Jones (director), Roy Stewart (actor), Michael Poole (actor), Audrey Maas (writer),
Genres: Drama,Actors: Gibb McLaughlin (actor), H.F. Maltby (actor), Raymond Lovell (actor), Mihalis Kakogiannis (actor), Leo Genn (actor), John Laurie (actor), Anthony Holles (actor), Stanley Holloway (actor), Felix Aylmer (actor), Valentine Dyall (actor), Ivor Barnard (actor), Gerald Case (actor), Stewart Granger (actor), Cecil Parker (actor), Roger Moore (actor),
Plot: Cleopatra hasn't been on the throne of the pharoahs of Egypt very long when Julius Caesar pays a visit. Caesar finds the prospect of romance more tempting than he expected, since Cleopatra is a rare woman who is bright as well as beautiful. And for Cleopatra, a friendly relationship with the most powerful man in the world may pay dividends in the future.
Keywords: 1st-century-b.c., ancient-rome, based-on-play, character-name-in-title, cleopatra, control, dictator, egypt, egyptian, femme-fatalePeople at the city say he's buried underground
They're turning over the stones but there's nothing
here to be found
Looking to the desert in a cool moonlight
Nobody watching, there is no one out tonight
Standing in the shadow there's a real mean guy
And I don't know if I'll make it and I don't know if
I'm gonna die tonight
Take a caravan to the limit of the city
Smoke the hookah pipes where the people have no pity
Ptolemy
The dogs will howl in the market square
You'll bargain for your life but you leave their
treasures there
Don't you go astray on the wrong side of the city
Fighting for your life where the people have no pity
Ptolemy
I wish I'd never listened
To that old high priest
He told me of the riches
They buried beneath
Down in the crypt where the men fear to tread
She danced the seven veils and the boy was nearly dead
Don't you go astray on the wrong side of the city
Fighting for your life where the people have no pity