Fiat Uno

Manufacturer	Fiat
Production	Fiat Uno: 1983–1995 (Italy) 1983–present (South America) 1995–2003 (Morocco) "Novo" (New) Fiat Uno: 2010–present (South America)
Assembly	Turin, Italy Cape Town, South Africa Betim, Brazil Bursa, Turkey Manta, Ecuador[1] Casablanca, Morocco (SOMACA)[2] Buenos Aires, Argentina
Predecessor	Fiat 127
Successor	Fiat Punto
Class	Supermini
Layout	FF layout

The Fiat Uno is a supermini car produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat. The Uno was launched in 1983 and built in its homeland until 1995, with production still taking place in other countries.

With approximately 8,800,000 built, it's the eighth most produced automobile platform in history, after the Volkswagen Beetle, Ford Model T, Lada Riva, 1965-70 GM B platform, 1981-97 GM J platform, 1961-64 GM B platform, and 1977-90 GM B platform.

First series (1983–1989)[link]

Fiat Uno

A first generation five door Uno Rear view of three door first series Uno.
Manufacturer	Fiat
Also called	Fiat Mille Fiat Mille Way Innocenti Mille Innocenti Mille Clip
Production	1983–1995 (Italy) 1995–2002 (Poland) 1995–2003 (Morocco) 1983–present (South America)
Assembly	Turin, Italy Cape Town, South Africa Betim, Brazil Bursa, Turkey Manta, Ecuador[1] Casablanca, Morocco (SOMACA)[2] Kragujevac, Serbia
Predecessor	Fiat 127
Successor	Fiat Punto (Europe) Fiat Palio (South America/Asia)
Class	Supermini
Body style	3-door hatchback 5-door hatchback 3-door panel van
Layout	FF layout
Platform	Fiat Type One (Tipo Uno) platform[3]
Engine	Straight-4
Transmission	4 and 5-speed manual Selecta CVT
Wheelbase	2,362 mm (93.0 in)[4]
Length	3,645–3,689 mm (143.5–145.2 in)
Width	1,549–1,562 mm (61.0–61.5 in)
Height	1,405–1,422 mm (55.3–56.0 in)
Curb weight	711–910 kg (1,570–2,000 lb)
Related	Fiat Duna Fiat Elba Fiat Fiorino 2nd series
Designer	Giorgetto Giugiaro

The Uno was launched in January 1983 to replace the ageing Fiat 127. Designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro's ItalDesign company, its tall, square body utilising a Kamm tail achieved a low drag coefficient of 0.34 won it much praise for airy interior space and fuel economy. It incorporated many packaging lessons learnt from Giugiaro's 1978 Lancia Megagamma concept car (the first modern people carrier / MPV / mini-van) but miniaturised. Its tall car / high seating packaging is imitated by every small car today. It reversed the trend for lower and lower built cars. It showed that not just low sleek cars could be aerodynamic, but small, roomy, boxy well packaged cars could be too. In 1984 it was voted European Car of the Year.^[5]

Initially, the Uno was offered with the 0.9 litre (903 cc) OHV, 1.1 litre (1116 cc), and 1.3 litre (1301 cc) 138-series SOHC petrol engines and transmissions carried over from the 127.^[6] The 1.3 (1300 cc) diesel (not for the UK market) engine was launched a couple of months later. The Uno's badging was not by the commonly used measurement of engine size but by metric horsepower: 45, 55, 60, 75 or 90. The Uno was available as either a 3 or 5-door hatchback. It also featured ergonomic "pod" switchgear clusters each side of the main instrument binnacle, (that could be operated without removing the driver's hands from the steering wheel), although indicators remained on a stalk; an unusual arrangement similar to that used by Citroën.

The Uno had MacPherson strut independent front suspension and twist-beam rear suspension with telescopic dampers and coil springs.

From 1985, the 1.0 litre (999 cc) SOHC Fully Integrated Robotised Engine (FIRE) powerplant was offered. This was a lighter engine, built with fewer parts, and gave improved performance and economy. Also in 1985, the hot hatch version - Uno Turbo - was launched, with an IHI turbocharged Ritmo/Strada-derived 1.3 146-series engine, initially offering 105 PS (77 kW). It was priced to compete with the Peugeot 205 GTI.^[6] The Turbo variant offered phenomenal performance for a supermini-sized car and was capable of reaching 210 km/h (130 mph).

In 1987, a 1.7 litre diesel engined version - the 60DS -was launched.

Also in 1987, the Uno Selecta continuously variable transmission (CVT) automatic was launched. The CVT transmission was a co-development with Dutch Van Doorne and Ford, (Fiat owned 24% stake of Van Doorne at that time).^[6] The Selecta transmission should be avoided according to honestjohn.co.uk, which claims it can cause expensive repairs.^[7]

Second series (1989–1995)[link]

Rear view of second generation five door Uno

A second generation three door Uno

First shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1989, the Uno received a thorough facelift. The bodywork at the nose was updated and a different tailgate was fitted, improving the drag coefficient to Cd 0.30,^[6] and matching the corporate look of the then new Fiat Tipo. The interior was also revised. The pod switchgear was replaced by stalks and an effort was made to stop the dashboard rattles of the Mark I. At this time, the old 1.1 litre engine was replaced by a new FIRE version, and a new Fiat Tipo-derived 1.4 litre (1,372 cc) engine replaced the Ritmo/Strada-derived 1.3 litre in both naturally aspirated and turbo versions. A 1.4 litre Uno Turbo could reach a claimed 204 km/h (127 mph),^[8] while the 1.0 version only managed 140–145 km/h (87–90 mph) depending on which transmission was fitted.^[9] The Uno Turbo i.e. variant was also restyled, upgraded with a Garret T2 turbine, Bosch LH Jetronic fuel injection and better aerodynamics.

Uno production ceased in Italy in 1995, with sales throughout Western Europe stopping at the same time. A total of 6,032,911 units were built in Fiat's Italian factories.^[6] The Uno's replacement in Western Europe was the Fiat Punto, which was launched in late 1993.

Engines (first and second series)[link]

Petrol[link]

Diesel[link]

Continuing global production (1995–present)[link]

Brazilian-built Uno, sold as "Innocenti Mille" in Italy

After Western European production and sales ceased, the Uno continued to be manufactured and sold in many other regions.

Argentina[link]

In Argentina, the 3-door Fiat Uno was produced by Sevel Argentina S.A. from March 1989 to 2000, 179,767 units were built. Engines Motor Tipo ranged from a 1,049 cc 52 PS (38 kW) petrol four to a 1.6-liter, 87 PS (64 kW) SCV/SCR version on top, with a 1.3-liter 45 PS (33 kW) diesel engine also available.^[11] A specific saloon version with four doors was also produced from 1988 to 2000. Called Duna or Elba, 257,259 units of this version were built in Fiat's Córdoba plant. In addition to 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6-liter petrol versions, the diesel 1.3 was also available.

Brazil[link]

The car is still sold in Brazil in three versions: Mille Economy, Uno Furgão and Fiorino Furgão.

2004 facelift Fiat Uno

In the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, the Uno had a sedan, a pick-up and a wagon version, called Prêmio, Fiorino Pick-Up and Elba, respectively.

The Brazilian Uno featured an independent, transverse leaf spring suspension at the rear, based on the tried and tested Brazilian Fiat 147 (similar to the Italian Fiat 127). The design of the hood was also unique, since the Brazilian Uno kept the spare tire located in the engine bay, like the old Fiat 147, thus saving extra space for the luggage in the trunk.

The Fiat Uno family, in Brazil, had a turbocharged 1.4-litre four inline sports version in the middle 1990s. This car was sold as a normal production vehicle with 1801 units produced.

Modified interior of the 2004 facelift Fiat Uno

From the end of the 1990s to the middle 2000s, the smaller-engined versions were sold as the Fiat Mille, as a budget entry-level model, and received its most recent facelift for the 2004 model year. The 2005 Brazilian range has received a Flex Fuel system, enabling the car to use ethanol or gasoline as fuel, both pure or in any proportion mixture; also, there is a version fitted for unpaved roads called Mille Way, which includes a more resilient suspension, larger wheels and side cladding. From April 1988 until 2006, up to 2,000,000 Fiat Unos were made in Brazil.

The year 2010 reserved a surprise for Uno fans: Brazilian Fiat started the production of a new Uno - actually, a Brazilian version of the European Fiat Panda^{[citation needed]}, with two options of body (three or five doors) and two kinds of Flex Fuel engine (1.0 and 1.4). But this new Uno is going to live together with the old one until 2014, when Brazilian's market will finally demand mandatory air bags in every new vehicle, and the 1980s design of the first Uno does not allow the installation of air bags.^{[citation needed]}

Engines[link]

Petrol

India[link]

After an abortive launch in 1996 when its CKD joint partner PAL delivered only 617 cars of the 30,000 ordered,^[14] Fiat started its venture as a 50-50 Industrial Joint Venture between Fiat Group Automobiles S. p. A. (Fiat) and Tata Motors Limited (who now own Jaguar-LandRover) in January 1997. At present the company employs about 600 employees in its Ranjangaon facility in the Pune District of Maharashtra.^[15] The Uno was initially a success in India, but then it faded badly due to poor dealer support.^{[citation needed]}

Morocco[link]

The Fiat Uno was also assembled in Morocco until 2003 by SOMACA (Société Marocaine des Constructions Automobiles), and remains a popular choice of car for "petit-taxi" use.^[16]

South Africa[link]

In South Africa, the Uno was assembled under licence by Nissan from 1990 until 1998 and then by Fiat from 1998 up until 2006. Unos manufactured by Nissan had the word "licence" underneath the Fiat badge on the rear end and models included the 1108 cc FIRE,1372 cc PACER, PACER SX and 1372 cc TURBO. Later on there were also a number of special editions produced which included the Beat (1372 cc), the Rio (1108 cc) and for a short period the Cento (999 cc). After Fiat re-entered the South African market in 1998 Unos were rebadged as either the (1108 cc) Mia or (1372 cc) Tempo. They also featured the Fiat centenary badge from that point on. By the time initial production of the Uno ended in 2006 only the (1108 cc) Mia was available for sale.^[17][18] 110,000 units were produced between 1990 and 2002.

In 2007, the Fiat Uno was redesigned and it re-entered the South African new car market. The car was now marketed and distributed by Fiat themselves. The model line-up includes the Uno Way, which has a higher suspension than the regular Uno and colour-coded bumpers. It is based on the 1983–1990 design, and is powered by a 1.2-litre 4-cylinder petrol engine.^[19]

Poland[link]

Production in Fiat's factory in Poland ran until 2002. 173,382 units were built from June 1995 to October 2002.

Pakistan[link]

The Fiat Uno is also assembled from complete knock down (CKD) kits in Pakistan by Raja Motor Company. Production started in 2001 and continued until 2004 when the manufacturing plant had to be closed down. Only the diesel variant of the car was made available under the 1.7D model. Although large scale manufacturing of the car has ceased, stocks of CKD are still being assembled and sold at present.^[20]

Sales performance[link]

United Kingdom[link]

The Uno was quite popular in Britain, with 190,000 Mark I examples sold from its launch there in June 1983 until the launch of the facelifted model in late 1989.^{[citation needed]}

New Zealand[link]

The Uno was a surprise hit for Fiat in New Zealand, where a combination of low prices and well received styling saw over 1000 Unos a year being imported from Italy right up until the late 1980s, with the 3000th New Zealand Uno being celebrated in December 1988. Generally sold in 3 and 5-door hatchback form, a limited number of Fiorino panelvans and 3-door station wagons - badged as Fiat Penny - were also sold. A number of Unos sold in New Zealand were built to British specifications, which included a mile-per-hour speedometer.

Few Unos remain on New Zealand's roads however, with rust being the most common factor.^{[citation needed]}

"Novo" Fiat Uno (2010–present)[link]

"Novo" Fiat Uno

Production	2010–present
Assembly	Betim, Brasil
Predecessor	Fiat Mille (Brazil)
Class	Supermini
Body style	3-door hatchback 5-door hatchback
Layout	FF layout
Platform	Fiat Mini platform
Engine	1.0 FIRE EVO Flex l4 1.4 FIRE EVO Flex l4
Transmission	5-speed manual
Wheelbase	2,376 mm (93.5 in)
Length	3,770 mm (148 in)
Width	1,640 mm (65 in)
Height	1,490 mm (59 in)
Related	Fiat Panda (2003) Fiat 500 (2007) Ford Ka

The Fiat Uno has made a comeback with new project Progetto 327, the Brazilian-built "Novo Uno" (New Uno). The new Uno is engineered at Brazil and co-designed with Turin's Fiat Centro Stile, being basically a no frills version of the Fiat Panda monocoque, facelifted to better fit the Brazilian taste. The car has two options of engines: the 1.0 Fire Evo and the 1.4 Fire Evo, both able to use ethanol, gasoline or a mix of both fuels.^[21]

It will be sold in several South American countries as well as Brazil, but it has yet to be confirmed whether this Uno will be sold in Europe.^[22]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fiat Uno

• Fiat Uno history

Fiat S.p.A.

Type	Società per azioni
Traded as	BIT: F
Industry	Automotive Media
Founded	11 July 1899 in Turin, Italy
Founder(s)	Giovanni Agnelli
Headquarters	Turin, Italy
Key people	John Elkann (Chairman), Sergio Marchionne (CEO)
Products	Automobiles, commercial vehicles, auto parts, newspapers, production systems
Production output	2,046,060 units (automobiles and LCVs, 2011)[1]
Revenue	€37.382 billion (2011)[1]
Operating income	€992 million (2010)[2]
Profit	€179 million (2010)[2]
Total assets	€73.44 billion (end 2010)[2]
Total equity	€12.46 billion (end 2010)[2]
Employees	137,800 (end 2010)[2]
Subsidiaries	List[3] Automobiles Ferrari (90%) Maserati Fiat Group Automobiles Abarth Alfa Romeo Fiat Automobiles Fiat Professional Lancia Chrysler (58.5%) Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Trucks Mopar Components and production systems Fiat Powertrain Magneti Marelli Comau Teksid Publishing and advertising Itedi La Stampa Publikompass
Website	fiatspa.com

Fiat S.p.A., (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino)^[4] (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), is an Italian automobile manufacturer based in Turin. Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors including Giovanni Agnelli. During its more than a century long history, Fiat has also manufactured railway engines and carriages, military vehicles, and aircraft. As of 2009, the Fiat group (not inclusive of its subsidiary Chrysler) was the world's ninth largest carmaker and the largest in Italy.^[5]

Fiat-based cars are built around the world. Outside Italy, the largest country of production is Brazil, where the Fiat brand is the market leader.^[6] The group also has factories in Argentina and Poland and a long history of licensing production of its products in other countries. It also has numerous alliances and joint ventures around the world, the main ones being located in Italy, France, Turkey, Serbia, India and China.

Agnelli's grandson Gianni Agnelli was Fiat's chairman from 1966 until 1996; he then served as honorary chairman from 1996 until his death on 24 January 2003, during which time Cesare Romiti served as chairman. After their^{[clarification needed]} removal, Paolo Fresco served as chairman and Paolo Cantarella as CEO. Umberto Agnelli then took over as chairman from 2003 to 2004. After Umberto Agnelli's death on 28 May 2004, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was named chairman, with Agnelli heir John Elkann becoming vice chairman (at the age of 28), and other family members also serving on the board. At this point, CEO Giuseppe Morchio resigned, and Sergio Marchionne was named to replace him on 1 June 2004.

In September 2010, shareholders approved a plan to split Fiat's capital goods businesses from the group. Agricultural and construction equipment manufacturer CNH Global NV, truck maker Iveco, and the industrial and marine division of Fiat Powertrain Technologies were spun off into a new group on 1 January 2011. The parent company, Fiat Industrial S.p.A., was listed on the Milan stock exchange on 3 January 2011.^[7]

History[link]

Fiat 3 ½ CV (1899)

Giovanni Agnelli founded Fiat in 1899 with several investors and led the company until his death in 1945, while Vittorio Valletta administered the firm's daily activities. Its first car the 3 ½ CV (of which only eight copies were built, all bodied by Alessio of Turin)^[8] strongly resembled contemporary Benz,^[9] and had a 697 cc (42.5 cu in) boxer twin engine.^[9] In 1903, Fiat produced its first truck.^[10] In 1908, the first Fiat was exported to the US.^[10] That same year, the first Fiat aircraft engine was produced. Also around the same time, Fiat taxis became somewhat popular in Europe.^[11] By 1910, Fiat was the largest automotive company in Italy — a position it has retained since. That same year, a plant licensed to produce Fiats in Poughkeepsie, NY, made its first car. Owning a Fiat at that time was a sign of distinction. The cost of a Fiat in the US was initially $4,000^[12] and rose up to $6,400 in 1918^[13], compared to $ 825 for a Ford Model T in 1908^[14], and $ 525 in 1918, respectively^[15]. Upon the entry of the US into World War I in 1917, the factory was shut down as US regulations became too burdensome. At the same time, Fiat had to devote all of its factories to supplying the Allies with aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances. After the war, Fiat introduced its first tractor, the 702.^[16] By the early 1920s, Fiat had a market share in Italy of 80%.^[17]

Corso Dante plant

Lingotto factory (1928)

Advertisement, 1939

Mirafiori plant

Lingotto factory (today)

In 1921, workers seized Fiat's plants and hoisted the red flag of communism over them. Agnelli responded by quitting the company. However, the Italian Socialist Party and its ally organization, the General Confederation of Labor, in an effort to effect a compromise with the centrist parties ordered the occupation ended. In 1922, Fiat began to build the famous Lingotto car factory — then the largest in Europe  — which opened in 1923. It was the first Fiat factory to use assembly lines; by 1925, Fiat controlled 87% of the Italian car market.^[18] In 1928, with the 509, Fiat included insurance in the purchase price.^[19]

Fiat made military machinery and vehicles during World War II for the Army and Regia Aeronautica and later for the Germans. Fiat made obsolete fighter aircraft like the biplane CR.42, which was one of the most common Italian aircraft, along with Savoia-Marchettis, as well as light tanks (obsolete compared to their German and Soviet counterparts) and armoured vehicles. The best Fiat aircraft was the G.55 fighter, which arrived too late and in too limited numbers. In 1945 — the year Mussolini was overthrown — the Italian Committee of National Liberation removed the Agnelli family from leadership roles in Fiat because of its ties to Mussolini's government. These were not returned until 1963, when Giovanni's grandson, Gianni, took over as general manager until 1966, as chairman until 1996.

Gianni Agnelli[link]

Gianni Agnelli (in the center) and the FIAT board of directors meet Italian President Sandro Pertini (at his right) during an official visit to the new Sevel Val di Sangro factory, 1981.

Among the younger Agnelli's first steps after gaining control of Fiat was a massive reorganization of the company management, which had previously been highly centralized, with little provision for the delegation of authority and decision-making. Such a system was effective in the past, but lacked the responsiveness and flexibility needed by Fiat's steady expansion, and the growth of its international operations in the 1960s. The company was reorganized on a product-line basis, with two main product groups — one for passenger cars, the other for trucks and tractors — and a number of semi-independent division and subsidiaries. Top management, freed from responsibility for day-by-day operations of the company, was able to devote its efforts to more far-reaching goals. In 1967, Fiat made its first acquisition when it purchased Autobianchi; with sales amounting to $1.7 billion, it outstripped Volkswagen, its main European competitor, and in 1968 produced some 1,750,000 vehicles while its sales volume climbed to $2.1 billion. According to Newsweek in 1968, Fiat was "the most dynamic automaker in Europe...[and] may come closest to challenging the worldwide supremacy of Detroit." Then, in 1969, it purchased controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia. At the time, Fiat was a conglomerate, owning Alitalia, toll highways, a typewriter and office machine manufacturer, electronics and electrical equipment firms, a paint company, a civil engineering firm, and an international construction company. Following up on an agreement Valletta had made with Soviet officials in 1966, Agnelli constructed the AvtoVAZ plant in the new city of Togliattigrad on the Volga. This began operation in 1970, producing a local version of the Fiat 124 as the Lada. On his initiative, Fiat automobile and truck plants were also constructed in industrial centers of Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Despite offering a relatively competitive range of cars, Fiat was not immune from the financial pressures that the auto industry confronted following the 1973 oil price shock. Towards the end of 1976 it was announced that the Libyan government was to take a 9.6% shareholding in the company in return for a capital injection worth an equivalent of £250 million.^[20] The size of the Libyan investment is apparent when it is compared to the £310 million IMF loan that the Italian government was trying to negotiate at the time.^[20] Other aspects of the Libyan agreement included the construction of a truck and bus plant at Tripoli.^[20] Chairman Agnelli candidly described the deal as "a classic petro-money recycling operation which will strengthen the Italian reserves, provide Fiat with fresh capital and give the group greater tranquility in which to carry out its investment programmes".^[20] Equally noteworthy was the fact that despite the dilutive effect of the Libyan investment on existing shareholders, the company's largest shareholder, the Agnelli family, retained a 30% stake in the recapitalised business.^[20]

In 1979, the company became a holding company when it spun off its various businesses into autonomous companies, one of them being Fiat Auto. That same year, sales reached an all-time high in the US, corresponding to the Iranian Oil Crisis. However, when gas prices fell again after 1981, Americans began purchasing sport utility vehicles, minivans, and pickup trucks in larger numbers (marking a departure from their past preference for large cars). Also, Japanese automakers had been taking an ever-larger share of the car market, increasing at more than half a percent a year. Consequently, in 1984, Fiat and Lancia withdrew from the United States market. In 1989, it did the same in the Australian market, although it remained in New Zealand.

In 1986, Fiat acquired Alfa Romeo from the Italian government. Also, in 1986 15% of Fiat company stock was still owned by Libya, an investment dating back to the mid-seventies. US foreign policy under President Reagan's administration canceled a Pentagon contract to produce earth movers with Fiat and pressured the company into brokering a buyout of the Libyan investment. In 1992, two top corporate officials in the Fiat Group were arrested for political corruption.^[21] A year later, Fiat acquired Maserati. In 1995 Alfa Romeo exited the US market. Maserati re-entered the US market under Fiat in 2002. Since then, Maserati sales there have been increasing briskly.

Paolo Fresco[link]

Paolo Fresco became chairman of Fiat in 1998 with the hope that the veteran of General Electric would bring more emphasis on shareholder value to Fiat. By the time he took power, Fiat's market share in Italy had fallen to 41%^{[citation needed]} from around 62% in 1984.^{[citation needed]} However, a Jack Welch-like management style would be much harsher than that used by the Italians (e.g., precarious versus lifetime employment). Instead, Fresco focused on offering more incentives for good performance, including compensation using stock options for top and middle management.

However, his efforts were frustrated by union objections. Unions insisted that pay raises be set by length of tenure, rather than performance. Another conflict was over his preference for informality (the founder, Giovanni Agnelli, used to be a cavalry officer). He often referred to other managers by their first name, although company tradition obliged one to refer to others using their titles (e.g., "Chairman Fresco"). The CEO of the company, Managing Director Paolo Cantarella, ran the day-to-day affairs of the company, while Fresco determined company strategy and especially acted as a negotiator for the company. In fact, many speculated the main reason he was chosen for the job was to sell Fiat Auto (although Fresco fervently denied it).^{[citation needed]} In 1999, Fiat formed CNH Global by merging New Holland NV and Case Corporation.

Partnership with GM[link]

This section requires expansion.

The current CEO views alliances such as these as the deciding factor of the future success of Fiat. In 2005, Fiat was courting Ford.^[22]

As part of the recent divestitures, under the guidance of CEO Giuseppe Morchio in 2003 Fiat shed its insurance sector, which it was operating through Toro Assicurazioni to the DeAgostini Group. In the same year, Fiat sold its aviation business, FiatAvio to Avio Holding. In February 2004, the company sold its interest in Fiat Engineering, as well as its stake in Edison.

Fiat faces a multitude of threats, including rising steel prices (up by 16–30% beginning of 2008),^[23] a strong Euro, and increased competition from Japanese and South Korean car manufacturers in Europe. Although the light-vehicle market share of Japanese and South Korean automakers in Europe is less than in the US (12.5% and 3.9%, respectively versus 30% and 3.9% in the US), it has been increasing steadily at about a half a percent a year.^{[citation needed]} In April and May 2009, the possibility of a takeover of Adam Opel GmbH, a subsidiary of General Motors, was being discussed between the two companies. The deal fell through, and General Motors held on to Opel/Vauxhall.

Sergio Marchionne[link]

Fiat 500

Sergio Marchionne has impressed investors since taking over as CEO in June, 2004.^[24] Losses have fallen steadily since 2002, and Q4 of FY2005 saw its first profit in 17 quarters, and had a profit of €196M for the first 9 months of FY2006.^[25] Mr. Marchionne has reduced Fiat's managerial bureaucracy and changed its tone to a focus on markets and profit. While the chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, dealt with politicians and unions, Marchionne rebuilt the car business. The success of the Grande Punto model has in large part been responsible for the turnaround in Fiat's fortunes, but the quite successful Bravo (successor to the Stilo) and the award winning 500 have really cemented it. Fiat has formed a joint venture with India's TATA Motors and China's Chery motors. Under Marchionne it has also re-entered several large markets that it had exited years before, such as Mexico and Australia. In December 2008, Marchionne announced Fiat have to become one of the top five automakers to survive in the long run. In 2009, Fiat expressed interest in acquiring General Motors' Opel and South American operation. GM declined Fiat's offer.^[26] In Marchionne´s leadership Fiat returned to the United States and Canada markets with the new 500.

• 

  John Elkann, Chairman of the Fiat Group

• 

  Sergio Marchionne, Chief Executive Officer of Fiat Group

Acquisition of Chrysler[link]

On 20 January 2009, Fiat S.p.A. and Chrysler LLC announced their intention to form a global alliance. Under the terms of the agreement, Fiat would take a 20% stake in Chrysler and gain access to its North American distribution network in exchange for providing Chrysler with technology and platforms to build smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles in the US and providing reciprocal access to Fiat's global distribution network.^[27][28]

In addition, the proposed agreement would entitle Fiat to receive a further 15% (without cash consideration) through the achievement of specific product and commercial objectives. No cash or financial support was required from Fiat under the agreement. Instead it would obtain its stake mainly in exchange for covering the cost of retooling a Chrysler plant to produce one or more Fiat models for in the US. Fiat would also provide engine and transmission technology to enable Chrysler to introduce smaller, fuel-efficient models in the NAFTA market. The deal was engineered by Fiat chief Sergio Marchionne, who pulled the Italian group back from the brink of collapse after taking over in 2004. The principal objective of the partnership was to provide both groups with significantly enhanced economies of scale and geographical reach at a time when they were struggling to compete with larger and more global rivals such as Toyota, Volkswagen and alliance partners Renault S.A. and Nissan.^[27]

On 30 April 2009, Fiat announced the signing of a series of agreements to form a global strategic alliance with Chrysler,^[29] with Fiat receiving an initial 20% stake and the option to further purchase/receive additional ownership interests in Chrysler, pursuant to certain conditions being met. Fiat's shareholding would be capped at 49%, however, until all government loans had been repaid.^[30][31]

Fiat would not have to pay any money for its 20% of Chrysler. On 7 June 2009, the Indiana State Police Pension Fund, the Indiana Teacher's Retirement Fund, and the state's Major Moves Construction Fund asked the US Supreme Court to delay the sale of Chrysler to Fiat while they challenge the deal. The funds argued that the sale went against US bankruptcy law because it unlawfully rewarded unsecured creditors ahead of secured creditors.^[32] On 9 June 2009, the Supreme Court lifted the temporary hold, clearing the way for Fiat to acquire Chrysler.^[33] See Indiana State Police Pension Trust v. Chrysler for more information. On 10 June, the Supreme Court announced that Fiat was now an owner of the new Chrysler a.k.a. Chrysler Group LLC.

Marchionne was appointed CEO of Chrysler following its emergence from bankruptcy proceedings. Under his leadership, Chrysler has taken on a structure similar to that of Fiat and has released, in quick succession, a large number of completely redesigned or refreshed vehicles.^{[citation needed]} Fiat launched its 500, which had been available in Europe since 2007, in the United States and Canada in 2011, marking the company's return to the American auto market, which it had been absent from since 1984. Prior to this, Fiat's main presence on the continent was Mexico, where it offers a greater variety of products than in the United States and Canada.

On 10 January 2011, Fiat announced that it had increased its share in Chrysler from 20% to 25% following the achievement of the first of three performance objectives.^[34] On 11 April 2011, it announced achievement of the second performance objective, increasing its stake a further 5% to 30%.^[35] On 24 May 2011, Fiat announced that it had paid Chrysler US$ 1,268 million for a further 16% interest, increasing its stake total stake to 46% (fully diluted). The transaction coincided with Chrysler refinancing its debt to the U.S. and Canadian governments.^[36] On 25 May autonews.com reported that Fiat could buy government stakes in Chrysler as soon as the end of July 2011, increasing its total stake to 54%.^[37]

In May 2011, it emerged that Fiat could actually increase its stake in Chrysler Group to more than 70 percent through the exercise of further options.^[38]

In a regulatory filing dated 22 July 2011, the Michigan-based automaker reported that Fiat held a 53.5% interest (fully diluted). Fiat and Chrylser have both stated that they expect that interest to reach 58.5% by the end of 2011 as result of achievement of the third of the three performance objectives.^[39] In 5 January 2012 Fiat released press info that the ownership has increased to 58.5%.^[40]

Partnership with Mazda[link]

In 2012, Fiat formed an alliance with Mazda to develop and build a new roadster for the Mazda and Alfa Romeo brands.^[41]

Activities[link]

Fiat Group revenues by sector in 2009.

The group's activities were initially focused on the industrial production of cars, industrial and agricultural vehicles. Over time it has diversified into many other fields, and the group now has activities in a wide range of sectors in industry and financial services. It is Italy's largest industrial concern. It also has significant worldwide operations, operating in 61 countries with 1,063 companies that employ over 223,000 people, 111,000 of whom are outside Italy.

Principal subsidiaries[link]

Fiat's principal operating subsidiaries (direct and indirect) include: Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (FGA); Chrysler Group LLC (a subsidiary of FGA); Fiat Automoveis, S.A. (subsidiary of FGA); FGA Capital S.p.A. (a JV held 50% by FGA); Ferrari S.p.A.; Maserati S.p.A.; Fiat Powertrain Technologies S.p.A.; Magneti Marelli S.p.A.; Teksid S.p.A.; Comau S.p.A.; Itedi-Italiana Edizioni S.p.A. (see 2010 Annual Report^[42]).

Automotive[link]

For Fiat branded cars see Fiat Automobiles

Global locations of Fiat Group automobile production sites. (Including own plants, joint ventures and license production)

Fiat 500 (2007)

Lancia Delta

Alfa Romeo 159

Maserati GranTurismo

Ferrari 458 Italia

Fiat is the largest vehicle manufacturer in Italy, with cars ranging from small Fiat city cars to sports cars made by Ferrari, and vans and trucks such as the Ducato. Besides Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A, the Fiat Group automotive companies include Ferrari S.p.A. and Maserati S.p.A. The Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. companies include: Abarth & C. S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Chrysler Group LLC, Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat Professional and Lancia Automobiles S.p.A.. Ferrari S.p.A. is 90% owned by the Fiat Group.^[43]

The European Car of the Year award, Europe's premier automotive trophy for the past 40 years, has been awarded twelve times to the Fiat Group, more than any other manufacturer. Most recently the Fiat Nuova 500 has won the award for European Car of the Year 2008.^[44]

List of Fiat Group models which have won European Car of the Year:

• 1967: Fiat 124
• 1970: Fiat 128
• 1972: Fiat 127
• 1980: Lancia Delta
• 1984: Fiat Uno
• 1989: Fiat Tipo
• 1995: Fiat Punto
• 1996: Fiat Bravo/Brava
• 1998: Alfa Romeo 156
• 2001: Alfa Romeo 147
• 2004: Fiat Panda
• 2008: Fiat 500

Commercial vehicles[link]

On 17 April 2007 Fiat Automobiles' light commercial vehicle unit Fiat Veicoli Commerciali was rebranded as Fiat Professional.^[45] Some of Fiat's light commercial vehicle products include the Fiat Ducato, Fiat Scudo and Fiat Doblò Cargo.

Fiat's main commercial vehicles unit Iveco was demerged into Fiat Industrial at the beginning of 2011. This encompasses trucks (Iveco and Seddon Atkinson), buses (Iveco and Irisbus) and firefighting vehicles (Camiva, Iveco and Magirus). For information on their military vehicles, see Ariete.

Components[link]

The major Italian component maker Magneti Marelli is owned by Fiat, and in turn owns the other brands Carello, Automotive Lighting, Siem, Cofap, Jaeger, Solex, Veglia Borletti, Vitaloni, and Weber; other accessory brands include Brazilian Cofap.

Metallurgical products[link]

Fiat owns Teksid S.p.A., the largest iron foundry group in the world with a production capacity of approximately 600,000 tons annually. The company was established in December 1978, and designs and produces cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts, camshafts and other components for automobiles and commercial vehicles. Teksid, which is specialized in casting and processing iron, has plants in France, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Mexico and China. Since 2007, Teksid S.p.A. runs also Teksid Aluminum S.r.l. a company specialized in casting and producing auto components from aluminium alloys.

Production systems[link]

Production systems are made mainly through Comau S.p.A. (now Comau Systems), which bought the American Pico, Renault Automation and Sciaky and produces industrial automation systems. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company became a pioneer in the use of industrial robotics for the assembly of motor vehicles. Fiat assembly plants are among the best automated and advanced in the world.

Services[link]

An insurance company, Toro Assicurazioni, allowed Fiat to control a relevant part of this market (also with minor companies like Lloyd Italico) and to interact with some associated banks. Toro Assicurazioni was acquired by the giant insurance company Assicurazioni Generali and is no longer related to the Fiat Group. Fiat still retains control of Augusta assicurazioni.

Construction[link]

Ingest Facility and Fiat Engineering work in various fields of construction, while IPI is a mediation company that also deals with the management of real estate properties.

Information technology[link]

Fiat Group is present in IT fields and in communications with ICT — Information & Communication Technology, Espin, Global Value, TeleClient, London and Atlanet.

Publishing and communication[link]

Fiat group also owns important editorial brands, like La Stampa (created in 1926 for the famous newspaper), Itedi, and Italiana Edizioni. Some national and local newspapers are owned or otherwise controlled by the different companies. A specialised advertising space reseller is Publikompass, supported by the Consorzio Fiat Media Center.

Other activities[link]

Fiat Gesco, KeyG Consulting, Sadi Customs Services, Easy Drive, RM Risk Management and Servizio Titoli are minor companies that work for public services, delivering services in economics and financial fields. Other activities include industrial securitisation (Consorzio Sirio), treasury (Fiat Geva), Fiat Information & Communication Services.

Fiat supports the Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, an important foundation for social and economic research. Palazzo Grassi, a famous ancient building in Venice, now a museum and formerly supported by Fiat, was eventually sold to the French businessman François Pinault in January 2005.

Fiat has recently begun sponsoring the Jamaican bobsledding team and promoting this sponsorship through commercials. Many like Jamaican athletes because they see them as underdogs and as people who enjoy life. While Volvo sponsors golf, Mercedes tennis, and Hyundai soccer, Fiat is trying to look unique and more light-hearted. Further, the team is relatively cheap to sponsor.^[46]

The group is present in many countries, not only in the West. Notably, it was one of the first companies to build factories in Soviet territory, with the best known examples in Vladivostok, Kiev and Togliatti. The Russian government later continued the joint venture under the name AutoVAZ (known as Lada outside the former USSR). The venture was most notable for the Lada Riva. Fiat also has a subsidiary in Poland at Tychy, (formerly called FSM) where Fiat's small cars (the 126, Cinquecento, Seicento, Nuova 500 and Ford Ka) and small diesel engines are made. Fiat also has factories in Argentina, Brazil, and Italy. In addition, its cars are produced through licensing and joint-venture agreements in China, Egypt, France, India, South Africa, Turkey, and Vietnam.^[47] Local variants of Fiats are produced at these factories as well as a world car, the Palio. As of 2005, the company holds the first position in the Brazilian automobile market with a market share close to 25%.

Fiat has articulated that it wishes to focus on expanding into third-world markets because, in the words of former chairman Paolo Fresco, "those are the only markets where you can expect growth.^[47] And it is true that Fiat's specialization in smaller cars puts it at an advantage in those markets, but cars sold in third-world countries tend to be much simpler than those sold elsewhere (e.g., most lack air conditioning), and thus require much less money to develop.

Fiat is also present in the combat vehicle sector through a consortium between Iveco and OTO Melara, their most notable product being the LAV B1 Centauro.

Former activities[link]

Agricultural and construction equipment[link]

Fiat Group previously owned CNH Global (which includes Case Construction, Case IH, Flexi-Coil, Kobelco, New Holland, New Holland Construction, and Steyr); and Fiat-Hitachi Construction. This was demerged into Fiat Industrial at the start of 2011. CNH is the second largest agricultural equipment manufacturer in the world after Deere & Company and is also the third largest producer of construction equipment after Caterpillar Inc. and Komatsu. When part of Fiat Group, CNH accounted for around 20% of its total revenues.^[48]

Aviation and motorcycles[link]

Fiat G91T training aircraft

Fiat, as Fiat Aviazione, was an important aircraft manufacturer, focused mainly on military aviation. After World War I, Fiat consolidated several Italian small aircraft manufacturers, like Pomilio and Ansaldo. Most famous were Fiat biplane fighter aircraft of the 1930s, Fiat CR.32 and Fiat CR.42. Other notable designs were fighters CR.20, G.50, G.55 and a bomber, the Fiat BR.20. In 1950s, the company designed the G.91 light ground attack plane. In 1969, Fiat Aviazione merged with Aerfer to create Aeritalia.

In 1959, Piaggio came under the control of the Agnelli family. In 1964, the aeronautical and motorcycle divisions split to become independent companies. The aeronautical division was named IAM Rinaldo Piaggio. Today the aeronautical company Piaggio Aero is controlled by the family of Piero Ferrari, which also holds 10% of the carmaker Ferrari.

The motorcycle division, Vespa, thrived until 1992, when Giovanni Alberto Agnelli became CEO — but Agnelli was already suffering from cancer, and died in 1997. In 1999, Morgan Grenfell Private Equity acquired Piaggio.

Rail transport[link]

Fiat Ferroviaria, there has been a long history going back pre WW2 of FIAT motive power used for both Diesel and electric locomotives and railcars (Littorine) not only in Italy, but other parts of Europe, and in South America, but from the 1970s onward, more widely known throughout the world with their successful commercial development of the Pendolino tilting trains, the first working prototype four car set being run in the mid-1970s.

Recreation[link]

The Fiat Group owned the Sestriere skiing facilities; the village in the Alps is a creation of the Agnelli family. The Sestriere skiing facilities were sold by the group in 2006.

Enterprises outside Italy[link]

See list of Fiat Group assembly sites

Fiat was a key player in developing motor industries for a number of countries from the 1950s, particularly in Eastern Europe, Spain, Egypt, Ethiopia and Turkey. The AutoVAZ state works Lada products in Tolyatti (Togliatti), Russia, were Fiat based, as were SEAT products of Spain. Lada is now controlled by Renault, and SEAT by Volkswagen. A small number of Fiats were built in Bulgaria. Among Fiat's earliest foreign assembly plants was one in Poughkeepsie, New York, between 1910 and 1913. The building is now part of the Marist College campus.

Fiat Automóveis (Brazil)[link]

The 1979 Brazilian Fiat 147 was the first modern car to run on pure hydrous ethanol fuel (E100).

Fiat Automóveis S.A., a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.,^[49] began making automobiles in Brazil in 1976 beginning with the production of the Fiat 147, the Brazilian version of the Italian Fiat 127, produced until 1986. More than 10,000,000 units were produced in Fiat Automóveis factory in Betim since 1976,^[50] plus 232,807 units in the Fiat Argentina plant of Córdoba.

Launched in July 1979, the 147 was the first mass produced car that ran on ethanol as fuel instead of petrol.^[51][52][53] The performance slightly increased and fuel consumption was 30% higher but the cost of the alcohol was a quarter of the gasoline because, at that time, petrol had become expensive as a consequence of the 1979 oil crisis. This version was nicknamed cachacinha (little cachaça) because it had the scent of that Brazilian drink.

The Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4 is a multifuel car that runs as a flexible-fuel on pure gasoline, or E20-E25 gasohol, or pure ethanol (E100); or as a bi-fuel with CNG.

In October 1984 Fiat Automóveis introduce the Fiat Uno, as a 1985 model. Currently, the car is sold as the Fiat Mille, as an entry-level model, and received its most recent facelift for the 2004 model year. From 1984 until 2006, up to 2,000,000 Fiat Unos were made in Brazil. The production of the world car — the Fiat Palio – began in 1996.^{[citation needed]}

After the successful 2003 introduction of flexible-fuel vehicles in the Brazilian market,^[54] Fiat Automóveis launched its first flex model in March 2004, the Fiat Palio, followed by the Siena and Palio Weekend.^[55] Fiat sold 665,514 vehicles in Brazil in 2008,^[56] allowing the carmaker to continue as the market leader for seven years in a row.^[57] Flex fuel automobiles represented almost 100 percent of the car sales in 2008, and 92 percent of all light-duty trucks sold.^[58]

In 2006 Fiat introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a four-fuel car developed under Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil.^[59][60] This automobile can run as a flex-fuel on 100% ethanol (E100); or on E20-E25 blend, Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend;^[61] on pure gasoline (though no longer available in Brazil since 1993,^[62][63] it is still used in neighboring countries); or just on natural gas (CNG). The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.^[64]