- published: 30 May 2016
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Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production is expected to enter terminal decline. Every oil well and field exhibits similar characteristics of being discovered, the logistics to extract the oil being put in place, a peak or plateau of production followed by a decline. US domestic oil production peaked in 1970. Global production of conventional crude oil fell from a high point in 2005 at 74 mb/d, but has since rebounded, and 2011 figures show slightly higher levels of production than in 2005. There is active debate as to how to measure Peak Oil, and which types of liquid fuels to include.
This concept is based on the observed production rates of individual oil wells, projected reserves and the combined production rate of a field of related oil wells. In order to understand physical Peak oil, the growing effort for production must be considered. Physical Peak oil occurs earlier, because the overall efforts for production have increased in the past few decades.
An oil is any substance that is liquid at ambient temperatures and does not mix with water but may mix with other oils and organic solvents. This general definition includes vegetable oils, volatile essential oils, petrochemical oils, and synthetic oils.
First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French "oile", from Latin "oleum", which in turn comes from the Greek "ἔλαιον" (elaion), "olive oil, oil" and that from "ἐλαία" (elaia), "olive tree". The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek e-ra-wo, written in Linear B syllabic script.
Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes and alkaloids.
Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.
Richard Heinberg is an American journalist and educator who has written extensively on energy, economic, and ecological issues, including oil depletion. He is the author of ten books. He serves as the senior fellow at the Post Carbon Institute.
Heinberg, after two years in college and a period of personal study, became personal assistant to Immanuel Velikovsky in November 1979 and after Velikovsky's death assisted Mrs. Velikovsky editing manuscripts. He published his first book in 1989, Memories and Visions of Paradise: Exploring the Universal Myth of a Lost Golden Age, which was the result of ten years of study of world mythology. An expanded second edition was published in 1995. He began publishing his alternative newsletter, the MuseLetter, in 1992. His next book was published in 1993: Celebrate the Solstice: Honoring the Earth's Seasonal Rhythms through Festival and Ceremony.
In June 1995, speaking to the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations in Dayton, Ohio, Heinberg provided "A Primitivist Critique of Civilization" and discussed the ways in which "We are, it would seem, killing the planet."
We about to make this Harlem World shit real hot
We got Murder Mase, Big L, Killa, Herb McGruff
On Ron G the mixtape king
That hold it down for Uptown
I walk around
With sick style sippin' on Cristal
My whole clicks wild
I'm rich pal no more sticks I'm makin' hits now
What I recite be takin' hours to write
If you write tell your man what kind of flowers you like
I'm about as ridiculous as bankrolls, clothes and
Hostin' shows, smokin foes and strokin' hoes in the Poconos
I roll wit intruders looters and sharp shooters
Who spark Budhas And fuck thick bitches wit large hooters
I grew up in the slums of greed
Known for Drawin guns with speed or
Sellin' tons a weed cuz I got sons to feed
Harlem's where the thugs rest
We sendin faggots all the way to heaven like Doug Fresh
I only roll wit Big Willie ass niggas
So motherfuck all them little silly ass niggas
I chew punks like chew sticks
Known for droppin' new hits
I know you want me ho if I was you I'd want me too bitch
L is that nigga you expect to catch wreck on any cassette
Debt I'm so ahead of my time my parents haven't met yet
So Herb McGruff my mellow my man
Get on the mike and do the best you can
Livin' the life of luxury
Never low funds my niggas got the guns
Girls wigglin', shakin' they buns
Cowards run money makin' in tuns
Swimmin' pool you know the rules
Champagne and brew flossin' my jewels
City zone mad game like pretty Tone
3-57 chrome to your dome
Hard as stone all Gruff cars got phones
Who be that hundred dollar bill crispy
Blaze handkerchief be
Gator morry .white bacardi mad pissy
Champagne cooler filled wit Mo, Don, and Cristy
Eyes low from the dust and hydro
When bubbly get low what the fuck we buy mo
I'm universal, yeah Gruff, Herb style
Every now and then mix my herb wit Tical
I roll wit real niggas who live like foul
Range off the hook y'all short and shook
You know how many lives we took
Straight up crook Gruff
Will never live by the book
Yeah and ya don't stop
Mase rule Harlem World baby girl
Kam rule Harlem World baby girl
Mase rule Harlem World baby girl
Kam rule Harlem World baby girl
Yo, this Mase the newest and youngest member
Represent on this new Ron G shit
Yeah kid Harlem on the rise
You don't really want a problem with us guys
I got my man Killa Kam wit me
We blowin' this shit down on the 123
Represent kid for the NYC
Yo, you know I be OT low key
Icy rollie smoke a O.Z
Hoes think I'm cute
Now I got the loot see in how to pursue
My click puff chico negro Puerto Rica
Puffin' in the jeep still watchin' for police
Yo, I spit on the reg
And girls bodies so sweet keys taped to there legs
Became my Sugar Mammi's
They hit me off wit mad loot plus the good punani
Now I'm rockin' Movado like I got half of the lotto
And me and Monte Carlo sippin' Remy out the bottle
Parle wit moms Alize in my palm
I don't know what it is or what they seen me wit
But these Moschino chicks want Casino chips
I be fuckin' wit loot 600's and coops
Mad bitches lickin' down my stomach like I'm Luke
While you hit the scene
Flippin' bricks to get your green
I whip the mean triple beam deluxe wit the wings
Feel that one day I'll have to die over this cream
I ain't tryin' to be seen in jail wit 5 to 15
So I change my ways start carryin' the Koran
Follow the man that they call Louie Farrakhan
Soon as I stop dealin' drugs is a career
A thug appeared, hit me wit a slug from the rear
It's fucked up but that what happens
When you dwell in these streets
Only to ways out the game