![A Marine F/A-18 from VMFA-451 prepares to launch from the USS Coral Sea (CV-43). In 1834, the Marines came under the Department of the Navy.[25] Historically, the United States Navy has enjoyed a unique relationship with the United States Marine Corps (USMC), partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations.](http://web.archive.org./web/20110603083447im_/http://cdn.wn.com/pd/5a/6d/38ba50a954b2d9e350179e807df7_grande.jpg "A Marine F/A-18 from VMFA-451 prepares to launch from the USS Coral Sea (CV-43). In 1834, the Marines came under the Department of the Navy.[25] Historically, the United States Navy has enjoyed a unique relationship with the United States Marine Corps (USMC), partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations.")
Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, although the use of the word "command" to describe any use of authority is widespread and often official.
Having officers is one requirement for combatant status under the laws of war, though these officers need not have obtained an official commission or warrant. In such case, those persons holding offices of responsibility within the organization are deemed to be the officers, and the presence of these officers connotes a level of organization sufficient to designate a group as being combatant.
The Australian Defence Force, the British Armed Forces, Nepal Army, the Pakistani Armed Forces (except the Pakistan Air Force), the Swiss Army, the Singapore Armed Forces, the Israel Defense Forces and the New Zealand Defence Force are different in not requiring a university degree for commissioning. They emphasise military, technical and leadership training and skills over academic qualifications, although a majority of officers in some of these militaries are now graduates. In the Israel Defense Forces, a university degree is a requirement for an officer to advance to a Lt. Colonel rank. The IDF often sponsors the studies for its Majors. In the Pakistani Army all officers are by definition graduates, since in Pakistan, officer training is recognized as the equivalent of a Pakistani bachelor's degree.
In Commonwealth nations, Commissioned Officers are given commissioning scrolls (a.k.a. commissioning scripts) signed by the or the Governor General acting on the monarch's behalf. Upon receipt, this is an official legal document that binds the mentioned officer to the commitment stated on the scroll.
Non-commissioned members rise from the lowest ranks in most nations. Education standards for non-commissioned members are typically lower than for officers (with the exception of specialised-military and highly-technical trades). Enlisted members only receive leadership training as they are promoted to positions of responsibility, or as a prerequisite for such. In the past (and in some countries today but to a lesser extent) non-commissioned members were almost exclusively conscripts, whereas officers were volunteers.
A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted military member holding a position of some degree of authority who has (usually) obtained it by promotion from within the non-officer ranks. They usually receive some leadership training, but their function is to serve as supervisors within their area of trade speciality and, at lower NCO grades, they are not generally considered management specialists. Senior non-commissioned officers serve as advisors and leaders from the duty section level to the highest levels of the military establishment. The duties of an NCO can vary greatly in scope, so that an NCO in one country may hold almost no authority, while others such as the United States and the United Kingdom consider their NCOs to be "the backbone of the military."
In most maritime forces (navies and coast guards), the NCO ranks are called Petty Officers and Chief Petty Officers (Chiefs), with enlisted ranks prior to attaining NCO/petty officer status typically being called Seaman, or some derivation thereof. In most traditional infantry, marine and air forces, the NCO ranks are known as Sergeants and Corporals, with non-NCO enlisted ranks referred to as Privates and Aircraftmen in the case of the UK.
However, some countries are using the term commission to describe the promotion of enlisted soldiers. Especially in countries with mandatory military service, NCOs are referred to as professional soldiers, not officers.
In the US military, a Warrant Officer is a technically focused, single specialty officer - helicopter pilots and IT specialists of the US Army, for example. They are given salutes and they are addressed as Mr, Ms, Mrs, Sir, or Ma'am. There are no Warrant Officers in the U.S. Air Force (the ranks exist, but go permanently and completely unfilled), but each of the other U.S. Armed Forces have Warrant Officers—though each warrant accession program is unique to the individual service's needs. US Warrant Officers are appointed by a warrant issued by the service secretary of their branch of service. Upon being promoted to Chief Warrant Officer, however, Warrant Officers of the US military receive a commission from the President of the United States, and have all the rights and privileges of commissioned officers, although they are paid somewhat less than regular commissioned officers. In the United States military, Warrant and Commissioned Officers are the only officers allowed to command units.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | Vasily Grigoryevich Zaytsev |
|---|---|
| Born | March 23, 1915 |
| Died | December 15, 1991 |
| Placeofbirth | Yeleninskoye, Russian Empire |
| Placeofdeath | Kiev, USSR |
| Caption | Zaitsev with his Mosin-Nagant rifle in Stalingrad, October 1942 |
| Allegiance | |
| Serviceyears | 1937–1945 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Battles | Great Patriotic WarBattle of Stalingrad |
| Awards | Hero of the Soviet UnionOrder of LeninOrder of the Red Banner, 2 timesOrder of the Patriotic War, 1st ClassMedal for the Defence of StalingradMedal For the Victory Over Germany |
Prior to November 10, he had already killed 32 Axis soldiers with the standard-issue Mosin-Nagant rifle. as is always the risk with snipers. His military rank at the time was Junior Lieutenant.
Zaytsev took part in the battle for Stalingrad until January 1943, when he suffered an injury to his eyes from a mortar attack. He was attended to by Professor Filatov, who is credited with restoring his sight. On February 22, 1943 Zaytsev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He then returned to the front and finished the war in Seelow Heights Germany with the military rank of Captain. After the war, Zaytsev managed a factory in Kiev, and remained in that city until he died in 1991 at the age of 76, just 10 days before the final dissolution of the Soviet Union.
In 2001, a feature length film, Enemy at the Gates, starring Jude Law as Zaytsev, was loosely based on the Battle of Stalingrad, most notably displaying a fictional ongoing rivalry with a Nazi marksman, Major Erwin König. Although Zaytsev really took part in the Battle of Stalingrad, the movie was mostly a work of fiction. Although Zaytsev himself indicates that a three-day duel did indeed occur in his own memoirs and that the sniper he killed was the head of a sniper school near Berlin, there is no evidence that any Major Erwin König ever existed, despite the claim made by the Armed Forces Museum of Moscow that they are in possession of his telescopic sight, which remains there to this date.
Category:1915 births Category:1991 deaths Category:People from Chelyabinsk Oblast Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner Category:Recipients of the Order of the Patriotic War Category:Recipients of the Medal for the Defence of Stalingrad Category:Recipients of the Medal For the Victory Over Germany Category:Russian people of World War II Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II Category:Soviet Navy personnel Category:Battle of Stalingrad Category:Sniper warfare
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
![A Marine F/A-18 from VMFA-451 prepares to launch from the USS Coral Sea (CV-43). In 1834, the Marines came under the Department of the Navy.[25] Historically, the United States Navy has enjoyed a unique relationship with the United States Marine Corps (USMC), partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations.](http://web.archive.org./web/20110603083447im_/http://cdn.wn.com/pd/5a/6d/38ba50a954b2d9e350179e807df7_thumb.jpg "A Marine F/A-18 from VMFA-451 prepares to launch from the USS Coral Sea (CV-43). In 1834, the Marines came under the Department of the Navy.[25] Historically, the United States Navy has enjoyed a unique relationship with the United States Marine Corps (USMC), partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations.")
