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The Blackfin is a family of 16- or 32-bit microprocessors developed, manufactured and marketed by Analog Devices. The family is characterized by their built-in, fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) functionality supplied by 16-bit Multiply–accumulates (MACs), accompanied on-chip by a small and power-efficient microcontroller.^[1] The result is a low-power, unified processor architecture that can run operating systems while simultaneously handling complex numeric tasks such as real-time H.264 video encoding^{[citation needed]}. There are several hardware development kits for the Blackfin. Open-source operating systems for the Blackfin include uClinux.

Architecture Details[link]

Blackfin processors use a 32-bit RISC microcontroller programming model on a SIMD architecture, which was co-developed by Intel and Analog Devices, as MSA (Micro Signal Architecture).

The Blackfin processor architecture was announced in December, 2000 and first demonstrated at the Embedded Systems Conference in June, 2001.

The Blackfin architecture incorporates aspects of ADI's older SHARC architecture and Intel's XScale architecture into a single core, combining digital signal processing (DSP) and microcontroller functionality. There are many differences in the core architecture between Blackfin/MSA and XScale/ARM or SHARC, but the combination provides improvements in performance, programmability and power consumption over traditional DSP or RISC architecture designs.

The Blackfin architecture encompasses various CPU models, each targeting particular applications. Analog Devices keeps a comprehensive list of products. The Blackfin family is summarized in the following table.

Blackfin Processor Family Selection Table[link]

In addition to the features in the table above, all Blackfin processors have the following peripherals

• Debug/JTAG Interface for in-system debugging
• Real-time clock^[2]
• Internal core voltage switching regulator
• Watchdog timer
• Timers/PWM outputs/PWM capture ports
• Core timer (runs at core clock speed)

Architecture Features[link]

Core Features[link]

mounted Blackfin BF535

What is regarded as the Blackfin "core" is contextually dependent.

• For some applications, the DSP is central. It combines two 16-bit hardware MACs, two 40-bit ALUs, and a 40-bit barrel shifter. This allows the processor to execute up to three instructions per clock cycle, depending on the level of optimization performed by the compiler and/or programmer.
• Other applications emphasize the RISC core. It includes memory protection, different operating modes (user, kernel), single-cycle opcodes, data and instruction caches, and instructions for bit test, byte, word, or integer accesses and a variety of on-chip peripherals.

The ISA also features a high level of expressiveness, allowing the assembly programmer (or compiler) to highly optimize an algorithm to the hardware features present.

Memory and DMA[link]

The Blackfin uses a byte-addressable, flat memory map. Internal L1 memory, internal L2 memory, external memory and all memory-mapped control registers reside in this 32-bit address space, so that from a programming point-of-view, the Blackfin has a Von Neumann architecture.

The L1 internal SRAM memory, which runs at the core-clock speed of the device, is based on a Harvard Architecture. Instruction memory and data memory are independent and connect to the core via dedicated memory buses which allows for high sustained data rates between the core and L1 memory.

Portions of instruction and data L1 SRAM can be optionally configured as cache (independently).

Certain Blackfin processors also have between 64KB and 256KB of L2 memory. This memory runs slower than the core clock speed. Code and data can be mixed in L2.

Blackfin processors support a variety of external memories including SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM, NOR FLASH, NAND FLASH and SRAM. Some Blackfin also include mass-storage interfaces such as ATAPI, and SD/SDIO. They can support hundreds of megabytes of memory in the external memory space.

Coupled with the significant core and memory system is a DMA engine that can operate between any of its peripherals and main (or external) memory. The processors typically have a dedicated DMA channel for each peripheral, which enables very high throughput for applications that can take advantage of it such as real-time standard-definition (D1) video encoding and decoding.

Microcontroller Features[link]

The architecture contains the usual CPU, memory, and I/O found on microprocessors or microcontrollers. These features of enable operating systems.

• Memory Protection Unit: All Blackfin processors contain a Memory Protection Unit(MPU). The MPU provides protection and caching strategies across the entire memory space. The MPU allows Blackfin to support many full-featured operating systems, RTOSs and kernels like ThreadX, µC/OS-II, or (noMMU) Linux. The Blackfin MPU does not provide address translation like a traditional Memory Management Unit (MMU) thus it does not support virtual memory or separate memory addresses per process. This is why Blackfin currently can not support operating systems requiring virtual memory such as WinCE or QNX. Confusingly, in most of the Blackfin documentation, the MPU is referred to as a MMU.

• User/Supervisor Modes: Blackfin supports three run-time modes: supervisor, user and emulation. In supervisor mode, all processor resources are accessible from the running process. However, when in user mode, system resources and regions of memory can be protected (with the help of the MPU). In a modern operating system or RTOS, the kernel typically runs in supervisor mode and threads/processes will run in user mode. If a thread crashes or attempts to access a protected resource (memory, peripheral, etc.) an exception will be thrown and the kernel will then be able to shut down the offending thread/process. The official guidance from ADI on how to use the Blackfin in non-OS environments is to reserve the lowest-priority interrupt for general-purpose code so that all software is run in supervisor space. This would not be as serious a deficiency if the Blackfin had more than 9 general-purpose interrupt vectors.

• Variable-Length, RISC-Like Instruction Set: Blackfin supports 16, 32 and 64-bit instructions. Commonly-used control instructions are encoded as 16-bit opcodes while complex DSP and mathematically intensive functions are encoded as 32 and 64-bit opcodes. This variable length opcode encoding allows Blackfin to achieve good code density equivalent to modern microprocessor architectures.

Media Processing Features[link]

The Blackfin instruction set contains media processing extensions to help accelerate pixel processing operations commonly used in video compression and image compression and decompression algorithms.

Peripherals[link]

Blackfin processors contain a wide array of connectivity peripherals.

• USB 2.0 OTG (On-The-Go)
• ATAPI
• MXVR : a MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) Network Interface Controller.
• PPI (Parallel Peripheral Interface) : A parallel input/output port that can be used to connect to LCDs, video encoders (video DACs), video decoders (video ADCs), CMOS sensors, CCDs and generic, parallel, high-speed devices. The PPI can run up to 75 MHz and can be configured from 8 to 16-bits wide.
• SPORT : A synchronous, high speed serial port that can support TDM, I2S and a number of other configurable framing modes for connection to ADCs, DACs, other processors, FPGAs, etc.
• CAN : A wide-area, low-speed serial bus that is fairly popular in automotive and industrial electronics.
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) : allows for bi-directional communication with RS232 devices (PCs, modems, PC peripherals, etc.), MIDI devices, IRDA devices.
• SPI : A fast serial bus used in many high-speed embedded electronics applications.
• I²C (also known as TWI (two-wire interface)) : A lower speed, shared serial bus.

Because all of the peripheral control registers are memory-mapped in the normal address space, they are quite easy to set up.

Development Tools Hardware[link]

Blackfin BF537 EZ-Kit-Lite evaluation platform

Development Tools Software[link]

ADI provides its own software development toolchain, CROSSCORE® (VisualDSP++), but other options are also available, such as Green Hills Software's MULTI IDE, the GNU GCC Toolchain for the Blackfin processor family, the OpenEmbedded project, National Instruments' LabVIEW Embedded Module, or Microsoft Visual Studio through use of AxiomFount's AxiDotNet (integrated .NET Micro Framework based) solutions.

Supported Operating Systems, RTOSs & Kernels[link]

Blackfin supports numerous commercial and open-source operating systems.

See also[link]

• SHARC
• TigerSHARC

External links[link]

• Blackfin processor website
• Blackfin Processor Programming Reference
• blackfin.uclinux.org Open source tools and Linux kernel for Blackfin
• T2 SDE A build-system supporting the cross compilation to Blackfin

References[link]

Dan Mathews, Senior Vice President of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

Dan Mathews is the Senior Vice President of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. He is known for heading PETA's most controversial and attention-getting campaigns, including the "I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur" ads, as well as campaigns involving celebrities such as Morrissey, Pamela Anderson, Pink, and Paul McCartney.

In 2000, he was named by gay lifestyle magazine Genre as one of the most influential people of the new century.^{[volume & issue needed]} When asked by the magazine who he considered an influential gay, he said, spree killer "Andrew Cunanan, because he got Gianni Versace to stop using fur." In 2007, Mathews was ranked 37th in Out magazine's "50 Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America".^[1]

Mathews has written a memoir, Committed: A Rabble-Rouser's Memoir, which he characterised as "an adventure story. It's like 007 wearing freaky outfits".^[2] Committed was published in the USA by Atria books in 2007 and in the UK by Duckworth Overlook in 2009. The book tells the story of how he became a public person, the various exploits he's enjoyed for PETA, and different campaigns he has done.^[3]

In May 2009 he commented on the actions of the Governor General of Canada who, in participating in an Inuit tradition, consumed raw seal heart. He is quoted as saying to the Toronto Star "It amazes us that a Canadian official would indulge in such bloodlust. It sounds like she's trying to give Canadians an even more Neanderthal image around the world than they already have."^[4] Although Mathews admits to being attracted by extremes, he states that he and PETA only engage in legal activities, but they do not condemn the actions of animal rights extremists.^[5]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Mathews, Dan, 'Committed: A Rabble-Rouser's Memoir, Atria Books, 2007. ISBN 0-7432-9187-5
• Mathews, Dan, 'Committed: A Rabble-Rouser's Memoir', Duckworth Overlook, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7156-3846-0

External links[link]

• Committed: A Rabble-Rouser's Memoirs from Duckworth Overlook site
• Dan Mathews in conversation with Richard Fidler (audio available)

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