- aneuploidy
- assay
- biology
- Breast cancer
- cancer
- cancer cell
- cervical cancer
- Colon cancer
- computer science
- DNA
- DNA microarrays
- DNA sequencing
- dominant allele
- Down syndrome
- epigenetic
- evolution
- gene
- genetic carrier
- Genetic disorder
- Genetic programming
- Genetics
- haemophilia
- hereditary
- heterozygous
- homozygous
- mathematics
- PCR
- phenotype
- physicians
- polyploid
- Restriction digest
- trisomy
- zygosity
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- allele
- aneuploidy
- assay
- biology
- Breast cancer
- cancer
- cancer cell
- cervical cancer
- Colon cancer
- computer science
- DNA
- DNA microarrays
- DNA sequencing
- dominant allele
- Down syndrome
- epigenetic
- evolution
- gene
- genetic carrier
- Genetic disorder
- Genetic programming
- Genetics
- haemophilia
- hereditary
- heterozygous
- homozygous
- mathematics
- PCR
- phenotype
- physicians
- polyploid
- Restriction digest
- trisomy
- zygosity
size: 2.3Kb
Non-hereditary DNA mutations are not classically understood as representing the individual's genotype. Hence, scientists and physicians sometimes talk for example about the (geno)type of a particular cancer, that is the genotype of the disease as distinct from the diseased.
Genotype and genomic sequence
One's genotype differs subtly from one's genomic sequence. A sequence is an absolute measure of base composition of an individual, or a representative of a species or group; a genotype typically implies a measurement of how an individual differs or is specialized within a group of individuals or a species. So typically, one refers to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and, in polyploid individuals, it refers to what combination of alleles the individual carries (see homozygous, heterozygous). The genetic constitution of an organism is referred to as its genotype, such as the letters Bb. (B - dominant genotype and b - recessive genotype)
Genotype and Mendelian inheritance
The distinction between genotype and phenotype is commonly experienced when studying family patterns for certain hereditary diseases or conditions, for example, haemophilia. Due to the diploidy of humans (and most animals), there are two alleles for any given gene. These alleles can be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous), depending on the individual (see zygote). With a dominant allele, the offspring is guaranteed to inherit the trait in question irrespective of the second allele.
In the case of an albino with a recessive allele (aa), the phenotype depends upon the other allele (Aa, aA or AA). An affected person mating with a heterozygous individual (Aa or aA, also carrier) there is a 50-50 chance the offspring will be albino's phenotype. If a heterozygote mates with another heterozygote, there is 75% chance passing the gene on and only a 25% chance that the gene will be displayed. A homozygous dominant (AA) individual has a normal phenotype and no risk of abnormal offspring. A homozygous recessive individual has an abnormal phenotype and is guaranteed to pass the abnormal gene onto offspring.
In the case of haemophilia, it is sex-linked thus only carried on the X chromosome. Only females can be a carrier in which the abnormality is not displayed. This woman has a normal phenotype, but runs a 50-50 chance, with an unaffected partner, of passing her abnormal gene on to her offspring. If she mated with a man with hemophilia (another carrier) there would be a 75% chance of passing on the gene.
Genotype and mathematics
:Main articles: Genetic programming and evolutionary algorithmInspired by the biological concept and usefulness of genotypes, computer science employs simulated phenotypes in genetic programming and evolutionary algorithms. Such techniques can help evolve mathematical solutions to certain types of otherwise difficult problems.
Determining genotype
Genotyping is the process of elucidating the genotype of an individual with a biological assay. Also known as a genotypic assay, techniques include PCR, DNA fragment analysis, allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes, DNA sequencing, and nucleic acid hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads. Several common genotyping techniques include restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA).DNA fragment analysis can also be used to determine such disease causing genetics aberrations as microsatellite instability (MSI), trisomy or aneuploidy, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). MSI and LOH in particular have been associated with cancer cell genotypes for colon, breast and cervical cancer.
The most common chromosomal aneuploidy is a trisomy of chromosome 21 which manifests itself as Down syndrome. Current technological limitations typically allow only a fraction of an individual’s genotype to be determined efficiently.
References
External links
Genetic nomenclatureCategory:Genetics Category:Polymorphism
ar:نمط جيني bg:Генотип ca:Genotip cs:Genotyp da:Genotype de:Genotyp et:Genotüüp el:Γονότυπος es:Genotipo eu:Genotipo fa:ژنوتیپ fr:Génotype gl:Xenotipo ko:유전형 hy:Գենոտիպ it:Genotipo he:גן (ביולוגיה)#מושגים בסיסיים kk:Тектік түр la:Genotypus hu:Genotípus nl:Genotype ja:遺伝子型 pl:Genotyp pt:Genótipo ro:Genotip ru:Генотип stq:Genotyp simple:Genotype sk:Genotyp sl:Genotip sr:Генотип fi:Genotyyppi sv:Genotyp th:ลักษณะทางพันธุกรรม tg:Генотип tr:Genotip uk:Генотип zh:基因型This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.