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Wikipedia
Olomouc,
Czech: locally Holomóc or Olomóc;
German: Olmütz;
Latin: Olomucium or Iuliomontium;
Polish: Ołomuniec) is a city in
Moravia, in the east of the
Czech Republic. Located on the
Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis and historical capital city of Moravia.
Today it is an administrative centre of the
Olomouc Region and sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. The city has about 102,
000 residents, but its larger urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people.
History
Olomouc is said to occupy the site of a
Roman fort founded in the imperial period, the original name of which, Iuliomontium (
Mount Julius), would have been gradually corrupted to the present form. Although this account is not documented except as oral history, archaeological excavations close to the city have revealed the remains of a
Roman military camp dating from the time of the Marcoman
Wars.
During the
6th century,
Slavs migrated into the area. As early as the
7th century, a centre of political power developed in the present-day quarter of Povel (situated in lowland, southerly from the city centre).
Around 810 the local Slavonic ruler was defeated by troops of
Great Moravian rulers and the settlement in Olomouc-Povel was destroyed.
A new centre, where the Great Moravian governor resided, developed at the gord at
Předhradí, a quarter of the inner city (the eastern, smaller part of the medieval centre). This settlement survived the defeat of the
Great Moravia (c. 907) and later gradually became the capital of the province of Moravia.
In
906 the first
Jews settled in Olomouc.[citation needed] In 1060 they were forced into a ghetto and instructed to wear a yellow badge.[citation needed]
The bishopric of Olomouc was founded in 1063;[3] centuries later in 1777, it was raised to the rank of an archbishopric. The bishopric was moved from the church of
St. Peter (since destroyed) to the church of
Saint Wenceslas in 1141 (the date is still disputed, other suggestions are 1131, 1134) under bishop
Jindřich Zdík. The bishop's palace was built in the
Romanesque architectural style. The bishopric acquired large tracts of land, especially in northern Moravia, and was one of the richest in the area.
Olomouc became one of the most important settlements in Moravia and a seat of the
Přemyslid government and one of the appanage princes. In 1306
King Wenceslas III stopped here on his way to
Poland. He was going to fight Wladislaus I the Elbow-high to claim his rights to the
Polish crown, and was assassinated. With his death, the whole
Přemyslid dynasty died out.
The city was officially founded in the mid-13th century and became one of the most important trade and power centres in the region
. In the Middle Ages, it was the biggest town in Moravia and competed with
Brno for the position of the capital. Olomouc lost finally after the
Swedes took the city for eight years (1642--1650).
In 1454 the city expelled the Jews of Olomouc, as part of a wave of anti-Semitism also seen in
Spain and Portugal. The second half of the
15th century is considered the start of Olomouc's golden age. It hosted several royal meetings and
Matthias Corvinus was elected here as
King of Bohemia (in fact antiking) by the estates in 1469. In 1479 two kings of
Bohemia (
Vladislaus II and Matthias Corvinus) met here and concluded an agreement (
Peace of Olomouc of 1479) for splitting the country. Olomouc contains several large squares, the chief of which is adorned with the
Holy Trinity Column, designated as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. The column is 115 ft (35 m) high and was built between 1716 and 1754. The city has numerous historic religious buildings. The most prominent church is
Saint Wenceslas Cathedral founded before 1107 in the compound of the Olomouc
Castle.
At the end of the
19th century, the cathedral was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style. It kept many features of the original church, which had renovations and additions reflecting styles of different ages: Romanesque crypt,
Gothic cloister,
Baroque chapels. The highest of the three spires is 328 ft (
100 m), which makes it the second-highest spire in the country (after
Cathedral of St. Bartholomew in
Plzeň). The church is next to the
Bishop Zdík's
Palace (also called the Přemyslid Palace), a Romanesque building built after 1141 by the bishop
Henry Zdík. Its remains one of the most precious monuments of Olomouc: such an early bishop's palace is unique in
Central Europe. The Přemyslid Palace used as the residence of Olomouc dukes from the governing Přemyslid dynasty used to stand nearby.
- published: 31 May 2013
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