Tyrannosauroidea

Tyrannosauroidea (meaning 'tyrant lizard forms') is a superfamily (or clade) of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that includes the family Tyrannosauridae as well as more basal relatives. Tyrannosauroids lived on the Laurasian supercontinent beginning in the Jurassic Period. By the end of the Cretaceous Period, tyrannosauroids were the dominant large predators in the Northern Hemisphere, culminating in the gigantic Tyrannosaurus itself. Fossils of tyrannosauroids have been recovered on what are now the continents of North America, Europe, Asia, South America and Australia.

Tyrannosauroids were bipedal carnivores, as were most theropods, and were characterized by numerous skeletal features, especially of the skull and pelvis. Early in their existence, tyrannosauroids were small predators with long, three-fingered forelimbs. Late Cretaceous genera became much larger, including some of the largest land-based predators ever to exist, but most of these later genera had proportionately small forelimbs with only two digits. Primitive feathers have been identified in fossils of two species, and may have been present in other tyrannosauroids as well. Prominent bony crests in a variety of shapes and sizes on the skulls of many tyrannosauroids may have served display functions.

World cinema

World cinema is a term used primarily in English-speaking countries to refer to the films and film industries of non-English-speaking countries. It is therefore often used interchangeably with the term foreign film. However, both world cinema and foreign film could be taken to refer to the films of all countries other than one's own, regardless of native language.

Definition

Technically, foreign film does not mean the same as foreign language film, but the inference is that a foreign film is not only foreign in terms of the country of production, but also in terms of the language used. As such, the use of the term foreign film for films produced in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada or other English-speaking countries would be uncommon within other English-speaking countries.

World cinema has an unofficial implication of films with "artistic value" as opposed to "Hollywood commercialism." Foreign language films are often grouped with "art house films" and other independent films in DVD stores, cinema listings etc. Unless dubbed into one's native language, foreign language films played in English-speaking regions usually have English subtitles. Few films of this kind receive more than a limited release and many are never played in major cinemas. As such the marketing, popularity and gross takings for these films are usually markedly less than for typical Hollywood blockbusters. The combination of subtitles and minimal exposure adds to the notion that "World Cinema" has an inferred artistic prestige or intelligence, which may discourage less sophisticated viewers. Additionally, differences in cultural style and tone between foreign and domestic films affects attendance at cinemas and DVD sales.

Peter Mullan

Peter Mullan (born 2 November 1959) is a Scottish actor, filmmaker and socialist. He is known for his acting role in My Name Is Joe, winning Best Actor Award at 1998 Cannes Film Festival. Mullan appeared as supporting or guest actor in numerous cult movies, including Riff-Raff, Braveheart, Trainspotting, Children of Men, War Horse and the Harry Potter film series.

He is also acclaimed art house movie director, winning a Golden Lion at 59th Venice International Film Festival for The Magdalene Sisters, listed by many critics among best films of 2003, and a Golden Shell at San Sebastián International Film Festival for Neds.

Early life

Mullan was born in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of Patricia (a nurse) and Charles Mullan (a lab technician at Glasgow University). The second youngest of eight children, Mullan was brought up in a working class Roman Catholic family. They later moved to Mosspark, a district in Glasgow. An alcoholic and sufferer from lung cancer, Mullan's father became increasingly tyrannical and abusive. For a brief period, Mullan was a member of a street gang while at secondary school, and worked as a bouncer in a number of south-side pubs. He was homeless for short periods at the ages of 15 and 18.

Olivia Colman

Sarah Caroline Colman (born 30 January 1974), known professionally as Olivia Colman, is an English actress who first came to prominence for her supporting role as Sophie Chapman in the Channel 4 comedy series Peep Show (2003–15). Her other TV comedy roles include Green Wing (2004–06), Beautiful People (2008–09), Rev. (2010–14) and Twenty Twelve (2011–12). She also played various roles in That Mitchell and Webb Look (2006–08), alongside her Peep Show co-stars David Mitchell and Robert Webb.

Colman's move to drama saw her receive critical acclaim for her performance in the 2011 film Tyrannosaur. Her other film roles include Carol Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011), Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother in Hyde Park on Hudson (2012), and Locke (2013). A three-time BAFTA TV Award winner, she won Best Female Comedy Performance for Twenty Twelve and Best Supporting Actress for Accused in 2013, before winning Best Actress in 2014 for her role as DS Ellie Miller in the ITV crime series Broadchurch.

Paddy Considine

Patrick George "Paddy" Considine (born 5 September 1973) is an English actor, film director, screenwriter, and musician. He has played a number of dark, troubled, and morally or mentally ambiguous characters. Considine frequently collaborates with Shane Meadows. He has starred in films such as In America, Dead Man's Shoes, The Cry of the Owl, Le Donk & Scor-zay-zee, The Suspicions of Mr Whicher, Hot Fuzz, and The World's End.

Considine came to prominence in the early 2000s with a string of performances in independent films that prompted The Observer to describe him as "the best-kept secret in British movies". In addition to leading and supporting roles in Hollywood films, he has acted in independent British films and television shows. He wrote and directed Tyrannosaur, a 2011 film based on his directorial debut, the 2007 short film Dog Altogether. He has also acted in and written several music videos, most notably Coldplay's video for "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" and the Arctic Monkeys video for "Leave Before the Lights Come On".